基于生长Au纳米粒子测定黄嘌呤的循环伏安法

Au纳米粒子因其独特的催化和光电性能,己成为生物传感器研究的热点之一.Willner课题组最先发展了一种耦合酶和Au纳米粒子的方法,利用Au纳米粒子的生长过程来识别酶的底物、测定酶的活性或酶的抑制作用.黄嘌呤(Xanthine)是人体内嘌呤核苷酸分解代谢的中间产物,其含量直接影响血液中尿酸的含量.朱俊杰课题组以CdTe量子点为荧光探针,结合生物催化生长Au纳米粒子,建立了黄嘌呤的近红外荧光测定方法.     

基于氢键作用的金纳米粒子比色法检测尿酸

尿酸含量高可使人产生痛风等疾病,尿酸的测定是临床检测重要的生化指标之一。金纳米粒子比色法检测尿酸实验联系实际生活,将科研前沿和教学内容有机结合起来,可以激发学生的学习兴趣,加深学生对经典理论的理解,增加学生对科研前沿的了解。本实验利用金纳米粒子吸光系数高的特点,通过尿酸与三聚氰胺反应后,抑制三聚氰胺诱导的金纳米粒子聚集,从而达到检测尿酸的目的。随着溶液中尿酸浓度的增加,溶液颜色由蓝变红,差别明显,视觉效果好,容易分辨。     

Au-Ag合金纳米粒子制备及其表面增强拉曼光谱研究

首先采用柠檬酸钠法制得Au-Ag合金纳米种子, 然后采用盐酸羟胺生长法得到不同组成的Au-Ag合金纳米粒子. 在其UV-Vis光谱中只观察到一个位于单金属银和金之间的等离子体共振峰, 表明Au-Ag合金纳米粒子已经形成. TEM结果表明, 合金纳米粒子的粒径约为60 nm, 且颜色均一, 没有明显的核壳结构. 用苯硫酚(TP)作为探针分子研究了合金纳米粒子的表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS). 结果表明, SERS强度与合金纳米粒子的组成和尺寸有关. 当纳米粒子粒径一定时, 除Au25Ag75外, 随着金的增加SERS强度增强. Au25Ag75的粒径比Ag小, 导致SERS强度比Ag低. Au50Ag50和Au75Ag25加入TP分子后, 其聚集方式与Au相似, 等离子体共振峰逐渐靠近1064 nm, 金含量较高时, TP的SERS归于聚集体的等离子体共振增强的贡献.     

Ag_核Au_壳金属复合纳米粒子的制备及表面增强拉曼光谱研究

在已制备好的Ag纳米粒子表面,通过化学还原的方法沉积生长Au包裹层,制备了粒子尺寸为50-70nm的Ag核Au壳复合纳米粒子.通过改变AuCl₄^-量,使Ag_100-xAu_x中Au的含量由x=0变为x=30.用UV-Vis吸收光谱和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对该结构纳米粒子进行了表征,并以对巯基苯胺(PATP)为探针分子进行表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)研究.表面拉曼光谱表明,该结构的纳米粒子具有比Ag更强的SERS活性,随着Au:Ag比例的逐渐增加,其活性呈现先增大后减小的趋势,其最大增强约为Ag纳米粒子的10倍.     

2-硫代巴比妥酸修饰金纳米探针高灵敏比色检测三聚氰胺

以2-硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)修饰金纳米粒子为探针,TBA与三聚氰胺通过氢键作用诱导金纳米探针团聚,进而使金纳米胶体颜色由酒红色变为蓝色。 实验优化得最佳反应条件为在乙酸缓冲溶液（pH=7.0）介质中,室温反应15 min。 对不同浓度三聚氰胺进行检测时发现,在0.062~0.18 μmol/L和0.18~6.0 μmol/L之间,A660/A520吸收比率与三聚氰胺浓度呈现良好的线性关系,检出限为0.043 μmol/L。 该方法用于检测牛奶样品中的三聚氰胺的加标回收率为102.8%～105.3%。     

Au纳米粒子在有机溶剂中的电导行为

采用化学方法制备出粒径约10nm的Au纳米粒子,分别用十二、十四和十六烷基硫醇对Au粒子表面进行修饰,再溶入不同有机溶剂中,制备得到Au纳米粒子/氯仿和Au纳米粒子/甲苯溶液.测试了不同溶液的电导率随溶质浓度的变化规律,发现在整个浓度范围内存在一个临界浓度值.当溶质浓度低于临界浓度值时,溶液的电导率随溶质浓度的增加而迅速增加;而当溶质浓度超过临界浓度值时,溶液电导率的增加缓慢.在本文测试的浓度范围内,当Au纳米粒子分别被十二、十四和十六烷基硫醇修饰时,Au纳米粒子/氯仿溶液的临界浓度值分别约为11.22,7.96和5.47g/L.在相同浓度下,Au纳米粒子外面包裹的烷基硫醇的链长越短,其溶液的电导率越大.在整个浓度范围内,Au纳米粒子/氯仿溶液的电导率均高于Au纳米粒子/甲苯溶液的电导率.     

光化学合成Au核@Pd壳复合纳米粒子及其表征

在PEG-丙酮溶液体系中, 采用紫外光辐射还原Au(Ⅲ), Pd(Ⅱ)离子混合物和以Au晶种为核、紫外光辐射还原Pd(Ⅱ)使其沉积在Au晶种表面上这两种方法, 合成了Au核@Pd壳复合纳米粒子. 通过改变Au(Ⅲ)离子或Au晶种对Pd(Ⅱ)离子的摩尔比调节复合粒子的尺寸和Pd壳厚度, 分别获得了直径范围为5.6~4.6 nm和4.6~6.2 nm的复合粒子. 利用UV-Vis吸收光谱、TEM、HR-TEM和XPS等表征手段, 证明了合成的纳米粒子为核-壳复合结构. 研究了Au@Pd纳米粒子的直径随溶液中Au(Ⅲ)/Pd(Ⅱ)摩尔比的改变而变化的规律; 对Au核向Pd壳的供电子作用以及复合粒子的光化学形成机理进行了讨论.     

金纳米粒子-金单晶微米片自由碰撞行为中“热点”限域空间内的表面增强拉曼光谱研究

纳米粒子的自由运动及与其他介质的相互作用研究已成为纳米粒子应用拓展的重要领域,特别是动态行为的实时监测仍然是目前亟待解决的难题.本工作基于表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术及布朗运动下Au纳米粒子与Au单晶微米片碰撞过程中“热点”的形成,以苯硫酚(TP)为探针分子,实现了碰撞过程中Au纳米粒子自由运动行为的实时监测和动态SERS研究.通过对检测到SERS强度轨迹的“尖峰”及所含“单峰”和“簇峰”的统计分析,深入解析了纳米粒子的微观运动本质及影响因素.结果表明,“尖峰”主要来源于纳米粒子与平面的可逆碰撞所形成的“热点”对SERS的贡献.“单峰”对应Au纳米粒子与平面碰撞后快速离开Au片表面,“簇峰”对应Au纳米粒子与平面碰撞后在Au片表面短暂停留然后离开或可能多个粒子连续碰撞的过程.“尖峰”内多个TP的SERS光谱谱峰的相对强度不同,并表现出振动模式的依赖性,伸缩振动模式出现几率更高,主要来源于动态碰撞过程中“热点”限域空间内分子的取向不同.该研究实现了纳米粒子动态研究,有利于理解纳米粒子的微观运动本质,为研究碰撞过程中“热点”限域空间内动态表界面化学反应奠定基础.     

纳米Au/TiO2光催化剂的XPS和SPS研究

 以溶胶-凝胶法制备的TiO2纳米粒子为载体,通过浸渍法制备了Au/TiO2样品,并利用XPS和SPS等技术对样品进行表征,考察了热处理温度和Au含量对TiO2纳米粒子光催化氧化苯酚活性的影响. 结果表明,Au是以金属纳米微晶的形式均匀地分散在TiO2纳米粒子表面. 用适量Au进行表面修饰不仅拓宽了TiO2对光的响应范围,而且改善了TiO2光生电子和空穴的分离效率,提高了样品对氧物种的吸附,并促进了光生电子向吸附氧的传输. 在光催化氧化苯酚反应中,500 ℃处理的Au/TiO2纳米粒子具有较高的光催化活性,这与XPS和SPS表征结果是一致的. 从电子能级匹配的角度揭示了Au对TiO2样品表面光电性质和光催化性能的影响机制.     

催化剂载体对硼氢化钠在纳米金电极上电氧化行为的影响

分别以中孔炭(MPC)和VXC-72R炭黑作载体,制备了中孔炭载纳米Au粒子(Au/MPC)和VXC-72R炭黑载纳米Au粒子(Au/CB),并将其用作直接硼氢化钠燃料电池阳极电氧化催化剂.分别用X-射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)等比较了不同载体催化剂的结构和形貌.结果表明,纳米Au粒子均为面心立方结构,Au/MPC中纳米Au粒子的粒径为16nm左右比Au/CB中的纳米Au粒子的更小,且均匀分散在载体的表面.用循环伏安曲线和动电位极化曲线等比较了不同载体催化剂的电化学特性.结果表明,Au/CB的电流密度为38.10mA·cm-2,而Au/MPC的电流密度达到42.88mA·cm-2,比Au/CB的电流密度提高了12.5%.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。