基于红外热成像的林地余火死灰复燃点诊断方法研究（英文）

林地余火阴燃特性具有隐蔽性强、持续时间长、目测难度大、且具有死灰复燃等特点,从而一直困扰森林火灾的彻底扑灭。为了及时、高效地发现林地余火阴燃点,探索林地余火死灰复燃的特征及规律,在南京森林警察学院点烧基地里进行测试实验,以无人机搭载热红外成像系统、气象采集系统等为工具,把火源点设置在杨树林内,人为干预进行点烧、熄灭、复燃等重复实验,实验包括白天和夜晚两个时间段,用安装于无人机上的红外热成像仪对火源进行观测。实验表明:林地余火死灰复燃的温度在500~600℃,离散程度较大;林地余火死灰复燃在白天的时间普遍短于夜晚时间,表明外界温度越高,越会促进林地余火死灰复燃的速率;在森林中,不同地点、不同时间段的森林背景温度标准差比较稳定,主要处于1~9之间;林地余火红外图像的温度数据的标准差值分布在30~85之间;红外图像的温度数据的标准差值分布在55~85之间,则可定为死灰复燃可疑阶段。该方法量化了死灰复燃的火环境及温度参数阈值,明确林地余火阴燃点引燃特征值。该研究成果将推动森林防火技术的发展,为安全扑火提供重要的方法和资料。     

林火中的阴燃现象:研究前沿与展望

森林中的植物腐殖质和有机泥炭土的阴燃是地球上尺度最大的燃烧与火灾现象,造成了巨大的经济损失及跨国界的雾霾,并严重破坏了生态系统.本文综述了阴燃林火的基础燃烧理论和化学反应机理,总结了其点火、火蔓延和熄火的行为特性.同时,归纳了近年来泥炭阴燃火的研究动态,包括如何通过小尺度的阴燃实验理解大尺度的阴燃林火,如何构建阴燃的数...     

高温热源特性对木粉阴燃传播特性影响

为了探究高温热源特性对阴燃传播的影响,本文基于高温氮化硅点火装置建立了阴燃传播速度实验测试平台,并以红棕木粉为实验材料,结合木粉的热重分析开展了不同引燃温度和时间作用下木粉阴燃传播特性实验研究,结果表明:在实验条件下,木粉堆在6种不同适宜热源引燃温度下所能达到的最高温度几乎一致约490℃,且三个热电偶位置距离阴燃初始点越近其升温到最高温度越慢;在640℃到675℃之间存在一个最佳热源热通量使木粉堆析出挥发分与内部氧气含量为适宜比例,且在这个比例下木粉阴燃初期的传播速度最快,约4.4×10~(-2) cm/s;相同高温热源温度下,木分堆持续引燃时间越长,热源提供的总热量越大,阴燃初期的传播速度越快。所得结果可为木材加工企业防控阴燃火灾提供实验依据。     

森林阴燃火排放特性：研究前沿与展望

森林阴燃火是世界上最大尺度的燃烧现象之一,其排放在全球大气碳循环中扮演着重要的角色。然而其产生并累积的复杂排放物会导致区域性的雾霾灾害,严重威胁居民和消防人员的健康安全。尽管林火排放给社会经济生活带来诸多不良影响,但目前对森林阴燃火排放特性的科学认识还不足。本文总结了阴燃与明火排放的差异、影响阴燃排放的因素,以及在不同尺度研究中用于不同森林可燃物排放的测量方法。此外,本文还统计汇编了文献中包含主要火灾气体和颗粒物产物在内的排放因子数据,分析发现除CO₂及CO外,森林阴燃火产物的排放因子随分子质量的增加而逐渐减少。本文有助于提高对阴燃排放的科学认知,为防治由阴燃林火导致的雾霾灾害提供了丰富的数据基础。     

全工况下冷却空气取水装置性能的实验研究

为改善冷却空气取水装置的能耗高、出水量低等问题,实验选用了两台并联蒸发器和两台串联冷凝器,并对出水量、能耗、蒸发器冷却效率等进行了研究。实验结果表明:蒸发器进风风速越大,蒸发器冷却效率越低,出水量越小;制冷机制冷量不变时,调整风机风量可增大装置的取水量,且进风温度越高最佳风量越小;夏季及初秋冷却空气取水装置最佳运行时间段为晚上20点~早上8点,其中取水量最多的时间段为凌晨0点~4点。而春季的夜晚装置取水量小、能耗大,冷却空气取水装置应该在白天运行;不同月份由于环境空气状态的不同,消耗1度电能够制取的淡水量也不同,其中9月份消耗1度电能够制取的水量最多为2.1kg。     

不同燃烧状态飞火颗粒自由燃烧规律研究

飞火是开放空间中大尺度火灾非连续性蔓延的主要形式.本文通过不同热流下的木质飞火颗粒自由燃烧实验,揭示不同燃烧状态飞火颗粒的结构变形、质量损失及温度分布的变化规律.研究表明,颗粒结构变形受材料化学反应机制和热机械力作用共同影响;颗粒燃烧反应易造成热解气体的内部积聚,以致内压激增、诱发喷射或喷溅细小颗粒的现象;阴燃过程颗粒...     

无人机视角下的林木爆燃火特性研究

森林火灾“爆燃”现象的特征是突然发生的高强度、高蔓延速度的燃烧。目前为止，关于“爆燃火”的原因还没有达成共识。以无人机视角下对林木爆燃火特性研究，以四川木里特大森林火灾为研究对象，通过分析凉山州某森林扑火部队3月31日木里森林火灾当天KWT（科卫泰）无人机航拍火场画面，结合无人机实时影像及实地调研数据，分析了峡谷地形林火蔓延时空特征，探讨了峡谷中风向风速变化时空分布规律，研究了地形变化条件下，不同海拔高度风速特征，建立了无人机倾角测量风速模型（其中为风速m·s-1，为无人机倾角°）。结果表明，高山峻岭特殊地形环境下每天4:00—12:00时间段为静风期，为峡谷林火扑救最佳时期；午后15:00—17:00和晚上20:00—22:00为山谷地形风速活跃期；仿真软件数据显示山顶、谷底与山腰不同海拔位置的风速风向不统一，谷底会产生乱流现象，且风速与海拔不存在正相关关系，小气候在复杂地形中占主导影响地位；在谷口至山谷深处的中间位置会出现气流速度的波峰状态，并易形成乱流，为爆燃火发生提供了客观必要条件。该研究可为复杂地形环境下，森林草原火灾扑救安全提供数据和技术支撑。     

无人机视角下的林木爆燃火特性研究（英文）

森林火灾"爆燃"现象的特征是突然发生的高强度、高蔓延速度的燃烧。目前为止,关于"爆燃火"的原因还没有达成共识。以无人机视角下对林木爆燃火特性研究,以四川木里特大森林火灾为研究对象,通过分析凉山州某森林扑火部队3月31日木里森林火灾当天KWT(科卫泰)无人机航拍火场画面,结合无人机实时影像及实地调研数据,分析了峡谷地形林火蔓延时空特征,探讨了峡谷中风向风速变化时空分布规律,研究了地形变化条件下,不同海拔高度风速特征,建立了无人机倾角测量风速模型(其中为风速m·s~(-1),为无人机倾角°)。结果表明,高山峻岭特殊地形环境下每天4:00—12:00时间段为静风期,为峡谷林火扑救最佳时期;午后15:00—17:00和晚上20:00—22:00为山谷地形风速活跃期;仿真软件数据显示山顶、谷底与山腰不同海拔位置的风速风向不统一,谷底会产生乱流现象,且风速与海拔不存在正相关关系,小气候在复杂地形中占主导影响地位;在谷口至山谷深处的中间位置会出现气流速度的波峰状态,并易形成乱流,为爆燃火发生提供了客观必要条件。该研究可为复杂地形环境下,森林草原火灾扑救安全提供数据和技术支撑。     

高温二氧化碳气体红外辐射实验研究

主要介绍了依托高频等离子体风洞建立的高温气体辐射测量平台,并在此平台上开展了高温二氧化碳气体红外辐射实验测量。介绍了高频等离子体风洞的运行原理、流场特性及工作介质;介绍了实验测量的条件、装置、标定、数据处理方法和结果分析;通过自建的高温气体发射光谱测量平台实验测量了二氧化碳气体在1 500～3 000 K范围内4个温度点的红外发射光谱;介绍了Abel变换在测量二氧化碳气体红外辐射空间分布中的应用,通过Abel变换获得了高温下二氧化碳气体红外辐射的空间分布结果; 分析了高温二氧化碳气体在4.3 μm附近的红外辐射的强度及其中心波长随温度变化的分布,得到了发射峰中心波长随温度的升高向长波方向展开的结果,并与文献结果进行了对比分析。     

基于图像衍生的红外无人机图像仿真方法研究

对无人机群的红外视频进行监视是安防和军事领域的新热点。由于复杂背景下无人机图像获取难度大,图像数量难以满足相关算法的模型训练和验证等需求,因此提出一种基于图像衍生的红外无人机图像仿真方法。采用该方法对红外无人机模板图像与红外背景图像进行混合,从而生成大量不同背景下的无人机目标图像。针对图像混合技术受背景噪声影响严重、无人机目标边缘模糊和合成图像调和度低等问题,采用一种无监督的生成式对抗网络来生成调和度较高的灰度约束图像,将其与目标梯度图像作为联合约束来求解高斯-泊松方程,得到与真实图像特征一致性较高的混合图像。实验结果表明,所提方法生成的混合图像具有较高的图像调和度和视觉真实性,说明所得图像作为扩充样本可有效提高机器学习算法的性能。     

Remote Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectroscopy in the Studies of the Solid Propellant Combustions

In this paper infrared emission spectra of the solid propellant combustion using remote Fourier transform spectroscopy have been studied. Both the infrared spectral radiance distributions and gas quantitative method for solid propellant combustions by remote Fourier transform infrared emission spectroscopy have been presented. In the method we utilize estimating temperature measuring models, which are modified by Junde Wang, based on emission fundamental band measurements of HCl or HF. Through measuring the temperature both the infrared spectral radiance distributions of the solid propellant combustions and their emisivities can be obtained. A remote measured gas concentration model based on combustion temperature, spectral radiance and emissivity has been developed. Field single-ended measurements at long distances for solid propellant plumes at temperature 1700—3500K can be extended to measuring fluctuations of instantaneous temperature and combustion reaction products.     

单脉冲BOXCARS技术在瞬态燃烧场测温中的应用

 用单脉冲交叉相干反斯托克斯喇曼散射技术测量了两种不同固体燃剂的瞬态燃烧场的温度。对燃烧场进行了优化，给出了在燃烧场中取得的部分典型单脉冲CARS光谱及其理论拟合结果，得到了燃烧场的温度及其随高度的分布；稳定燃烧时两种燃剂燃烧场的温度基本保持不变，平均值分别为2 260，2 090K；测量了实验的纵向空间分辨率。结果表明，BOXCARS技术能较好地完成复杂的瞬态燃烧场温度的测量工作。     

戈壁地区折射率结构常数高度分布的统计特性

通过以系留气球和探空气球为平台的方式, 搭载温度脉动仪在戈壁地区对大气折射率结构常数开展长期测量。对获取的实验数据开展统计分析, 探讨了在白天与夜间折射率结构常数的平均情况、高度分布、偏度与峰度、季节的强弱特性等四个方面的内容, 结果表明：在测量地区, 随高度分布的大气折射率结构常数在白天和夜间的算术平均值和对数平均值的比值会有较大的差异, 并且白天和夜间的对数平均值和标准差系数随高度分布各有其特点, 表现在随高度整体减小的同时会有起伏出现, 尤其是夜间;白天和夜间的偏度与峰度主要表现出右偏和尖峰特性, 在高度分布上有所不同;季节变化对湍流的强弱分布产生明显影响, 集中体现在中性湍流和弱湍流分布情况随高度发生交互变化。     

戈壁地区折射率结构常数高度分布的统计特性

通过以系留气球和探空气球为平台的方式, 搭载温度脉动仪在戈壁地区对大气折射率结构常数开展长期测量。对获取的实验数据开展统计分析, 探讨了在白天与夜间折射率结构常数的平均情况、高度分布、偏度与峰度、季节的强弱特性等四个方面的内容, 结果表明:在测量地区, 随高度分布的大气折射率结构常数在白天和夜间的算术平均值和对数平均值的比值会有较大的差异, 并且白天和夜间的对数平均值和标准差系数随高度分布各有其特点, 表现在随高度整体减小的同时会有起伏出现, 尤其是夜间;白天和夜间的偏度与峰度主要表现出右偏和尖峰特性, 在高度分布上有所不同;季节变化对湍流的强弱分布产生明显影响, 集中体现在中性湍流和弱湍流分布情况随高度发生交互变化。     

Modeling of one-dimensional smoldering of polyurethane in microgravity conditions

Results are presented from a model of forward smoldering combustion of polyurethane foam in microgravity. The transient one-dimensional numerical-model is based on that developed at the University of Texas at Austin. The conservation equations of energy, species, and mass in the porous solid and in the gas phases are numerically solved. The solid and the gas phases are not assumed to be in thermal or in chemical equilibrium. The chemical reactions modeled consist of foam oxidation and pyrolysis reactions, as well as char oxidation. The model has been modified to account for new polyurethane kinetics parameters and radial heat losses to the surrounding environment. The kinetics parameters are extracted from thermogravimetric analyses published in the literature and using Genetic Algorithms as the optimization technique. The model results are compared with previous tests of forward smoldering combustion in microgravity conducted aboard the NASA Space Shuttle. The model calculates well the propagation velocities and the overall smoldering characteristics. Direct comparison of the solution with the experimental temperature profiles shows that the model predicts well these profiles at high temperature, but not as well at lower temperatures. The effect of inlet gas velocity is examined, and the minimum airflow for ignition is identified. It is remarkable that this one-dimensional model with simplified kinetics is capable of predicting cases of smolder ignition but with no self-propagation away from the igniter region. The model is used for better understanding of the controlling mechanisms of smolder combustion for the purpose of fire safety, both in microgravity and normal gravity, and to extend the unique microgravity data to wider conditions avoiding the high cost of space-based experiments.     

Flame Temperature Remote Measurement from Infrared Emission Line Intensities of Rotation-Vibration Band of Molecules

A theoretical investigation and method of temperature remote sensing determination from the infrared emission line intensities in the fine structure of the rotation—vibration band of the molecules are performed. We have applied the method to some flames that thier combustions are unstationary, short time and violent. The temperature obtained by this method is good agreement with modified sodium line reversal method data. Our results show that the IR emission remote sensing method is a very sensitive, rapid and accurate measured temperature technique.     

Experimental investigation of ethylene/air combustion instability in a model scramjet combustor using image-based methods

The combustion instabilities of supersonic combustion were investigated experimentally in a laboratory-scale scramjet combustor with a cavity flame holder. Ethylene was injected transversely from an orifice to the supersonic flow of Mach 2 with a stagnation temperature of 1900 K and a total pressure of 0.37 MPa. The dynamic pressure, CH* chemiluminescence and shadowgraph images were measured with a pressure sensor and a high-speed video camera. Dynamic pressure was analyzed by fast Fourier transform, and time-resolved CH* chemiluminescence images were modally decomposed by the sparsity-promoting dynamic mode decomposition (SP-DMD). The results indicated that two combustion instabilities were observed for cavity shear-layer stabilized combustion and the oscillation between jet-wake stabilized and cavity shear-layer ram combustions for the power spectral density (PSD) of pressure. In the case of the combustion instability of cavity shear-layer stabilized combustion, a dominant peak of approximately 128 Hz was observed for the PSD of pressure. This instability corresponded to an entire flame oscillation of the cavity shear-layer stabilized combustion, which was validated by the SP-DMD and a low rank reproduction with 10 modes. This was driven by a fuel injection oscillation in the injection orifice. In the case of oscillation between the jet-wake stabilized and the cavity shear-layer ram combustions, peaks around 1600 Hz were observed for the PSD of pressure. This mechanism was also explained by the SP-DMD modes and a low rank reproduction using within 10 modes. The DMD and shadowgraph images indicated that the vortex formed by a separation of the boundary layer induced a strong jet-wake flame, resulting in the temporal thermal choke followed by cavity shear-layer stabilized ram combustion. The data-driven approach with SP-DMD clarified the combustion instability mechanisms of the supersonic combustion in detail.     

Wind measurements with incoherent Doppler lidar based on iodine filters at night and day

An incoherent Doppler wind lidar based on the iodine filter at 532 nm is presented for day and night wind measurements, which was developed by the Key Laboratory of Ocean Remote Sensing of Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China. The system operates with a fiber and a narrow-band interference filter to reject daylight. A photon counter is used to improve the detection range. Two iodine filters are used to lock the transmitting laser frequency and to discriminate the Doppler frequency shift, respectively. The method to retrieve the wind profile is described. The detection range of wind profiles (with a 136 m vertical resolution) extends from 100 m to 15 km at night and to 12 km during daytime. The detection range covers the troposphere in the middle and high latitude areas. The comparison experiments between the lidar and radiosonde were performed both during the night and during the day. The standard deviation of the wind direction and speed were 15.5° and 3.1 m/s at night and 15.7° and of 3.2 m/s during the day. This system also has the capability to measure the aerosol backscattering ratio. PACS 42.68.Wt; 92.60.Gn; 92.60.Mt     

人工光源对地面目标红外特性的调制

根据目标红外辐射特性形成的机理,探讨了人工光源对目标红外特性调制的方法。通过建立人工光源照射目标的理论模型,对人工光源照射时目标的表面温度进行了仿真计算与实际测量,在此基础上对目标红外辐射进行了计算与分析。结果表明：人工光源可以对目标的红外特性进行调制,调制的效果取决于光源的照射功率、照射时间、照射距离及光源的入射角。一般情况下,夜晚照射时调制效果明显,白天照射时调制效果不明显。