新的命名原则中含氮化合物的命名解读

有机化合物的命名是有机化学教学中的重要环节,而含氮化合物在其中占有很重的比例。本文对新的命名原则《有机化合物命名原则2017》中的含氮化合物的命名方法进行解读,以便于师生在有机化学的教授和学习中掌握新版的有机化合物命名规则,尽快实现旧命名原则向新命名原则的过渡和转化。     

《有机化合物命名原则》修订情况简介

目前我国有机化合物的命名是以1960年中国科学院编译出版委员会名词室公布的《有机化学物质的系统命名原则》(以下简称“60年《原则》”)为依据。通过近廿年的实践证明,“60年《原则》”,对统一我国有机化合物命名起到了一定作用,但其本身还存在着不少问题。随着化学学科的不断发展和新的化合物被大量地发现或合成,必须对“60年《原则》”进行修改和扩充,以适应当前需要。为此,中国化学会在1978年年会上,专门召开了“有机化合物命名原则座谈会”,并成立了“有     

浅谈中国化学会《有机化合物命名原则2017》的教学要点

比较了中国化学会《有机化合物命名原则2017》与1980版命名原则的不同,指出了新版的主要变化之处。通过举例,说明母体氢化物、特性基团的概念、含义及其在命名有机化合物时的重要意义。归纳出命名有机物时确定母体氢化物和主特性基团所依据原则和方法,梳理出命名有机化合物的一般步骤,并通过实例来说明2017版命名原则的实施方法。     

国际化学物质命名原则的中译

中译前言化学物质的系统命名是一件相当困难的工作。西洋各国的化学物质命名问题亦曾经过长期的讨论。现在公认的化学物质命名原则是1940年国际化学会无机化学命名改良委员会的报告和1930年国际有机化学命名改良委员会的报告。兹当中文化学物质命名亟待全部确订之际,译者特根据化学物质命名原则将这两篇报告予以译出,以供研究化学物质中文命名的参考。并在此,暂将这两篇报告总称为     

元素有机化合物命名中“烷”字能否取消的一点意见

有机金属化合物命名原则是化合物命名原则涉及有机化学、无机化学的化合物命名问题,目前尚待各界提建议,订出一套适合于我国习惯和相应于国际命名     

卤代烃系统命名法商榷

就卤代烃的系统命名法,考察化学、化工、生物、医学、药学等专业的现行有机化学教材共18部,发现13部没有积极对待《有机化学命名原则》（1980）。确定了按照《有机化学命名原则》（1980）命名的基本办法,辨析了“最低系列”,对《有机化学命名原则》（1980）没有涉及的内容提出了命名建议。     

基于《有机化合物命名原则2017》的链状烃类化合物命名教学*

中国化学会于2017年发布的《有机化合物命名原则2017》给有机化学教学带来了新的挑战。链状烃类化合物命名是整个有机化合物命名的基础,本文结合教学实践,在介绍链状烃类化合物命名教学过程中所涉及基本知识点的基础上,通过实例说明新命名原则下,如何系统命名链状烃类化合物,并明晰了复杂取代基的命名及取代基前缀是否计入字母排序,旨在为链状烃类化合物命名教学提供直接的借鉴和参考。     

有机化合物命名原则(2017)的简化及在有机化学教材中的应用

在对《有机化合物命名原则(2017)》基本原则进行梳理的基础上,对一些调整后的规则进行简化,使其适用于本科有机化学教学中有机化合物的命名。并结合实例,对命名的原则及用法进行说明。     

化学物质名词的编订工作

化学名词工作目前分为三部分:(1)化学及化工术语(即就已在『化学』上发表的化学名词草案予以删改补充);(2)化学物质命名原则;(3)化学物质名词。关于化学物质名词的编订工作本小组在中国科学院编译局领导之下曾于一九五一年十二月十九日召开化学物质名词编订座谈会,邀请在京化学专家三十余人讨论此项问题,决定了编订工作的范围和原则。现将会议决定的编订范围和原则报导如下:现在,化学物质命名原则有一部分尚未完全确定,化学命名原则审查小组建议中国科学院编译局于适当时期召开化学物质命名原则扩大座谈会,多方面交换意见。下面所提及的命名原则扩大会议,即指此而言。     

杂环化合物的中英文名称兼评我国《有机化学命名原则》

我国的《有机化学命名原则》(1980)已出版发行(以下简称《原则》)。此《原则》重点修订了“杂环化合物”的命名,这将对杂环化合物中文名称的统一具有规范作用。但由于杂环化合物内容繁杂,此《原则》比较简单,实际上仍不能适应我国当前科学发展的需要。鉴于此《原则》是结合我国文字特点,并适当照顾长期使用的习惯,参考IUPAC 1979年公布的《有机化学命名法》而修订的,故本文以条环化合物的中英文名称     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。