Recent development and progress of structural energy devices

In order to fully replace the traditional fossil energy supply system, the efficiency of electrochemical energy conversion and storage of new energy technology needs to be continuously improved to enhance its market competitiveness. The structural design of energy devices can achieve satisfactory energy conversion and storage performance. To achieve lightweight design, improve mechanical support, enhance electrochemical performance, and adapt to the special shape of the device, the structural en...     

Nanomaterials for rechargeable lithium batteries

Energy storage is more important today than at any time in human history. Future generations of rechargeable lithium batteries are required to power portable electronic devices (cellphones, laptop computers etc.), store electricity from renewable sources, and as a vital component in new hybrid electric vehicles. To achieve the increase in energy and power density essential to meet the future challenges of energy storage, new materials chemistry, and especially new nanomaterials chemistry, is essential. We must find ways of synthesizing new nanomaterials with new properties or combinations of properties, for use as electrodes and electrolytes in lithium batteries. Herein we review some of the recent scientific advances in nanomaterials, and especially in nanostructured materials, for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.     

碳材料在电化学储能中的应用

电化学储能材料是电化学储能器件发展及性能提高的关键之一. 碳材料在各种电化学储能体系中都起到了极为重要的作用,特别是近期出现的各类新型碳材料为电化学储能的发展带来了新动力,并展现了广阔的应用前景. 本文综述了碳材料,特别是以碳纳米管和石墨烯为代表的纳米碳材料,在典型电化学储能器件（锂离子/钠离子电池、超级电容器和锂硫电池等）、柔性电化学储能和电化学催化等领域的研究进展,并对碳材料在这些领域的应用前景进行了展望.     

Advances in the Cathode Materials for Lithium Rechargeable Batteries

The accelerating development of technologies requires a significant energy consumption, and consequently the demand for advanced energy storage devices is increasing at a high rate. In the last two decades, lithium‐ion batteries have been the most robust technology, supplying high energy and power density. Improving cathode materials is one of the ways to satisfy the need for even better batteries. Therefore developing new types of positive electrode materials by increasing cell voltage and capacity with stability is the best way towards the next‐generation Li rechargeable batteries. To achieve this goal, understanding the principles of the materials and recognizing the problems confronting the state‐of‐the‐art cathode materials are essential prerequisites. This Review presents various high‐energy cathode materials which can be used to build next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries. It includes nickel and lithium‐rich layered oxide materials, high voltage spinel oxides, polyanion, cation disordered rock‐salt oxides and conversion materials. Particular emphasis is given to the general reaction and degradation mechanisms during the operation as well as the main challenges and strategies to overcome the drawbacks of these materials.     

Halide‐Based Materials and Chemistry for Rechargeable Batteries

Rechargeable batteries are considered one of the most effective energy storage technologies to bridge the production and consumption of renewable energy. The further development of rechargeable batteries with characteristics such as high energy density, low cost, safety, and a long cycle life is required to meet the ever‐increasing energy‐storage demands. This Review highlights the progress achieved with halide‐based materials in rechargeable batteries, including the use of halide electrodes, bulk and/or surface halogen‐doping of electrodes, electrolyte design, and additives that enable fast ion shuttling and stable electrode/electrolyte interfaces, as well as realization of new battery chemistry. Battery chemistry based on monovalent cation, multivalent cation, anion, and dual‐ion transfer is covered. This Review aims to promote the understanding of halide‐based materials to stimulate further research and development in the area of high‐performance rechargeable batteries. It also offers a perspective on the exploration of new materials and systems for electrochemical energy storage.     

Rational material design of Li-excess metal oxides with disordered rock salt structure

This review article summarizes recent research development on a new class of electrode materials with a cation-disordered rock salt structure for energy storage applications. Historically, oxide-based electrode materials with the disordered rock salt structure are regarded as “electrochemically inactive.” However, recent experimental and theoretical research reveals that many oxides with the disordered rock salt structure can be utilized as high-capacity electrode materials, which deliver a much larger reversible capacity compared with traditional and cation ordered layered materials used for practical battery applications. For these emerging electrode materials, higher energy density is achieved relying on anionic and/or cationic redox as multi-electron reactions. Moreover, this anionic/cationic redox for Li-excess materials with the rock salt structure is effectively activated for nano-sized materials. These new trends for the material design on high-capacity electrode materials are highlighted and the future direction to design Li/Na insertion materials for energy storage applications is outlooked.     

电化学储能研究22年回顾

本文回顾了22年来作者的电化学储能研究活动,共分三个部分. 第一部分叙述高比能量、高比功率储能器件研究,包括锂硫电池研究（硫复合正极材料、锂硫电池制作、锂硼合金作为锂硫电池负极、硫-锂离子电池新体系）、超级电容器研究（超级活性炭、以酚醛树脂为原料制备电容炭、碳纳米管阵列中寄生准电容储能材料、氧化镍干凝胶准电容储能材料、归纳出电容炭材料的性能要求、电容器研制、确定“第四类”超级电容器）、锂离子电池研究（锂离子电池与可再生燃料电池的对决、双变价元素正极材料、磷酸钴锂正极材料、高功率锂离子电池的制作）. 第二部分叙述规模储能电池研究,包括液流电池新体系研究（蓄电与电化学合成的双功能液流电池、全金属化合物单液流电池、有机化合物正极的单液流电池）、致力于振兴铅酸电池（推广铅蓄电池新技术、铅炭电池的研究、铅酸电池新型板栅的研究）,储能电池（站）的经济效益计算方法. 第三部分叙述电动汽车发展路线研究,包括氢能燃料电池电动汽车、纯电动汽车与混合动力汽车、对我国电动汽车发展路线的建议、力争电动汽车补贴的合理化、坚守电动汽车“节能减排”宗旨、提出“发电直驱电动车”. 最后的结束语谈了三点感悟.     

Nanostructured Electrodes for High‐Performance Pseudocapacitors

The depletion of traditional energy resources as well as the desire to reduce high CO₂ emissions associated with energy production means that energy storage is now becoming more important than ever. New functional electrode materials are urgently needed for next‐generation energy storage systems, such as supercapacitors or batteries, to meet the ever increasing demand for higher energy and power densities. Advances in nanotechnology are essential to meet those future challenges. It is critical to develop ways of synthesizing new nanomaterials with enhanced properties or combinations of properties to meet future challenges. In this Minireview we discuss several important recent studies in developing nanostructured pseudocapacitor electrodes, and summarize three major parameters that are the most important in determining the performance of electrode materials. A technique to optimize these parameters simultaneously and to achieve both high energy and power densities is also introduced.     

金属-碳基储氢材料计算与实验研究*

氢能以其资源丰富和环境友好性成为未来最具发展潜力的能源。储氢技术是氢能应用中的关键问题。随着计算材料学的发展,利用密度泛函和量子机制第一性原理研究已知材料储氢性能和寻找潜在的新型优良储氢载体已成为当前研究储氢材料的有效方法。本文综述了近年来金属-碳基储氢材料中的金属修饰碳纳米管、C₆₀材料和过渡金属-乙烯复合物的理论计算与实验研究进展,并对该领域未来的研究工作进行了展望。     

Organic Supercapacitors as the Next Generation Energy Storage Device: Emergence,Opportunity, and Challenges

Harnessing new materials for developing high-energy storage devices set off research in the field of organic supercapacitors. Various attractive properties like high energy density, lower device weight, excellent cycling stability, and impressive pseudocapacitive nature make organic supercapacitors suitable candidates for high-end storage device applications. This review highlights the overall progress and future of organic supercapacitors. Sustainable energy production and storage depend on low cost, large supercapacitor packs with high energy density. Organic supercapacitors with high pseudocapacitance, lightweight form factor, and higher device potential are alternatives to other energy storage devices. There are many recent ongoing research works that focus on organic electrolytes along with the material aspect of organic supercapacitors. This review summarizes the current research status and the chemistry behind the storage mechanism in organic supercapacitors to overcome the challenges and achieve superior performance for future opportunities.     

Recent Advances on Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbons Towards Electrochemical Supercapacitor Applications

Due to ever-increasing global energy demands and dwindling resources, there is a growing need to develop materials that can fulfil the World's pressing energy requirements. Electrochemical energy storage devices have gained significant interest due to their exceptional storage properties, where the electrode material is a crucial determinant of device performance. Hence, it is essential to develop 3-D hierarchical materials at low cost with precisely controlled porosity and composition to achieve high energy storage capabilities. After presenting the brief updates on porous carbons (PCs), then this review will focus on the nitrogen (N) doped porous carbon materials (NPC) for electrochemical supercapacitors as the NPCs play a vital role in supercapacitor applications in the field of energy storage. Therefore, this review highlights recent advances in NPCs, including developments in the synthesis of NPCs that have created new methods for controlling their morphology, composition, and pore structure, which can significantly enhance their electrochemical performance. The investigated N-doped materials a wide range of specific surface areas, ranging from 181.5 to 3709 m² g⁻¹, signifies a substantial increase in the available electrochemically active surface area, which is crucial for efficient energy storage. Moreover, these materials display notable specific capacitance values, ranging from 58.7 to 754.4 F g⁻¹, highlighting their remarkable capability to effectively store electrical energy. The outstanding electrochemical performance of these materials is attributed to the synergy between heteroatoms, particularly N, and the carbon framework in N-doped porous carbons. This synergy brings about several beneficial effects including, enhanced pseudo-capacitance, improved electrical conductivity, and increased electrochemically active surface area. As a result, these materials emerge as promising candidates for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. The challenges and outlook in NPCs for supercapacitor applications are also presented. Overall, this review will provide valuable insights for researchers in electrochemical energy storage and offers a basis for fabricating highly effective and feasible supercapacitor electrodes.     

Functional nanocomposites for energy storage: chemistry and new horizons

Energy storage devices are one of the hot spots in recent years due to the environmental problems caused by the large consumption of unsustainable energy such as petroleum or coal. Capacitors are a common device for energy storage, especially electrical energy. A variety of types including electrolytic capacitors, mica capacitors, paper capacitors, ceramic capacitors, film capacitors, and non-polarized capacitors have been proposed. Their specific applications depend on their intrinsic properties. Dielectric capacitors have reasonable energy storage density, with current research focusing on the enhancement of energy density and making the materials more flexible as well as lightweight. Improvement strategies are based on the premise that use of two or more different materials (e.g. polymers and ceramics/metals) at an optimal formulation can result in properties that combine the advantages of the precursor materials. Different polymers especially fluoropolymers (e.g. PVDF and PVDF based co-polymer) are the main components in dielectric nanocomposites for capacitors with high energy storage performance. In this article, we have briefly summarized the recent advances in functional polymers nanocomposites for energy storage applications with a primary focus on polymers, surface engineering, functional groups and novel synthesis/manufacturing concepts applied to new materials. The article presents a unique integrated structure and approaches providing key knowledge for the design and development of novel, low-cost, multifunctional next-generation energy storage materials with improved efficiency.     

高倍率铌基氧化物负极材料的研究进展

锂离子储能器件具有高能量密度与绿色环保等优点, 在未来新能源汽车和大规模储能领域中将显示出巨大的潜力. 然而, 由于传统锂离子负极材料如石墨、 硅存在电化学动力学缓慢与高倍率下的安全性等问题, 无法满足目前能源消费终端日益增长的快速充放电性能要求. 因此, 开发有利于锂离子快速嵌入/脱出、 安全性与稳定性优异的负极材料至关重要. 相比于传统的负极材料, 铌基氧化物具有合适的理论容量、 更安全的工作电位、 稳定且快速的离子传输通道等优点. 本文综述了高倍率铌基氧化物负极材料在锂离子储能器件领域的最新研究进展, 重点介绍了典型铌基氧化物的储锂机理与改性手段, 并对铌基氧化物负极材料未来的发展与挑战进行了展望.     

钠离子电池炭基负极材料研究进展

钠离子电池是目前新兴的低成本储能技术,因在大规模电化学储能中具有较好的应用前景而受到了国内外学者广泛的关注与研究。作为钠离子电池的关键电极材料之一,非石墨的炭质材料因具有储钠活性高、成本低廉、无毒无害等诸多优点,而被认为是钠离子电池实际应用时负极的最佳选择。本文详细综述了目前钠离子电池炭基负极材料的研究进展,重点介绍了炭质材料的储钠机理与特性,分析了炭材料结构与电化学性能之间的关系,探讨了其存在的问题,为钠离子电池炭基负极材料的发展提供有益的认识。     

Perspective on antiferroelectrics for energy storage and conversion applications

As a close relative of ferroelectricity,antiferroelectricity has received a recent resurgence of interest driven by technological aspirations in energy-efficient applications,such as energy storage capacitors,solid-state cooling devices,explosive energy conversion,and displacement transducers.Though prolonged efforts in this area have led to certain progress and the discovery of more than 100 antiferroelectric materials over the last 70 years,some scientific and technological issues remain unresolved.Herein,we provide perspectives on the development of antiferroelectrics for energy storage and conversion applications,as well as a comprehensive understanding of the structural origin of antiferroelectricity and field-induced phase transitions,followed by design strategies for new lead-free antiferroelectrics.We also envision unprecedented challenges in the development of promising antiferroelectric materials that bridge materials design and real applications.Future research in these directions will open up new possibilities in resolving the mystery of antiferroelectricity,provide opportunities for comprehending structure-property correlation and developing antiferroelectric/ferroelectric theories,and suggest an approach to the manipulation of phase transitions for real-world applications.     

Biredox Eutectic Electrolytes Derived from Organic Redox‐Active Molecules: High‐Energy Storage Systems

One promising candidate for high‐energy storage systems is the nonaqueous redox flow battery (NARFB). However, their application is limited by low solubility of redox‐active materials and poor performance at high current density. Reported here is a new strategy, a biredox eutectic, as the sole electrolyte for NARFB to achieve a significantly higher concentration of redox‐active materials and enhance the cell performance. Without other auxiliary solvents, the biredox eutectic electrolyte is formed directly by the molecular interactions between two different redox‐active molecules. Such a unique electrolyte possesses high concentration with low viscosity (3.5 m , for N‐butylphthalimide and 1,1‐dimethylferrocene system) and a relatively high working voltage of 1.8 V, enabling high capacity and energy density of NARFB. The resulting high‐performance NARFB demonstrates that the biredox eutectic based strategy is potentially promising for low‐cost and high‐energy storage systems.     

MgH_2储氢热力学研究进展

近年来,材料和能源领域中高能量密度车载储氢材料的研究和开发吸引了世界各国科技工作者的广泛兴趣.MgH2作为一种相对廉价的固体储氢材料,其理论储氢量高达7.6 wt%,且循环吸放氢性能较好,业已成为储氢材料领域的研究热点.本文着重从热力学的角度,对MgH2储氢材料的近期研究进展,特别是其储氢热力学性能的改进,包括纳米化、复合、催化、限域以及理论计算等方面进行简要综述,旨在明确当今MgH2作为潜在可应用储氢材料的研究重点和未来发展趋势.     

Recent Advances in Porous Carbon Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage

Climate change and the energy crisis have promoted the rapid development of electrochemical energy‐storage devices. Owing to many intriguing physicochemical properties, such as excellent chemical stability, high electronic conductivity, and a large specific surface area, porous carbon materials have always been considering as a promising candidate for electrochemical energy storage. To date, a wide variety of porous carbon materials based upon molecular design, pore control, and compositional tailoring have been proposed for energy‐storage applications. This focus review summarizes recent advances in the synthesis of various porous carbon materials from the view of energy storage, particularly in the past three years. Their applications in representative electrochemical energy‐storage devices, such as lithium‐ion batteries, supercapacitors, and lithium‐ion hybrid capacitors, are discussed in this review, with a look forward to offer some inspiration and guidelines for the exploitation of advanced carbon‐based energy‐storage materials.     

二氧化锰与二维材料复合应用于超级电容器

现如今世界正面临着与能源相关的一系列问题与挑战,科学家们致力于研究绿色高性能的能量存储器件以适应当前乃至以后长久可持续创新发展的需要。超级电容器作为一种新型的绿色能源储存装置,具有功率密度大、理论比电容高、充放电速度快、循环寿命长、安全性高、环境友好且经济等优点,为人类解决能源危机提出了可能。电极材料是影响超级电容器性能的重要因素。近些年,由于二氧化锰基超级电容器具有理论比电容高、化学稳定性好、环境友好等特点被广泛研究。同时多种二维材料也继石墨烯后被相继用作超级电容器电极材料,具有二维结构特征材料在提高双电层电容器的能量密度、改善赝电容电容器方面发挥着重要作用。实现高比电容和高倍率性能,将二氧化锰与二维材料复合将不失为一个有前景的选择。本文系统介绍了以石墨烯为代表的各类二维材料与二氧化锰复合物在超级电容器中的应用研究,并聚焦于这些二维材料与二氧化锰复合后所展现的优异电化学性能。     

含异原子石墨炔基电极材料的研究进展

碳材料具有价格低廉、 易制备、 环境友好、 导电性高、 比表面积大以及适合离子存储和迁移等优点, 已成为目前应用于电化学储能器件电极的重要材料之一. 石墨炔(GDY)是一种新型的二维碳同素异形体, 由sp²碳杂化形式的苯环和sp碳杂化形式的炔键构成. 这种独特的化学结构一方面保持了碳材料良好的导电特性, 另一方面形成了新颖的离子传输通道, 为碳材料带来了不同的离子传输和存储特性. 与此同时, 由于石墨炔的空间结构可调性, 可以通过引入异原子微调石墨炔电子结构, 拓展石墨炔在电极材料领域的应用. 本文重点对近几年异原子杂化石墨炔基电极材料在锂离子电池、 钠离子电池、 金属硫电池、 电容器、 金属空气电池和电极保护等储能领域的研究工作进行总结, 并对未来石墨炔类材料在储能领域的发展进行了展望.