基于光学相干层析成像与光学微血管造影的指纹防伪方法

提出一种指纹防伪方法,通过光学相干层析成像获取手指指尖的表皮层指纹、真皮层指纹与汗腺等结构信息,通过光学微血管造影获取手指指尖下的血流信息,结合两种技术获取具有动态防伪的指尖生物识别特征体数据.用真指纹和制作的假指纹对传统商业指纹采集仪和所提方法的有效性进行实验验证.结果表明:传统商业指纹采集仪难以分辨真假指纹,防伪能力不足;光学相干层析的指纹成像可利用获取的手指皮下结构有效识别常见的人造指纹制品,基于真皮层指纹状态判断真假指纹;利用光学微血管造影获取的手指皮下血流成像,结合平均光强阈值可实现指纹活体防伪;所提出的指纹防伪方法的准确率可达100%.     

利用显微拉曼光谱和光谱成像技术分析指纹残留物的研究

利用共聚焦显微拉曼光谱技术,对玻璃片上的油脂指纹进行分析研究。根据其特征峰位置和数目将样品进行分类,并对特征峰所对应的分子振动基团进行指认。在此基础上,对玻璃片上的油脂指纹进行拉曼光谱成像,从而获得油脂指纹纹线物质在空间上的分布情况。实验结果表明,共聚焦显微拉曼光谱技术可以区分不同成分的指纹残留物,拉曼成像技术可以同时获得指纹的图像和物质成分,对于油脂指纹的提取和分析有广阔的应用前景。     

像场调制傅里叶变换成像光谱仪的建模与实验研究

为了明确像场调制傅里叶变换成像光谱仪的工作机理,通过分析多级微反射镜对成像光场的相位调制特性,建立了像场调制干涉成像的理论模型。数值计算结果表明,通过对获得的干涉图像数据立方体进行图像剪切与图像拼接,可以重构目标场景的全景图像;通过对剪切后的干涉图像单元进行条纹拼接与光谱解调,可以复原场景中各目标物点的光谱信息。为了验证该仪器的工作原理,利用研制的样机进行了目标场景的干涉成像扫描实验,获取了场景目标的干涉图像数据立方体。通过对各帧干涉图像进行边缘检测与特征配准,实现了干涉图像单元的剪切与全景图像的拼接。同时,通过对干涉图像单元进行条纹拼接、基线校正、寻址切趾与离散傅里叶变换,获得了特征目标的复原光谱,并通过非均匀采样校正与经验模态分解对光谱进行优化,提高了复原光谱的性能。     

小型线形可变滤光片分光的可见成像光谱仪及其特性研究

本文设计了一种使用线形可变干涉滤光片的小型成像光谱仪。使用CCD摄像头作图像传感器，通过微动平台带动线形可变干涉滤光片，横向扫描通过面阵CCD的每个像元，每扫描一步所得到的总体图像中不同列的像元是由不同波长的单色部分像元组成，随着扫描步进，这些单色部分像元的波长随之变化，最后采用图像重构的文教是到一系列单色图像（或见光波段400－700mm）。扫描间隔由所需的单色图像的光谱分辨率和各单色图像间的波长间隔来确定。经过试验证明，此成像光谱仪充分利用了线型干涉滤光片的性能，其光谱分辨率为16nm，同后者的光谱带宽相差无几，仪器的空间分辨率由成像系统和CCD来确定，论仪器装置具有结构简单，高空间分辨率，较主光谱分辨率，扫描速度快等特点，通过一个伪装识别试验，验证了仪器的性能指标。     

扫描多光谱显微成像

文本描述了一种新的显微成像方法,它把光学扫描显微成像技术与成像多光谱技术巧妙地结合在一起,形成扫描多光谱显微成像技术.文中叙述了系统的结构及工作原理,介绍了所采用的图像处理系统,给出了实验结果,并进行了分析讨论.     

基于近红外图像的温室环境下黄瓜果实信息获取

为实现温室环境机器人采摘作业中果实的品质判别和空间定位,研究了基于近红外图像的黄瓜果实识别及特征获取方法。分析比较黄瓜果实、茎、叶在各光谱波段的分光反射特性,确定采用850 nm干涉滤光片来获取图像,解决近色系目标、背景的区分问题;利用果实的灰度特征,将P参数阈值法用于图像分割,实现目标的初步识别,并对目标图像进行等间距区域化处理,依据区域块重心、面积差异滤除噪声、标记果实;根据黄瓜的形状纹理特征,计算果实中心线长度和弯曲度作为黄瓜的质量判别标准,利用果实与果柄交界处灰度的变化标记出可抓取区域。通过对温室场景下随机拍摄的包含30幅黄瓜果实图像和10幅无果实图像分别进行算法验证,结果表明识别准确率各为83.3%和100%,对抓取区域提取的成功率为83.3%。     

基于相位展开及拼接算法的一种高精度大量程宽光谱干涉显微术

宽光谱干涉显微术广泛应用于高精密检测领域,它测量样品形貌通常采用垂直扫描干涉术对亚微米至毫米级特征进行测量,以及相移干涉术对纳米级特征进行测量。其中,相移干涉术精度可达纳米级,但量程有限,高度变化对应的相位需限制在区间内。采用包裹相位展开算法可以扩展相移干涉术的量程,也仅适用于平滑表面,当高度起伏超出焦深或者光源相干长度的限定范围时,干涉条纹模糊或对比度丧失,所解算的结果将产生较大误差甚至错误。提出一种基于相位展开及拼接算法的高精度、大量程宽光谱干涉显微测量方法,以干涉条纹调制度量化条纹质量,条纹对比度高、成像清晰的区域对应调制度较高,定义当前焦面条纹调制度高于阈值的区域为理想区域,定义焦面条纹调制度低于阈值的区域为问题区域。以相位展开算法获得理想区域中的样品相位分布,问题区域的包裹相位不进行展开。使用微位移结构纵向移动物镜焦平面,选择合理的步长,使相邻焦面位置理想区域展开后的真实相位保持部分区域重合,根据重合区域的相位值均差可以实现不同焦面位置的高精度相位拼接,最终获得扩展量程的高精度真实相位结果,进而可以恢复样品完整的表面形貌分布。该算法通过对理想区域的筛选,避免了相位在问题区域展...     

皮肤鳞状细胞癌声光滤波显微光谱成像研究

TeO_2非共线声光可调滤波器(AOTF)是一种优良的电调谐分光器件,具有体积小巧、稳定性高、调谐快速、可实现便携等优点,在超光谱成像领域具有很高的应用价值。通过非共线AOTF与光学倒置显微镜有机结合,建立了声光滤波超光谱显微成像系统;在可见光范围内,开展了人体皮肤鳞状细胞癌组织的超光谱显微成像实验研究,获得了一系列不同衍射光中心波长下的皮肤鳞状细胞癌组织的光谱和对应的显微图像。系统性能检测实验结果显示,在超声频率为110～180 MHz范围内的衍射光带宽仅为1.28～2.84 nm,表明本研究中的AOTF具有很高的光谱分辨率,达到10~2个光谱通道量级,完全可以满足超光谱显微成像对生物组织结构进行精确识别的需要。本系统采用高质量的TeO_2晶体、双胶合透镜以及优化的射频驱动源,有效地抑制了衍射光光谱的旁瓣。分析了超声频率与衍射光中心波长的调谐关系,以及超声频率与对应衍射光谱带宽的关系曲线,实验结果与理论计算结果有着较好的一致性。系统实验获得的皮肤鳞状细胞癌组织显微图像随光波长漂移不显著,表明超光谱成像系统的图像稳定性高。通过对比,分析了不同中心衍射光下的皮肤鳞状细胞癌组织显微图像的清晰度随光波长的变化规律,在522.52 nm时,皮肤鳞状细胞癌组织内部各精细结构区分明显,图像最为清晰。通过定义透射差异系数,分析了图像整体亮度曲线和透射差异系数随光波长变化曲线,其变化规律与直观观察结果相符合;对皮肤鳞状细胞癌组织图像进行了边缘提取分析,得出在497.87～551.29 nm内,可在整体视野较为明亮的情况下对皮肤鳞状细胞癌组织进行观察和研究,在509.69～527.59 nm范围内,组织边缘明亮清晰且完整,是进行皮肤鳞状细胞癌组织结构精确识别与分析的最佳窗口。该研究为人体皮肤鳞状细胞癌组织结构简便、灵活、快速地检测与识别提供了一种新方法。     

推扫型干涉成像光谱仪去除条带非均匀性的方法

分析了推扫型干涉成像光谱仪的结构特点和工作原理,指出了由于加工误差导致入射狭缝的宽度不均匀,使干涉图像沿狭缝方向存在亮度差异,复原后的光谱立方体图像上出现平行于推扫方向的非均匀性条带,影响了光谱立方体的图像质量和光谱精确度.采取校正系数法去除条带,讨论了获取校正系数的方法,并使用仪器的定标干涉数据提取成像面上沿狭缝方向...     

多光谱分离算法在目标识别中的研究

针对野外工作时机械扫描式的光学系统抗震性差、目标识别率低、实时性差等问题,设计了采用多光谱分离算法实现非扫描目标识别遥感系统。采用非扫描的M-Z干涉具提供空间光程差,由红外CCD采集干涉条纹信息,经CUP处理得到混合光谱,结合可见光视频图像提供的坐标系实现识别目标。其中采用遗传算法优化选择特征波长,然后由粗糙集分类提取未知目标谱的属性,取前1/3可信度的相应属性反演待测目标种类,相比传统算法减少约9倍的运算量。在不同天气、不同背景条件下做实验,得到系统在各种情况下的探测极限及识别概率。由实验数据可知,采用遗传算法和粗糙集分类相结合的多光谱分离算法可以快速、有效地识别未知目标的种类。     

Simultaneous optical coherence tomography--Indocyanine Green dye fluorescence imaging system for investigations of the eye's fundus

We have developed a dual-channel optical coherence tomography-Indocyanine Green dye (OCT-ICG) fluorescence system based on a previously reported ophthalmic OCT confocal imaging system. The confocal channel is tuned to the fluorescence wavelength range of the ICG, and light from the same optical source is used to generate the OCT image and to excite the ICG fluorescence. The system enables the clinician to visualize simultaneously en face OCT slices and corresponding ICG angiograms of the ocular fundus, displayed side by side. C-scan (constant depth) and B-scan (cross section) images are collected by a fast en face scan (T scan). The pixel-to-pixel correspondence between the OCT and angiography images allows the user to capture OCT B scans precisely at selected points on the ICG confocal images.     

Multimodal biometric authentication based on score level fusion of finger biometrics

In this article, we propose a novel finger multimodal biometric authentication that combines finger vein, fingerprint, finger shape and finger knuckle print features of a single human finger. The proposed multimodal biometrics provides score-level fusion approach based on triangular norm with four finger biometric traits, instead of two or three ones combined in the previous approaches. The experimental evaluations and analysis are conducted on a merged multimodal biometrics database. The results show that the proposed score-level fusion approach using triangular norm obtains a larger distance between genuine and imposter score distribution as well as achieves lower error rates. Moreover, the comparison results suggest that the proposed score level fusion of finger biometrics using triangular norm outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches.     

Real time en face Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography with direct hardware frequency demodulation

We demonstrate en face swept source optical coherence tomography (ss-OCT) without requiring a Fourier transformation step. The electronic optical coherence tomography (OCT) interference signal from a k-space linear Fourier domain mode-locked laser is mixed with an adjustable local oscillator, yielding the analytic reflectance signal from one image depth for each frequency sweep of the laser. Furthermore, a method for arbitrarily shaping the spectral intensity profile of the laser is presented, without requiring the step of numerical apodization. In combination, these two techniques enable sampling of the in-phase and quadrature signal with a slow analog-to-digital converter and allow for real-time display of en face projections even for highest axial scan rates. Image data generated with this technique is compared to en face images extracted from a three-dimensional OCT data set. This technique can allow for real-time visualization of arbitrarily oriented en face planes for the purpose of alignment, registration, or operator-guided survey scans while simultaneously maintaining the full capability of high-speed volumetric ss-OCT functionality.     

Fractal analysis of en face tomographic images obtained with full field optical coherence tomography

The quantitative modeling of the imaging signal of pathological areas and healthy areas is necessary to improve the specificity of diagnosis with tomographic en face images obtained with full field optical coherence tomography (FFOCT). In this work, we propose to use the depth‐resolved change in the fractal parameter as a quantitative specific biomarker of the stages of disease. The idea is based on the fact that tissue is a random medium and only statistical parameters that characterize tissue structure are appropriate. We successfully relate the imaging signal in FFOCT to the tissue structure in terms of the scattering function and the coherent transfer function of the system. The formula is then used to analyze the ratio of the Fourier transforms of the cancerous tissue to the normal tissue. We found that when the tissue changes from the normal to cancerous the ratio of the spectrum of the index inhomogeneities takes the form of an inverse power law and the changes in the fractal parameter can be determined by estimating slopes of the spectra of the ratio plotted on a log‐log scale. The fresh normal and cancer liver tissues were imaged to demonstrate the potential diagnostic value of the method at early stages when there are no significant changes in tissue microstructures.     

Optical probe using eccentric optics for optical coherence tomography

We propose and demonstrate an OCT optical probe using eccentric optics. This probe enabled both forward imaging and side imaging by dividing a circular scanning area into two semicircular scanning areas using an external motor to rotate the flexible tube. The outer diameter of the probe was 2.6 mm, and its rigid portion length was 10 mm. The lateral resolution was 23 μm, and the eccentric radius was 1.1 mm. The circumferential length in scanning was 6.9 mm, and the working distance was 5 mm. OCT images of 1.5 mm × 6.9 mm (in tissue, axial × circumference), including forward image and side image, were measured with the axial resolution of 19 μm in air and a frame rate of one frame per second. The epidermis, dermis, and sweat gland of in vivo human ventral finger tips were observed.     

Ultra-high resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography using supercontinuum light source

An ultra-high resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was developed using a cost-effective supercontinuum laser. A spectral filter consists of a dispersive prism, a cylindrical lens and a right-angle prism was built to transmit the wavelengths in range 680–940 nm to the OCT system. The SD-OCT has achieved 1.9 μm axial resolution and the sensitivity was estimated to be 91.5 dB. A zero-crossing fringes matching method which maps the wavelengths to the pixel indices of the spectrometer was proposed for the OCT spectral calibration. A double sided foam tape as a static sample and the tip of a middle finger as a biological sample were measured by the OCT. The adhesive and the internal structure of the foam of the tape were successfully visualized in three dimensions. Sweat ducts was clearly observed in the OCT images at very high resolution. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of ultra-high resolution visualization of sweat duct by OCT.     

Homodyne en face optical coherence tomography

We demonstrate, for what we believe to be the first time, the use of a 3 x 3 fiber-optic coupler to realize a homodyne optical coherence tomography (OCT) system for en face imaging of highly scattering tissues and turbid media. The homodyne OCT setup exploits the inherent phase shifts between different output ports of a 3 x 3 fiber-optic coupler to extract amplitude information of a sample. Our homodyne en face OCT system features a measured resolution of 14 microm axially and 9.4 microm laterally with a 90 dB signal-to-noise ratio at 10 micros integration time. En face OCT imaging of a stage 52 Xenopus laevis was successfully demonstrated at a depth of 600 microm within the sample.     

The characteristics of three-dimensional skin imaging system by full-colored optical coherence tomography

In the present cosmetic market, the skin image obtained from a hand-held camera is two-dimensional (2-D). Due to insufficient penetration, only the skin surface can be detected, and thus phenomena in the dermis cannot be observed. To take the place of the conventional 2D camera, a new hand-held imaging system is proposed for three-dimensional (3-D) skin imaging. Featuring non-invasiveness, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become one of the popular medical imaging techniques. The dermal images shown in OCT-related reports were mainly single-colored because of the use of a monotonic light source. With three original-colored beams applied in OCT, a full-colored image can be derived for dermatology. The penetration depth of the system ranges from 0.43 to 0.78 mm, sufficient for imaging of main tissues in the dermis. Colorful and non-invasive perspectives of deep dermal structure help to advance skin science, dermatology and cosmetology.     

Birefringence imaging of human skin by polarization-sensitive spectral interferometric optical coherence tomography

We have developed a spectral interferometric optical coherence tomography (OCT) system with polarization sensitivity that is able to measure a two-dimensional tomographic image by means of one-dimensional mechanical scanning. Our system, which has an axial resolution of 32 mum , calculates the distribution of each element of the Müller matrix of a measured object from 16 OCT images. The OCT system successfully reveals the birefringent nature of human skin tissue.     

Colour 3-D electronic imaging of the surface of the human body

The NRC laboratories have developed a laser scanning technique to digitize shapes and colours in registration. The technique, known as synchronized scanning, is capable of digitizing topography as small as the relief of a bare finger tip, showing a clear picture of the skin structure (essentially a clean fingerprint without distortion), as well as the shape and size of body components such as hands, face, and feet, and the full body of one or more subjects simultaneously. The laser scanner uses a RGB laser, coupled to an optical fibre, which is projected in the field of view. The three-dimensional colour measurements are made by optical triangulation to a resolution of 10 μm for finger tip scans and a resolution of 1 mm for whole body scans. Experimental results are presented and discussed. Potential applications of this technology in the field of identification and inspection of humans include face recognition, finger, foot and teeth print identification, and 3-D mugshots that can be rapidly broadcast through satellite communication. One of the unique properties of this technology is that absolute measurements, not only appearance and relative position of features, can be used for identification purposes.