二组分平衡体系的T-x相图

主要从3个方面介绍了二组分平衡体系的T-x相图。一是简单相图的介绍;二是简单相图的组合;三是实际体系复杂相图的认识。从而可以让学生理解和掌握相平衡中的二组分体系的气-液、液-液和液-固平衡的T-x相图,并为实际应用打下良好的基础。     

推荐一个绿色化学实验——乙酸正丁酯-乙醇-水三组分液-液平衡相图测绘

介绍了部分互溶的液一液三组分新体系——乙酸正丁酯-乙醇-水的平衡相图实验方法、绘制及此实验体系在实验教学中的实验效果。可以利用该实验向学生渗透绿色化学的理念。     

二组分体系的相图及其相图边界理论

主要探讨了二组分体系的相图,如气-液相图和液-固相图,总结了二组分相图的分类、绘制及相图分析,这有利于理解和掌握二组分相图的基本规律。并简单介绍了相图边界理论,扩展了相图的热力学研究。     

关于低共熔型体系的组成—硬度关系

低共熔型体系是那些组分在液态无限互溶而在固态互不相溶(由于物质在固态中的互溶是普遍存在的现象,故严格说来,在固态互不相溶应理解为在固态的互溶度很小),且无化合物生成的体系。属于这类体系的熔体当自液态冷却时,结晶出与体系组分数目相等的固相,而这些固相一般为机械混合物。关于这种类型体系的组成-硬度关系,很早就为人们注意和研究。因为,找寻到这种关系,便可据之以制取具指定硬度的材料。显然这在实际上是有其重要意义的。早在1906年,A. B. 萨波什尼柯夫(can)等在研究Pb-Sb体系时,曾发现其组成-硬度关系是     

用吉布斯相律对水相图的研究

本文用吉布斯相律对水相图进行了简要分析和研究。 1.自由度与条件自由度由吉布斯相律可知f为自由度,是描述一个特定的相平衡系统所需要的独立强度变量的数目;k和Φ分别表示平衡系统中的组分数和相数;2指平衡系统的温度和压力。如果某相平衡系统只受外界温度     

双液系气液平衡相图实验的研究

二组分完全互溶的双液系的气液平衡相图实验是物理化学实验的基本内容之一,通常是用沸点仪在常压条件下测定双液系在不同组成时的沸点和气、液两相呈平衡时的组成,从而作出沸点-组成相图。外界压力不同时,同一双液系的相图也不尽相同,所以恒沸点和恒沸混合物组成与外压有关。因此,通常情况下,用标准数据去衡量学生实验所得的恒沸点和恒沸混合物的数据就不够精确。本文是用自制的简易恒压沸点仪,在不同的压力下,对丙酮-氯仿和异丙醇-环己烷体系的恒沸点,恒沸混合物组成进行了研     

非理想完全互溶双液系的P-X相图

非理想溶液是实际工作中经常遇到的一类多组分体系,其中完全互溶双液系是基本的类型之一。研究气-液平衡中的气、液相组成,以及各组分的蒸气压对Raoult定律的偏差,有着重要的现实意义,其实际应用的一个很好的例子,是用于蒸馏过程的研究。在一些物理化学教材中,有这样的叙述:“二组分非理想完全互溶双液系,若组分A发生正偏差,则组分     

ErCl3—MCln体系相图的研究

借助于DTA与X射线衍射法研究了ErCl_3-MCl_n(M=Li,Ca,Pb;n=1,2)二元体系相图.发现ErCl_3-LiCl体系相图属固液异组成型,有一固液异组成化合物Li_3ErCl_6生成,且在466℃有一相转变.其无变点分别为e 40.0mol(％)ErCl_3(479℃)和p31.0mol(％)ErCl_3(522℃);而ErCl_3-CaCl_2,PbCl_2体系皆属简单低共熔型相图.其低共熔点e分别为:46.0 mol(％)ErCl_3(578℃)和38.0mol(％)ErCl_3(405℃).ErCl_3-PbCl_2体系在固相下有一不稳定化合物PbErCl_5生成,在356℃分解.同时探讨了相图的某些规律.     

四氯合锌酸十四烷铵-四氯合锌酸十六烷铵二元体系相图

合成了四氯合锌酸十四烷铵(C4H29NH3)2ZnCl4(简记为C14ZnCl)和四氯合锌酸十六烷铵(C16H33NH3)2ZnCl4(简记为C16ZnC1),并配制了一系列不同组成的C14ZnCl-C16ZnCl二元体系,通过DSC测试,变温红外光谱法及X-ray粉末衍射法来绘制该二元体系相图。该相图是生成稳定中问化合物的固相部分互溶体系相图。     

二组分固-液系统复杂相图的讨论式教学

将讨论式教学法的基本思想应用到物理化学课程的教学难点——二组分固-液系统复杂相图中，并进行深入讨论，最终归纳总结出此类相图普遍适用的基本规律，以便于学生熟练掌握复杂相图的分析方法，为后续课程的学习及实际应用打下良好的理论基础。     

Phase equilibria in the GeSe2–SnSe system

The phase diagram of the system GeSe₂–SnSe is studied by means of X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis and measurements of the density and the microhardness of the material. There are no intermediate compounds in it, as well as regions of range of solid solutions at room temperature on the base of GeSe₂ and SnSe. There are two non-variant equilibria in the system: eutectic (where T _e=530±5°C and x _e= 40 mol% SnSe) and metaeutectic (where T _m=550±5°C and x _m=98 mol% SnSe).     

静电纺丝法制备相变调温纤维及其性能

以丙酮和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺（DMF）为混合溶剂,实验室自制固-固相变材料为相变工作物质,醋酸纤维素（CDA）为高分子载体,利用静电纺丝技术制备了相变调温纤维,研究了溶剂配比、纺丝液浓度、纺丝电压等对纤维形貌的影响。结果表明：以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺（DMF）和丙酮为溶剂（体积比为1/4）,在纺丝液质量分数为22%、纺丝...     

Determination of elastic constants of a binary system (7CPB+9.CN) showing nematic,induced smectic Ad and re-entrant nematic phases

The temperature variation of the splay and bend elastic constants of a binary system exhibiting nematic-induced smectic A_d and re-entrant nematic phases measured by electric field-induced Freedericksz transition method has been reported. As bend deformation is not permitted in the smectic A phase, bend elastic constant (K₃₃) could only be determined in the nematic and re-entrant nematic phases. In both the nematic phases, the splay elastic constant has the same order of magnitude and does not show any pretransitional effect. However, in the induced smectic A_d phase, the value of K₁₁ is about one to two orders higher than that in the nematic phases. The bend elastic constant shows a strong pretransitional effect near the nematic–smectic and smectic–re-entrant nematic phase transitions. The influence of the presence of the induced smectic phase is observed even in those mixtures which have no induced smectic phases. As the smectic phase is approached, the ratio K₃₃/K₁₁ increases rapidly and diverges to infinity.     

Miscibility and phase behavior in atactic polystyrene and poly(o-chlorostyrene-co-p-chlorostyrene) blends: Effect of polystyrene molecular weight and copolymer composition

Miscibility in blends of random copolymers of o-chlorostyrene and p-chlorostyrene [P(oClSy-co-pClS_1-y)] with 8 atactic polystyrene (aPS) fractions has been studied at temperatures ranging from 150°C to 300°C. Miscibility windows whose size depends on the molecular weight of the PS and on the copolymer composition, y, were observed for each blend. From these data, the temperature dependence of the three segmental interaction parameters required to describe this system were obtained.     

Scattering properties,stability analysis,and phase separation of polyelectrolyte mixtures

The conditions of stability for weakly charged polyelectrolyte mixtures are analyzed from a scattering theory developed previously. In the thermodynamic limit of zero wave vector q = 0, it is found that electrostatic interaction induces a compatibility enhancement which is discussed for various cases of charge distributions. The condition of microphase separation transition at the wave vector for which the scattering is a maximum is also discussed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Phase behavior in mixtures of a homopolymer and a block copolymer. 4. SALS and SAXS studies

Phase behavior of blends of poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) with four styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) triblock copolymers, being of various molecular weights, architecture, and compositions, was investigated by small-angle light scattering. Small-angle X-ray scattering investigation was accomplished for one blend. Low critical solution temperature (LCST) and a unique phase behavior, resembling upper critical solution temperature (UCST), were observed. It was found that the architecture of the copolymer greatly influenced the phase behavior of the blends. Random phase approximation theory was used to calculate the spinodal phase transition curves of the ABA/C and BAB/C systems; LCST and resembling UCST phase behavior were observed as the parameters of the system changed. Qualitatively, the experimental and the theoretical results are consistent with each other. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Alignment of a nematic liquid crystal using substituted calixarene Langmuir-Blodgett films

The alignment of a nematic liquid crystal (5CB) induced by several substituted calixarene-based films is reported. Calixarene molecules consisting of four or six moieties and different substituents (acyl and azobenzene groups) were synthesized. Films of such molecules were deposited using a Langmuir-Blodgett technique onto glass plates and were characterized using atomic force microscopy. These treated plates were used to prepare liquid crystal cells, and the overall alignment studied. In the case of photosensitive molecules, photoinduced reorientation experiments were undertaken and are reported. It is shown that it is not important to have a large number of interacting sites on the surface to induce a reorientation of the liquid crystal.     

On the Sociobiology of Hawks and Doves. A phase diagram for integration and segregation

Competing groups in a population will be integrated or segregated depending on their contest strategies. In this work a population of a fixed proportion of hawks and doves is supposed to be able to employ two different contest strategies, one more competitive than the other one. Energies are derived for populations employing these strategies and these energies depend on the availability of the resource for which hawks and doves compete. The energy for the less competitive strategy is lower than the other one when the resource is abundant. In that case hawks and doves can be in cohabitation in all proportions. If, however, the resource is scarce, the energy of the more competitive strategy is lower than the other one. In that case complete segregation of hawks and doves into colonies will result. The situation is akin to the phase pressure diagram of a binary solution with eutectic point, miscibility gap in the liquid phase and complete miscibility in the vapour phase. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Simultaneous determination of iron and ruthenium by preconcentration on sulfopropyl sephadex cation exchanger

A new method for the simultaneous determination of iron and ruthenium at ultra-trace levels is proposed. The method is based on the formation of the iron and ruthenium complexes with 2,4,6-tri-(2-pyridil)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ) in the presence of hydroxylamine hydrochloride and buffer CH₂ClCOOH/CH₂ClCOONa (pH=3.0). The formation of the complexes and their retention on a cationic resin SP-Sephadex C25 were integrated in one step at 90 °C, with stirring for 90 min. Under these conditions a high preconcentration level was achieved for both analytes. The complexes retained on the solid phase were evaluated by second derivative spectrophotometry. The selected analytical wavelengths were 539.7 and 553.3 nm for the determination of ruthenium and iron, respectively, by using the zero crossing approach. The detection and quantification limits were 0.54 ng ml⁻¹ and 1.79 ng ml⁻¹ for ruthenium and 0.41 ng ml⁻¹ and 1.38 ng ml⁻¹ for iron. The proposed method was applied to the determination of both analytes in synthetic mixtures.     

清除试剂在液相组合化学中的应用

综述了近年来清除试剂在液相组合化学中的应用,并介绍了一些采用清除试剂对液相化合物库进行分离和纯化的实例。对清除试剂进行了分类,各类清除试剂参与的液相反应以及被清除的非目标产物类型也作了相应的介绍。