当量比对圆盘结构下旋转爆震波传播的影响

为研究反应物当量比对旋转爆震波传播过程的影响,在圆盘形旋转爆震发动机上进行H₂/air的旋转爆震实验研究,并统计分析了当量比对爆震波传播模态及参数的影响规律.实验结果表明,固定质量流率,同一种传播模态下,随着当量比的增大,爆震波的压力峰值及传播速度增大,且旋转爆震波的传播过程更加稳定.不同质量流率条件下,当量比对传播模态的影响规律不同.空气质量流率小于100 g/s时,旋转爆震波皆以单波模态传播.空气质量流率大于150 g/s时,随着当量比的增大,旋转爆震波的传播模态由单波模态向双波模态转变,再转变为不对称双波模态,最后又回到单波模态.并且在不对称双波模态中发现了低频振荡现象,振荡频率约为300 Hz.质量流率继续增大,燃烧室中发现了同向三波传播模态.随着质量流率的增加,双波模态的当量比下限降低,不对称双波模态的当量比上限增大,而双波与不对称双波模态的分界线受质量流率的影响较小.      

镁颗粒-空气混合物一维非稳态爆震波特性数值模拟研究

镁颗粒因其能量密度高、点火特性和燃烧效率好的优势,作为燃料或添加剂应用于爆震燃烧动力系统具有广阔的应用前景.本文建立了镁颗粒-空气混合物的一维非稳态爆震波模型,数值模拟爆震波传播过程及其内部流场分布.研究结果表明,爆震波传播过程中爆震波压力峰值和空间分布均存在小幅度波动.考虑燃烧产物氧化镁在颗粒表面的沉积过程,镁颗粒的反应速率和爆震波的稳定传播速度增大.在考虑爆震管壁面损失的前提下,随管径减小,爆震波稳定速度和厚度均减小,同时爆震波内未能反应的镁颗粒比例增大.考虑壁面损失条件下,爆震波稳定传播速度以及厚度均随颗粒初始粒径的增大而减小,且镁颗粒初始为双粒径分布时对应的爆震波速度和厚度明显低于镁颗粒初始为统一单粒径的工况;稳定传播速度随颗粒初始当量比的增大而先增后减,厚度随初始当量比的增加单调递减. MgO熔化发生在CJ平面附近时, MgO熔化过程对爆震波传播稳定性无明显影响,而爆震波厚度显著增大.选取适当的点火区参数,能够使爆震波达到稳定传播状态所经历的距离明显缩短.     

旋转爆震燃烧室与涡轮导向器组合实验研究

旋转爆震涡轮发动机正获得广泛的关注,但旋转爆震燃烧室出口存在着高频的压力波动,压力波动会降低涡轮的工作效率并减小涡轮的工作寿命.基于旋转爆震波的传播特点,开展了旋转爆震燃烧室与涡轮导向器组合结构的实验研究.燃料为H₂,由位于燃烧室前端的120个小孔喷入燃烧室;氧化剂为空气,由径向环缝喷入燃烧室.在燃烧室内起爆旋转爆震波后,爆震产物直接流入导向器内.研究结果表明,随当量比的增加,燃烧室内爆震波的传播速度呈先增大后减小的趋势.在导向器出口仍存在与燃烧室内旋转爆震波同主频的振荡压力,但相对于导向器前的振荡压力,出口压力振幅减小了约64%.旋转爆震波传播速度的相对偏差先减小后增大,并且爆震波传播越稳定,其速度损失越小.      

H_2/Air旋转爆震发动机起爆实验研究

为揭示旋转爆震发动机的点火特性,采用普通火花塞和高能火花塞作为发动机点火装置,对以氢气/空气为反应物的旋转爆震发动机进行了实验研究,结合高频压力测量与高速摄影结果分析了旋转爆震波的建立过程,并通过一系列点火实验得到了发动机的稳定工作范围。研究结果表明,两种点火方式均能成功起爆发动机,点火产生的燃烧波通过火焰加速与DDT过程形成旋转爆震波,增大点火能量能够大幅缩短旋转爆震波建立时间。发动机共有三种工作模式,稳定工作范围随燃料质量流量的增加而扩大,且不同工作模式会随反应物当量比的变化而相互转换。     

镁颗粒-空气混合物一维稳态爆震波特性数值模拟

镁颗粒因其能量密度高、点火特性和燃烧效率好的优势,作为燃料或添加剂应用于爆震燃烧动力系统具有广阔的应用前景.本文建立了镁颗粒-空气混合物的一维稳态爆震波模型,数值模拟爆震波稳态传播过程及其内部流场分布.结果表明,镁颗粒-空气混合物爆震波仅能以特征值速度稳定自维持传播,特征值爆震速度的高低并不仅仅取决于反应放热多少,两相间的相互作用也会影响热能向气相动能的转化效率.当爆震波末端氧化镁处于熔化过程时,满足一定的来流速度和镁颗粒密度条件,爆震波仍能够稳定自维持传播.气相吸收反应放热膨胀加速至声速的过程主要发生在镁颗粒纯蒸发反应阶段,但在氧化镁熔化阶段由于熔化过程吸热量大,使气相吸热膨胀过程近乎停止.颗粒粒径变化主要影响爆震波尺寸,而对特征值爆震速度以及波后声速面参数影响甚微.在常温常压的初始条件下,爆震波稳定自维持传播过程中波内不涉及氧化镁的汽化离解过程.     

质量流率对旋转爆震波传播速度影响实验研究

实验研究了质量流率对旋转爆震波传播速度的影响,结果表明:对于给定几何结构的发动机,存在一个临界质量流率,当质量流率小于该值时,旋转爆震波的速度较低且存在较大随机性;当质量流率大于临界值时,旋转爆震波的速度变化趋势与CJ爆震理论一致。针对低质量流率工况下出现的较大速度亏损现象,提出了两种导致该现象的可能机制,即燃烧室发生声学耦合燃烧和燃烧产物在爆震波到达之前与反应物充分混合,进一步分析对比了这两种机制,分析结果表明,两种假设都能够较好解释低质量流率下爆震波的较大速度亏损现象,但燃烧室发生声学耦合燃烧的假设更符合实验结果。     

燃烧过程测量、模拟及爆震燃烧技术应用专题序言

爆震燃烧是基本的燃烧模态之一具有极高的强度和极快的燃烧速率以其构建热力循环并将其应用于先进动力装置具有区别于爆燃燃烧过程的显著优势是人们始终追求的梦幻动力.然而也恰恰由于爆震燃烧过程剧烈因此在受限空间内形成稳定、可控、高频率的爆震波成为挑战.在工程上发展稳定的爆震燃烧动力装置需要解决可靠点火起爆、燃料/氧化剂快速掺混、爆震波稳定传播等关键技术难题.近些年连续旋转爆震取得了长足的进展.连续旋转爆震仅需单次成功点火在环形或者圆柱形燃烧室内形成周向传播的爆震波从而使得不断充入燃烧室的未燃混合气快速起爆.基于连续旋转爆震的火箭发动机、冲压发动机甚至连续旋转爆震涡轮发动机都取得了创造性的成绩.尽管在工程化应用的征途上仍然需要解决诸多爆震物理基础问题和关键技术但人们孜孜以求的决心和动力从未泯灭也必将带来颠覆性技术的诞生.     

煤油／空气脉冲爆震发动机激波反射起爆研究

为了研究煤油/空气脉冲爆震发动机爆震室内激波遇到障碍物发生反射促使PDE通常完成爆燃向爆震转变的起爆技术,设计加工了环型孔板和双半V型楔面体,并安装在内径100 mm的爆震管内,进行了多循环爆震试验,成功实现了煤油/空气脉冲爆震发动机工作频率30 Hz稳定工作,获得稳定传播的爆震波.研究结果表明:在爆震室内安装合理结构的障碍物能够有效提高激波反射,缩短爆燃向爆震转变的距离(时间),成功获得稳定传播的爆震波.研究结果为优化设计煤油/空气脉冲爆震发动机原理样机提供了初步理论基础.     

一种高频脉冲爆震火箭发动机排气及推力研究

为研究一种高频脉冲爆震火箭发动机(Pulse Detonation Rocket Engine,简称PDRE)的排气及推力特性,开展了相关实验和数值模拟研究。利用高速摄影拍摄了PDRE高频工作下的排气阴影图和尾焰图。构建了PDRE单次工作过程的数值模型,得到了发动机的排气过程和推力特性。结果表明:PDRE在靠近出口端点火,形成向封闭端传播的爆震波。回爆波向出口传播,形成第一次排气;在封闭端反射的压力波传出爆震管,形成第二次排气;两次排气贡献的冲量大小相近。     

冷等离子体放电区长度对爆震特性影响的实验研究

快速高效的起爆对脉冲爆震发动机工作特性的作用十分关键.文章以乙炔为燃料、空气为氧化剂,使用双爆震管研究冷等离子体和火花塞两种点火方式对起爆特性的影响规律.冷等离子体发生器采用自主设计产品,研究中通过改变冷等离子体放电区长度,测试爆震波的传播过程,给出了放电区体积大小对爆震特性的影响.实验结果表明:冷等离子体点火起爆特性明显优于火花塞;在基本保证放电功率不变时,放电区长度的变化对火焰传播时间、火焰传播速度、爆震波峰值压力影响不大.因此,在工程实践中,采用小区域放电能够减少冷等离子的体积且不影响起爆性能.      

基于连续旋转爆震的推进技术研究进展

基于爆震燃烧的推进技术是未来空间技术的重要发展趋势,特别是可实现结构简单化设计和高热力学效率.针对火箭式连续旋转爆震发动机、吸气式爆震发动机的实验测试和数值仿真,文章综述了其国内外研究进展,分别总结了不同燃料、燃烧室结构、喷注方式以及工作方式等对连续旋转爆震波的传播规律和发动机的特性影响规律.虽然上述探索性研究得到了诸多有益的结论,但是由于连续旋转爆震燃烧技术涉及的流动、物理化学过程十分复杂,对旋转爆震燃烧的机理研究仍然有待进一步深入开展.      

Stabilization mechanisms of longitudinal pulsations in rotating detonation combustors

This work investigates the stabilization mechanisms of two types of longitudinal pulsations in rotating detonation combustors. The first type is linked to operating modes with two counter-rotating waves in combustors with open outlets and appears as a minor peak in the pressure spectrum. The second type is observed as pulsed operation of the combustor when the outlet is restricted. Different combustor lengths are studied and the susceptibility to these longitudinal pulsations is investigated. Pressure measurements along the length of the combustor and around the perimeter are used to identify the operating mode and to describe the propagation and stabilization mechanisms of the two longitudinal modes. The results show that both modes are linked to the longitudinal acoustic resonance of the combustor. The length-to-perimeter ratio and the mass flux are identified as the driving parameters for the existence of these longitudinal modes. The first mode is shown to be an acoustic resonance supported by the intersections of counter-rotating waves. The second mode is controlled by the reflection of an explosion induced shock wave propagating through a high velocity bulk flow.     

Enhancement of continuously rotating detonation in hydrogen and oxygen-enriched air

The enhancement of continuously rotating detonation in oxygen-enriched air was demonstrated in an annular rotating detonation combustor (RDC) under a diffusive supply of hydrogen and an oxidizer. Experimental tests were performed to reveal the effects of oxygen volume fraction, mass flow rate, and equivalent ratio on the propagation of continuously rotating detonation wave (CRDW). It is observed that an increase in the air mass flow rate from 25 g/s to 225 g/s causes an increase in the propagation velocity of the stable CRDW in the RDC. For an oxygen volume fraction up to 35%, the difference between the propagation velocity of detonation and the theoretical Chapman–Jouguet value is less than 5%. Under the chemical stoichiometric ratio condition for air, the CRDW is stabilized when the air mass flow rate reaches 185 g/s. However, stabilized CRDW is observed even when the air flow rate is only 45 g/s under the presence of 30% or 35% oxygen. Increase in the oxygen volume fraction leads to an extension of the rich/lean limit for generating a stable CRDW. This study aims to provide guidance for the modulation of continuously rotating detonation.     

Characterizing continuously rotating detonation via nonlinear time series analysis

The sampled pressure signals in continuously rotating detonation combustors have the inherence of nonlinear dynamics. To dig out more information on combustion modes, the nonlinear time series analysis method is thus applied to the pressure-time series obtained at a hydrogen/air rotating detonation combustor by using the phase space reconstruction and wavelet entropy algorithm. The variation of wavelet entropy is approved to be associated with the periodicity variation of pressure signals. Different structures of attractor as well as wavelet entropy distribution in the phase diagram can distinguish the deflagration mode from the unstable and stable detonation modes under the conditions of different air flow rates. The limit-cycle oscillation is exhibited in the phase space diagram with a very low flow rate, here 25 g/s. The mean wavelet entropy of pressure-time series can be a quantitative index of different combustion modes occurring in the combustor. The present study is expected to enhance the understanding of the physical mechanism of continuously rotating detonation and contribute on the development of detonation propulsion technology.     

Mode transitions on the surface dust ion-acoustic wave in a semibounded dusty plasma

The effects of elongated rotating dust grains on the mode transitions of the dispersion relation of the surface dust ion-acoustic waves are investigated in a semi-bounded dusty plasma. The dispersion relation of the surface dust ion-acoustic wave is obtained by the plasma dielectric function with the specular reflection boundary condition. The result shows the existence of the dust ion-acoustic resonance modes in small and large wave number regions. It is also shown that the surface wave would be propagated in intermediate wave number domains. It is interesting to note that the wave propagation domain has been diminished with an increase of the rotation frequency.     

Fundamental modes in waveguide pipe twisted by saturated double-well potential

We study fundamental modes trapped in a rotating ring with a saturated nonlinear double-well potential. This model, which is based on the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, can be constructed in a twisted waveguide pipe in terms of light propagation, or in a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) loaded into a toroidal trap under a combination of a rotating π-out-of-phase linear potential and nonlinear pseudopotential induced by means of a rotating optical field and the Feshbach resonance. Three types of fundamental modes are identified in this model, one symmetric and the other two asymmetric. The shape and stability of the modes and the transitions between different modes are investigated in the first rotational Brillouin zone. A similar model used a Kerr medium to build its nonlinear potential, but we replace it with a saturated nonlinear medium. The model exhibits not only symmetry breaking, but also symmetry recovery. A specific type of unstable asymmetric mode is also found, and the evolution of the unstable asymmetric mode features Josephson oscillation between two linear wells. By considering the model as a configuration of a BEC system, the ground state mode is identified among these three types, which characterize a specific distribution of the BEC atoms around the trap.     

涡轮导向器对旋转爆轰波传播特性影响的实验研究

为了研究涡轮导向器对旋转爆轰波传播特性的影响,以氢气为燃料,空气为氧化剂,在不同当量比下开展了实验研究.基于高频压力传感器及静态压力传感器的信号,详细分析了带涡轮导向器的旋转爆轰燃烧室的工作模式以及涡轮导向器对非均匀不稳定爆轰产物的影响.实验结果表明:在当量比较低时,爆轰燃烧室以快速爆燃模式工作;逐渐增大当量比,爆轰燃烧室开始以不稳定旋转爆轰模式工作;继续增大当量比,爆轰燃烧室以稳定旋转爆轰模式工作,且旋转爆轰波的传播速度和稳定性均随当量比的增大逐渐提高.爆轰波下游的斜激波与涡轮导向器相互作用,涡轮导向器对压力振荡的幅值具有明显的抑制作用,但对压力振荡频率的影响较小.随着当量比的增大,涡轮导向器上下游的静压均同时增大,经过涡轮导向器的作用,涡轮下游静压明显降低.     

Multi-regime reaction front and detonation initiation by temperature inhomogeneity

Auto-ignition, reaction front propagation, and detonation development are foundational events in combustion, and are relevant to the occurrence of engine knock. It is generally understood that different auto-ignition modes can be initiated by non-uniform initial temperatures, manifesting the transition from supersonic to subsonic combustion modes with increasing temperature gradients. In this work, we have investigated the auto-ignition and reaction front propagation of syngas/air mixtures initiated by wide-ranging temperature gradients, in both spherical and planar coordinates, and have identified a universal detonation response diagram with multiple, non-monotonic boundaries of auto-ignition modes under engine-relevant conditions. Specifically, it is shown that with increasing gradient steepness, in addition to the conventional three regimes of supersonic auto-ignition deflagration, detonation development, and subsonic auto-ignition deflagration, the reaction front propagation speed would first decrease dramatically and then increase, hence inducing additional detonation regimes. Consequently, two detonation peninsulas are identified, with the first corresponding to the well-established Bradley detonation peninsula and the second manifesting a broader detonation regime. Both detonation peninsulas depend on the hotspot size and they can connect together when the hotspot radius becomes sufficiently large. The transient auto-ignition processes and chemical-gas dynamic interactions agree with the typical characteristics of various auto-ignition modes. Finally, auto-ignition modes are summarized in the detonation diagram, in which the Bradley detonation peninsula is well reproduced and the new detonation peninsula is quantitatively determined. The present study demonstrates that auto-ignition modes are significantly affected by the non-monotonic behavior of reaction front propagation, and the use of actual propagation speed is necessary for steeper temperature gradients in order to determine more accurate dimensionless parameters.     

涂覆石墨烯的非对称并行电介质纳米线波导的模式特性分析

采用多级展开方法,对涂覆石墨烯的非对称并行电介质纳米线波导的模式特性进行了分析.首先对这种波导中的表面等离子模式进行分类,然后对七种低阶模式的有效折射率和传播长度随工作频率、几何结构参数和石墨烯费米能的依赖关系进行详细的分析.结果表明,通过改变工作频率、几何结构参数和石墨烯的费米能,可以在较大范围内调节模式的特性.与有限元法进行的对比表明,基于多级方法的半解析结果与有限元法的数值结果非常符合.研究结果可为涂覆石墨烯的非对称并行电介质纳米线的设计和制作提供一定的理论基础.