“原子结构与元素性质”主题模型建构教学的探索

从2003年起至今,北京师范大学化学教育研究团队围绕“原子结构与元素性质”主题开展了跨越初中、高中必修、高中选择性必修的模型建构教学探索,涉及原子的构成微粒及空间分布、核外电子的运动状态、核外电子的排布规律以及元素性质等不同子主题。在这些教学探索中,梳理和还原了科学家解决问题的过程,对科学家所做实验进行再现、模拟,依据科学家在基于实验证据建构原子结构模型时的推理论证过程设计并指导学生开展模型建构活动,使学生理解、评价或参与模型建构的过程,促进学生建模能力和科学本质观的形成与发展。     

基于思维模型建构的“物质检验”初中复习教学研究

以让学生自主建构物质检验的思维模型为目标设计教学,通过完成物质检验的探究任务,学生自主建构思维模型,形成完整的思路,从而提高解决此类问题的能力。并在北京某中学初三年级进行教学实践,对教学实施效果进行了检验,根据教学实践总结出建构“物质检验”思维模型教学的有效教学策略：基于建模历程与生活情境选择素材;以学生为中心自主建构“物质检验”思维模型,引导学生经历多样化的思维发展过程;学生经历不同层级进阶的模型建构历程。     

以“位构性”模型建构和学科能力发展的必修“原子结构 元素周期律”教学设计和实践*

在高中必修阶段“原子结构 元素周期律”主题已有研究的基础上,将“位构性”系统模型与学科能力活动任务相结合,提出了本研究的理论框架,进行了单元整体的教学设计并实施。通过预设学生的表现水平,设计各课时的评价任务,过程性地诊断学生在各个课时中“位构性”模型建构与学科能力的发展水平,描述学生在本章学习过程中的发展变化,促进了学生“证据推理与模型认知”等核心素养的发展。最后,归纳出以“位构性”模型建构和学科能力发展的“原子结构 元素周期律”在教学实践中的有效策略。以期能够对日后开展“原子结构 元素周期律”主题的教学设计与实践能够提供参考和建议。     

从证据推理视角对“离子反应”教学案例的分析及其启示*

证据推理是学生以其经验为基础、问题为起点,根据教师提供的一个或几个学习材料(已知判断),得出目标概念(新判断)的深度思维过程。通过梳理和界定证据推理的概念、证据类型、证据推理过程及核心要素,建构出实验探究教学中以“问题、解释、假设、证据、推理、结论”为要素及其之间关系的证据推理线形模型和循环模型,以此分析视角及其框架对“离子反应”教学中证据推理的过程进行了分析,并基于证据推理的6要素得出培养学生证据推理能力的启示与建议,达到证据推理过程中基本思想方法的外显,落实证据推理与模型认知的化学学科核心素养,也为今后的教学实践提供核心推理思路及教学建议。     

高中生“甲烷”心智模型的测评*

以二阶诊断测试题为主要工具对高一学生“甲烷”的心智模型建构情况进行了测评,分别围绕甲烷的分子结构、甲烷的稳定性、甲烷的氧化反应、甲烷的取代反应等4个知识点,对心智模型的种类及持有相应种类的学生比例进行了统计和分析,对相关学习困难进行了探讨,研究发现学生建构了4类共7种非科学心智模型。     

“素养为本”的化学课堂教学*——以“原子晶体”为例

基于“素养为本”视角,以“原子晶体”的教学为例,对教学主题内容、教学现状及学情进行分析;以发展学生化学学科核心素养为主旨确定教学目标;以“微粒-微粒间的相互作用-物质的聚集状态-物质性质”的认识思路为主线,以“模型认知,建构概念-证据推理,归纳性质-微观探析,探究结构-科学史实,揭示价值”的任务型教学流程,达到落实并发展学生化学学科核心素养的目的。     

发展“模型认知”素养的教学实践*——以“化学方程式”为例

模型认知是重要的思维方法。基于模型认知进行教学设计,能促使教师从关注知识转向关注核心素养,从而使教学活动有效地促进学生思维能力的发展。在对模型及模型认知理解的基础上,以典型的符号模型“化学方程式”为例,阐明了教学思路和教学活动与学科观念的关系,形成了发展学生模型认知核心素养的教学设计。     

基于学科理解的“物质成分”大概念教学*

以“物质成分”大概念教学为例,基于学科理解,以探究物质成分的相关化学史为线索设计教学,引导学生在追溯“物质成分”相关概念、理论的发展过程中,逐渐建构物质成分的宏观、微观、宏微结合视角。并在解决探究物质成分的真实问题的过程中,培养学生基于证据进行推理的科学论证能力,通过认识视角的发展,体会科学理论是在不断发展和进阶的,初步建立科学发展观。     

生活境脉促体验 实验创新助探究—指向核心素养发展的“铁及其化合物的应用”教学实践

有机融合学生生活中的经验与体验和化学学习中的认知与思维,可优化课堂进程,提高学习效率,让化学知识建构的过程同时成为化学学科核心素养发展提升的过程。在“铁及其化合物的应用”的教学中,以“笔·墨”为情境生成真实问题,在互动、探究、体验中整合物质性质,建构思维模型,并应用模型解决问题,发展科学探究、证据推理、模型认知等化学学科核心素养。     

基于证据推理与模型认知的有机物分子结构探究——以“三谱解析阿司匹林”为例

为了反映化学学科发展的特点和趋势,充分突显现代科学技术发展的新成就。以“三谱解析阿司匹林”的4个教学环节为例,着重阐述质谱、红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱在有机物分子结构探究教学中的运用策略,从而建构出探究有机物分子结构的一般模型,培养学生的证据推理与模型认知的化学核心素养。     

Di­methyl­phenyl­sulfonium tri­fluoro­methane­sulfonate and methyl­di­phenyl­sulfonium tri­fluoro­methane­sulfonate

The bonding geometry of sulfur in the cations of the title compounds, C₈H₁₁S⁺·CF₃SO₃^? and C₁₃H₁₃S⁺·CF₃SO₃^?, respectively, is similar and is independent of the ratio of the Me/Ph substituents. As expected, in both cations, the S—Ph bonds are somewhat shorter than the S—Me bonds. In both crystal structures, the interaction between cations and anions is similar.     

Bis(μ‐hexa­methyl­enetetr­amine)­bis(aqua­di­bromo­cadmium)­di­aqua­di­bromo­cadmium dihydrate

The title compound, poly­[[di­aqua­di­bromo­cadmium‐μ‐(1,3,5,7‐tetra­aza­tri­cyclo[3.3.1.1^3,7]decane‐N¹:N⁵)‐aqua­cad­mium‐di‐μ‐bromo‐aqua­cadmium‐μ‐(1,3,5,7‐tetra­aza­tri­cyclo[3.3.1.1^3,7]decane‐N¹:N⁵)‐di‐μ‐bromo] dihydrate], [Cd₃­Br₆­(C₆­H₁₂­N₄)₂­(H₂O)₄]·­2H₂O, is made up of two‐dimensional neutral rectangular coordination layers. Each rectangular subunit is enclosed by a pair of Cd₃(μ₂‐Br)₆(H₂O)₃ fragments and a pair of (μ₂‐hmt)Cd(H₂O)₂Br₂(μ₂‐hmt) fragments as sides (hmt is hexa­methyl­enetetr­amine). The unique Cd^II atom in the Cd₂Br₂ ring in the Cd₃(μ₂‐Br)₆(H₂O)₃ fragment is in a slightly distorted octahedral CdNOBr₄ geometry, surrounded by one hmt ligand [2.433 (5) Å], one aqua ligand [2.273 (4) Å] and four Br atoms [2.6409 (11)–3.0270 (14) Å]. The Cd^II atom in the (μ₂‐hmt)Cd(H₂O)₂Br₂(μ₂‐hmt) fragment lies on an inversion center and is in a highly distorted octahedral CdN₂O₂Br₂ geometry, surrounded by two trans‐related N atoms of two hmt ligands [2.479 (5) Å], two trans‐related aqua ligands [2.294 (4) Å] and two trans‐related Br atoms [2.6755 (12) Å]. Adjacent two‐dimensional coordination sheets are connected into a three‐dimensional network by hydrogen bonds involving lattice water mol­ecules, and the aqua, bromo and hmt ligands belonging to different layers.     

Specific heat on Sr<Subscript>2</Subscript>Nb<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>7</Subscript> and Sr<Subscript>2</Subscript>Ta<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>7</Subscript>

Summary Specific heats on the single crystals of Sr₂Nb₂O₇, Sr₂Ta₂O₇ and (Sr_1-xBa_x)₂Nb₂O₇ were measured in a wide temperature range of 2-600 K. Heat anomalies of a λ-type were observed at the incommensurate phase transition of T_INC (=495 K) on Sr₂Nb₂O₇ and at the super-lattice phase transition of T_SL (=443 K) on Sr₂Ta₂O₇; the transition enthalpies and the transition entropies were estimated. Furthermore, a small heat anomaly was observed at the low temperature ferroelectric phase transition of T_LOW (=95 K) on Sr₂Nb₂O₇. The transition temperature T_LOW decreases with increasing Ba content x and it vanishes for samples of x>2%.     

2,4‐Di­nitro­phenyl­hydrazones of 2,4‐di­hydroxy­benz­aldehyde, 2,4‐di­hydroxy­aceto­phenone and 2,4‐di­hydroxy­benzo­phenone

In 2,4‐di­hydroxy­benz­aldehyde 2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl­hydrazone N,N‐di­methyl­form­amide solvate {or 4‐[(2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl)­hydrazono­methyl]­benzene‐1,3‐diol N,N‐di­methyl­form­amide solvate}, C₁₃H₁₀N₄O₆·C₃H₇NO, (X), 2,4‐di­hydroxy­aceto­phenone 2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl­hydrazone N,N‐di­methyl­form­am­ide solvate (or 4‐{1‐[(2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl)hydrazono]ethyl}benzene‐1,3‐diol N,N‐di­methyl­form­amide solvate), C₁₄H₁₂N₄O₆·C₃H₇NO, (XI), and 2,4‐di­hydroxy­benzo­phenone 2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl­hydrazone N,N‐di­methyl­acet­amide solvate (or 4‐­{[(2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl)hydrazono]phenyl­methyl}benzene‐1,3‐diol N,N‐di­methyl­acet­amide solvate), C₁₉H₁₄N₄O₆·C₄H₉NO, (XII), the molecules all lack a center of symmetry, crystallize in centrosymmetric space groups and have been observed to exhibit non‐linear optical activity. In each case, the hydrazone skeleton is fairly planar, facilitated by the presence of two intramolecular hydrogen bonds and some partial N—N double‐bond character. Each molecule is hydrogen bonded to one solvent mol­ecule.     

Tetra­phenyl­phos­phonium 4‐hydroxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetra­methyl­piperidinyl­oxy‐4‐sulfonate

The title compound, C₂₄H₂₀P⁺·C₉H₁₇NO₅S⁻, consists of an organic monovalent cation and an organic monovalent anion, the latter being derived from the TEMPO radical (TEMPO is 2,2,6,6‐tetra­methyl­piperidin‐1‐oxyl). Two inversion‐related anions interact via two –O—H⃛O—S– hydrogen bonds, forming a dimer in which there are no short contacts between the spin centres (–N—O) of the TEMPO(OH)SO₃⁻ anions. Furthermore, no significant magnetic interaction is observed between the dimers because the dimer is surrounded by cations. These results are consistent with the paramagnetic behaviour of the title salt.     

9,10‐Di­phenyl‐9,10‐epi­dioxy­anthra­cene and 9,10‐di­hydro‐10,10‐di­methoxy‐9‐phenyl­anthracen‐9‐ol

9,10‐Di­phenyl‐9,10‐epi­dioxy­anthracene, C₂₆H₁₈O₂, (I), was accidentally used in a photo­oxy­genation reaction that produced 9,10‐di­hydro‐10,10‐di­methoxy‐9‐phenyl­anthracen‐9‐ol, C₂₂H₂₀O₃, (II). In both compounds, the phenyl rings are approximately orthogonal to the anthracene moiety. The conformation of the anthracene moiety differs as a result of substitution. Intramolecular C—H⃛O interactions in (I) form two approximately planar S(5) rings in each of the two crystallographically independent mol­ecules. The packing of (I) and (II) consists of molecular dimers stabilized by C—H⃛O interactions and of molecular chains stabilized by O—H⃛O interactions, respectively.     

Chemical durability of MoO<Subscript>3</Subscript>-P<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>5</Subscript> and K<Subscript>2</Subscript>O-MoO<Subscript>3</Subscript>-P<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>5</Subscript> glasses

Thermal and chemical durability studies of the phosphate glasses belonging to the binary MoO₃-P₂O₅ and the ternary K₂O-MoO₃-P₂O₅ systems are reported. The chemical resistant attack tests carried out on the free alkaline MoO₃-P₂O₅ glasses show that the glass associated with the P/Mo ratio 2 has the high chemical durability. It shows also a high glass transition temperature value. The above findings are interpreted in terms of the cross-link density of the glasses and the strength of the M-O bonds (M=P, Mo). The influence of K₂O addition on the properties (density, T _g, durability) of this binary high water resistant glass is studied. It is found that the chemical durability along with the other physical properties are reduced by the incroporation of K₂O in the glass matrix. The results were explained by assuming the formation of non-bridging oxygens and weak bonds. The mechanism of the dissolution of these glasses is proposed.     

Thermal analysis study of Bi<Subscript>2</Subscript>Sr<Subscript>2</Subscript>Ca<Subscript>2</Subscript>Cu<Subscript>3-x</Subscript>Er<Subscript>x</Subscript>O<Subscript>10+δ</Subscript> glass-ceramic system

Summary We have fabricated glasses in the Bi-2223 HT_c superconductor system with Bi₂Sr₂Ca₂Cu_3-xEr_xO_{10+ δ} nominal composition, where x=0.5 and 1.0, by the glass-ceramic technique. Using an analysis developed for non-isothermal crystallization studies, information on some aspects of crystallization temperature and thermal properties has been obtained. The crystallization studies were made using DTA with several uniform rates. The calculations of crystallization activation energies, E_a, and the Avrami parameters, n, were made based on the non-isothermal kinetic theory of Kissinger and the Ozawa’s equations. The DTA data of the samples showed that the first crystallization temperature, T_x1, increases and the second crystallization temperature, T_x2, decreases by increasing the Er concentration. This suggests that the Er substitution had significant effect on the glassification of the BSCCO material due to change on the surface nucleation and increased ionic activities at high temperature region. The activation energy for crystallization, E_a, of the samples was also showed an increase at high Er concentration case. However, the Avrami parameter, n, decreased from 2.5 to 1.7 for x=0.5 and 1.0 samples, respectively. This suggests that the growth mechanism is diffusion-controlled and three-dimensional parabolic growth takes place near the first crystallization temperature. The oxidization rates and the activation barrier for oxygen out-diffusion process, E, was calculated using the TG data. It was found that the total mass gain in the x=0.5 sample is comparably smaller than that of the x=1.0 sample. This shows that the oxygen absorption of the x=1.0 sample is faster than the x=0.5 sample, leading to increase in the oxidization rate in the x=1.0 material.     

Methyl­tri­phenyl­stibonium tetra­fluoro­borate

In the title compound, [Sb(CH₃)(C₆H₅)₃]BF₄, there are four independent cations and anions in the asymmetric unit. The geometry around the Sb atom is distorted tetrahedral, with Sb—C distances in the range 2.077 (4)–2.099 (10) Å and angles at the Sb atom in the range 103.3 (3)–119.0 (4)°.