Chemistry in Croatia

Science in Croatia is not in good shape. Socialism and Serbian aggression in 1991 left their marks. But in fact Croatia can look back with pride and satisfaction upon a long history in chemistry. The country presented the scientific world with two Nobel prize winners ‐ Lavoslav Ruzicka and Vladimir Prelog. Intensified international cooperation might serve to buttress Croatian chemistry, which despite its difficulties exhibits remarkable vitality.     

"元素化学实验"中的热致变色现象(一)——部分Co(Ⅱ)化合物的热致变色现象及其变色机理探讨

2021年沃尔夫化学奖颁给了Leslie Leiserowitz和Meir Lahav两位教授,以此来表彰他们在证明三维分子结构与有机晶体结构之间相互影响中的贡献。他们的研究成果,极大地补充了科学界对于有机大分子自组装的相关机理的理解,为有机晶体化学领域的发展做出了杰出的贡献。本文以此为契机简要介绍了两位2021年沃尔夫化学奖获得者及沃尔夫奖的历史与地位。     

CFC phase-out: have we met the challenge?

In 1974 Nobel prize winners Rowland and Molina proposed that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were stable enough to reach the stratosphere, where, under intense solar radiation they released Cl atoms that could destroy stratospheric ozone protecting the earth’s surface from UV rays. The CFC industry funded both scientific studies to test the Rowland and Molina hypothesis and programmes to identify potential replacements, from which the HFCs emerged as likely candidates. After 5 years it was concluded, on the best scientific evidence available, that stratospheric ozone was being depleted at ∼3% per decade, but sufficient time was available for an orderly phase-out. Although the USA and a few other countries stopped the use of CFCs in aerosols little further work was done until 1985 when the CFC debate was renewed following the discovery of stratospheric ozone depletion over the Antarctic during its spring. Manufacturers restarted their R&D programmes; governments negotiated the Montreal Protocol in 1987 agreeing the partial phase-out of the CFCs. As a result of subsequent amendments CFCs have now been phased-out in the developed world and HCFCs will follow over the next two decades. This paper reviews what has been achieved and what remains to be done. Has the world-wide effort been successful in protecting the ozone layer? Have “acceptable” alternatives been found for the CFCs/HCFCs in their various applications?     

The analysis of the market success of FDA approvals by probing top 100 bestselling drugs

Target-oriented drug discovery is the main research paradigm of contemporary drug discovery. In target-oriented approaches, we attempt to maximize in vitro drug potency by finding the optimal fit to the target. This can result in a higher molecular complexity, in particular, the higher molecular weight (MW) of the drugs. However, a comparison of the successful developments of pharmaceuticals with the general trends that can be observed in medicinal chemistry resulted in the conclusion that the so-called molecular obesity is an important reason for the attrition rate of drugs. When analyzing the list of top 100 drug bestsellers versus all of the FDA approvals, we discovered that on average lower-complexity (MW, ADMET score) drugs are winners of the top 100 list in terms of numbers but that, especially, up to some optimal MW value, a higher molecular complexity can pay off with higher incomes. This indicates that slim drugs are doing better but that fat drugs are bigger fishes to catch.     

电化学获奖人优秀论文专辑序言

2018年是电化学专业委员会成立30周年. 30年来,中国的电化学事业取得了巨大发展,国际学术交流越来越频繁,研究水平业已跻身国际前列,在全球电化学学术领域占有重要一席之地. 在我国广大电化学工作者和国际同行的支持下,中国电化学科学的专业学术期刊——《电化学》也正在茁壮成长,成为我国科学研究的重要核心刊物. 　　 2017年在上海成功召开了两年一度的全国性学术会议——第19届全国电化学大会,围绕电化学科学和技术发展中的基础、应用和前沿问题,全面展示了中国电化学领域所取得的最新研究进展和成果,深入探讨了电化学领域所面临的机遇、挑战和未来发展方向,加强了科研合作和技术转化,必将进一步推动中国电化学学科的发展和进步. 　　 大会还颁发了系列重要奖项,其中中国电化学成就奖授予中国科学院长春应用化学研究所汪尔康院士,中国电化学贡献奖授予厦门大学杨勇教授和中国科学院大连化学物理研究所张华民教授、中国电化学青年奖授予复旦大学王永刚教授、苏州大学黄小青教授、中国科学院化学所胡劲松研究员和北京大学郭少军教授. 　　为了鼓励和支持中国学者——尤其是中青年学者——在《电化学》上发表高质量论文,办好我们中国人自己的电化学学术期刊,2015年《电化学》期刊名誉主编田昭武院士提议并设立《电化学》期刊优秀论文奖. 本届《电化学》期刊优秀论文奖授予重庆大学魏子栋教授、厦门大学毛秉伟教授、武汉大学庄林教授、辽宁科技大学陈星星教授和华北电力大学谭占鳌教授. 　　 为促进学术交流、提高办刊质量,《电化学》编辑部特邀此次大会上获奖的八位学者,撰写论文报道其最新进展研究. 本专辑基本反映了我国电化学学科在能源、环境和材料方面具有代表性的研究进展. 希望借助专辑的出版,能使广大读者了解我国电化学领域的研究现状、发展趋势和存在的问题及挑战,进一步提高《电化学》的学术影响力,推动我国电化学科学的发展. 　　 在此,对本专辑的所有作者、审稿人及编辑部工作人员的辛勤劳动表示衷心的感谢！衷心感谢广大电化学工作者对《电化学》的支持！     

论科学探究中的"科学问题"

“科学问题”是科学探究活动的要素,并贯穿于探究活动的始终。在教学活动中,并不是所有的科学问题都需要去探究,而应该选择有探究价值的科学问题进行探究。     

加快推进国产科研仪器"进口替代"的思考

科学进步离不开科研仪器技术的发展, 科研仪器自主研制已成为我国促进技术创新的强劲动力和人才培养的重要平台. 飞船发射、航母制造、北斗导航等高科技重大突破离不开我国自行研制的高端科研仪器, 科技创新已成为当今各国提高综合国力的战略支撑. 每年我国对科研仪器的市场需求很大, 但进口仪器占比70%, 部分高端仪器更是100%依赖进口. 由于高、精、尖科研仪器的核心技术、关键零部件被国外封锁, 导致我国研发的高端科研仪器丧失国际竞争力. 针对上述现象, 通过对国产科研仪器目前现状分析, 就如何加强国家创新引导力来加快推进国产科研仪器高质量发展, 从而提升在国际市场的竞争力, 最终实现"进口替代"进行探讨.     

中学化学中的科学方法教育与课程教材改革

本文论述了什么是科学方法;科学方法的特点、性质、类型和结构;为什么要重视科学方法教育;中学化学中应该着重进行哪些科学方法教育;怎样才能有效地进行科学方法教育等问题。指出:科学方法是科学素质的重要构成因素。加强科学方法教育是全面提高学生素质、保证学生可持续发展的需要,也是搞好当前的课程教材改革的需要。文中提出了确定中学化学中科学方法教学内容的原则、各年级教学内容和教学要求的设想,还就科学方法教育的途径和原则提出了自己的看法。作者认为,科学方法教育要力戒教条式灌输,要注意让学生在积累经验基础上进行归纳;重视组织学生参加有关的实践活动;科学方法教育要跟科学精神、科学思想和科学知识的教育相互结合,跟人文精神教育结合。在进行科学方法教育时,还应该重视技术方法教育。     

在专业建设中培养大学生的科技创新能力

结合哈尔滨工业大学材料化学专业建设情况,重点阐述了专业建设与大学生科技创新能力培养的关系以及所获得的成果。在科技创新中完善专业建设,在专业建设中为科技创新活动搭建舞台,着重培养本科生的科学精神和科研能力。利用专业建设和科技创新的协同育人机制,实现专业与育人的有机结合,提高学生的综合素质和创新能力。     

科学探究方法及其训练

我国当前的化学课程改革,将科学探究作为突破口,提倡建立“以科学探究为主的多样化的学习方式”。本文从科学探究中的方法入手,探讨了化学科学探究的主要方法并对其进行了分类,在此基础上提出了在化学科学探究中,对学生进行相应方法训练的策略,力图为化学科学探究教学实践提供一定的借鉴和参考。     

浙江大学求是化学班人才培养的多层次科研实践体系

浙江大学化学系在求是化学班的培养过程中,以基础学科拔尖创新人才为培养目标,注重提升本科生科研能力,依托学科优势,从科研基础知识体系构建、科研思维模式拓展和科研创新实践能力强化等方面构筑分阶段、分层次、多平台、多模式的科研实践培养体系。该体系总体上以科研训练为主线,从广度科研认知到深度科研实践,融通校内第一、二课堂和校外第三、四课堂,贯穿整个拔尖人才培养过程。经过多年的探索与实践,该科研实践体系在培养学生的科研能力、创新思维和国际视野等方面已经初见成效。     

Similarity and representation in chemical knowledge practices

This paper argues for the theoretical and practical validity of similarity as a useful epistemological tool in scientific knowledge generation, specifically in chemistry. Classical analyses of similarity in philosophy of science do not account for the concept’s practical significance in scientific activities. We recur to examples from chemistry to counter the claim of authors like Quine or Goodman to the effect that similarity must be excluded from scientific practices (as well as their philosophical analysis). In conclusion we argue that more recent conceptualizations of the notion of similarity, particularly Giere’s one, are appropriate for a philosophical analysis that considers scientific practices on equal terms with scientific theory.     

科研问题向课堂教学的融入

科研向教学的融入常常注重科研成果在教学上的分享,而科研问题在教学中的重要作用却往往被忽视。为提高教学效果,本文尝试在课堂教学中选取科研成果取得过程中遇到的某个问题为切入点,抛转引玉,由学生运用所学知识,通过查阅资料和课堂讨论,思考解决办法。     

科学探究活动的类型、功能以及活动方式

科学探究教学活动中,在强调学生参与科学探究活动过程的同时,还应该对学生参与不同类型的科学探究活动给予重视,通过发挥每个探究活动类型的独特功能,对深化探究活动提高学生的科学素养有着重要意义。同时,每个探究的类型所使用的主要探究方式也有所不同。     

高校大型科研仪器开放共享运行机制探究

随着国内高等教育的快速发展,国家对高等教育事业投入经费的逐年增加,高校办学规模越来越大,高校购置的大型科研仪器也日益增多.如何科学购置大型科研仪器、减少重复投入、提高大型科研仪器开放率和利用率,是国内众多高校面临的棘手问题.针对目前高校大型科研仪器管理的现状和存在的问题,从完善制度、转变理念、经费投入、管理手段、人才队伍等方面,完善高校大型科研仪器开放共享运行机制,进一步提高高校大型科研仪器使用率,充分发挥大型科研仪器使用绩效.     

Sir Samuel Edwards: A sketch on the background of scientific revolution

The scientific contribution of late Professor Sir Sam Edwards and its relationship to the scientific revolution in polymer physics as well as some characteristic features of Sir Edwards as a great scientific character are shortly described and discussed.     

基础有机化学教学与前沿科学研究的融合——共价有机骨架材料的成键方式

作为材料研究领域的明星,共价有机框架材料的研究是基于有机化学反应的成功选择和合成条件的不断优化。本文探讨将共价有机框架材料的成键方式引入有机化学教学课堂的途径,阐述有机化学反应在新型纳米材料设计合成中的应用。科教融合教学模式不仅能够培养学生掌握知识、运用知识解决实际复杂问题的能力;同时可以调动学生的学习兴趣、拓展科研视野、激发科研热情;更能在科研成果中增强学生的专业认同感、培养学生的创新意识和社会担当。科教融合是实现创新人才培养的一个重要环节。     

Quality-based model for Life Sciences research guidelines

Nowadays, the requirement to define adequate standards and to identify and validate general guidelines for scientific activity is becoming increasingly apparent also in non-regulated scientific research. Guidelines are fundamental tools to provide valid indications for proper conduct in a research laboratory, the correct use of equipment and procedures, as well as for aligning and standardizing the procedures used in different scientific contexts. The identification, dissemination and application of common guidelines can improve significantly the reproducibility of the scientific results and the exchange of materials and data in the context of scientific consortia, comprising also industrial partners and meta-analysis projects. A Quality and Project Management OpenLab research network was formed in 2012 to develop and apply Total Quality Management models to Life Sciences research laboratories. One of the main tasks of the network has been the definition of a model for the drafting of guidelines, firmly based on quality principles and documentation management. The outcome is an operational flow describing all the phases of the process, which has been validated by four different drafting groups through the production of 13 guidelines ranging from research activity to equipment and facility management. Different institutes of the National Research Council are currently following these guidelines; some of them have also been used to define the procedures included in a certified Quality Management System for a research laboratory. Our experience shows that the model for guidelines we have developed makes drafting guidelines easier and more immediate, and significantly, it is applicable to different scientific contexts and disciplines, including both non-regulated research and technology transfer-oriented research, and also the Quality Management System of a scientific laboratory.     

论化学学习中科学美感的产生和作用

科学美感的培养是理科教学中普遍面临的新课题。本文以“科学美实质是情感与事物内形式所建构的和谐关系”为基本观点,从学习论角度对化学学习中科学美感的产生及其在创新学习中的作用进行了较为深入的探讨。     

论科学探究活动中信息的收集与处理

收集与处理信息是科学探究活动的重要组成部分.在这个过程中,学生的主动参与对完成知识的有意义建构、发展探究能力以及促进情感态度价值观的养成都具有积极的意义.收集资料的方法包括观察、实验、查阅、交流、调查与参观等.在利用逻辑和科学抽象方法的基础上,处理信息的方法包括表格化、线图化和科学符号化.