关于活性聚合判据的讨论

活性聚合尤其是活性聚合的判据是高分子化学课程中重要的教学内容。本文对活性聚合的判据进行了全面的总结,并深入分析了每种判据的来源,这些教学内容可作为现有教材的补充,有助于学生深刻理解活性聚合的内涵和外延。     

活性聚合、表观活性聚合和准活性聚合

活性聚合是连锁聚合反应体系中链转移和终止反应速率为零时的特殊反应类型,表现活性聚合和准活性聚合则是链转移或终止反应未被完全消除而又具有活性聚合特征的两类聚合反应,是非活性聚合向活性聚合过渡和逼近时的两种聚合反应类型。本文对活性聚合、表观活性聚合和准活性聚合的基本概念及它们之间的区别作了简单的介绍。     

活性聚合,表现活性聚合和准活性聚合

活性聚合是连锁聚合反应体系中链转移和终止反应速率为零时的特殊反应类型，表现活性聚合和准活性聚合则是链转移或终止反应未被完全消除而人有活性聚合物特征两类聚合物反应，是非活性聚合活性聚合过渡和逼近时的两种聚合反应类型，本文对活性聚合，表现活性聚合和准活性聚合的基本概念及它们之间的区别作了简单的介绍。     

“活性”/控制自由基聚合的研究进展

本文对“活性” 控制自由基聚合的研究进展做了综述, 并讨论了其主要聚合引发体系的应用现状和前景。     

表观活性正离子聚合

表观活性正离子聚合是链转移反应未被完全消除而又具有活性聚合特征的一类正离子聚合体系，是非活性聚合向活性聚合过渡和逼近时的一类聚合反应。本文就表观活性正离子聚合的基本概念以及表观活性体系中不同链转移反应的特征和识别作了简单的介绍。     

活性聚合和可控／“活性”聚合教学的点滴体会

针对目前<高分子化学>课程中对活性聚合和可控/"活性"聚合的教学比较薄弱的现状,从教学的角度探讨了活性聚合和可控/"活性"聚合的本质和特点,介绍了本人的理解和教学经验.     

(甲基)丙烯酸氟烷基酯的“活性”/可控聚合

带氟烷基侧链的(甲基)丙烯酸氟烷基酯聚合物是一类具有独特表面性能和光学特性的氟聚合物,传统的自由基共聚合由于无法调节聚合物的微细结构和氟原子的分布,限制了该类聚合物在更广领域的应用.活性聚合为聚合物分子设计和合成提供了一个有效方法,利用活性聚合方法可以获得预期结构和性能的含氟嵌段聚合物材料.由于引入了氟烷基侧链,(甲基)丙烯酸氟烷基酯的活性聚合又有其特殊性,本文针对它的活性阴离子聚合、基因转移聚合、活性自由基聚合等方面作一综述.     

可聚合表活性单体的研究进展

可聚合表活性单体(英文简称,Surfmer)是一种功能性表面活性剂,其特点为分子结构中同时具有亲水和疏水的基团,且含有可聚合的双键。这一结构特点赋予它们独特的物理化学性质———两亲性和可聚合特性。可聚合表活性单体作为新型的聚合单体在工业生产、科学研究等领域有着广泛的应用价值。本文根据可聚合表活性单体离子电荷的不同,综述了六种可聚合表活性单体的合成、性质及应用研究情况,并对可聚合表活性单体的研究趋势和未来前景进行了展望。     

醋酸乙烯酯的可控/活性自由基聚合

概述了醋酸乙烯酯单体可控/活性自由基聚合的现状.总结了氮氧化合物存在下的聚合、原子转移自由基聚合、可逆加成断裂链转移聚合以及含碘化合物的衰减链转移聚合这四种活性自由基聚合方法用于醋酸乙烯酯聚合的研究结果,并对这四种方法作了简要的比较.     

有机硫化物用于自由基活性/可控聚合

综述了有机硫化物用于自由基活性聚合的研究进展，对其机理和活性特征进行了简要的讨论。有机硫化物用于自由基活性聚合的研究工作可以追溯到上个世纪80年代，N，N－二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸酯用作光引发一转移－终止剂（Iniferter)，其聚合具有一定的活性特征，但分子量分布较宽，以二硫代羰酸酯和三硫代碳酸酯为链转移剂的可逆加成裂解链转移（RAFT）自由基聚合的发现，在活性自由基聚合领域是一个重要突破，用二硫代羰酸和三硫代碳酸酯作转移剂，在60Co γ-射线辐照下实现了St,AA,MA和MMA等单体的活性自由基聚合，是硫化物用于自由基活性聚合的又一新的进展。     

Organosilicon‐Assisted Transformation of Living Anionic into Living Cationic Polymerization

A novel method is described for transforming an anionic polymerization process into a cationic polymerization process assisted by organosilyl groups. The reaction of the p‐tolyldimethylsilyl end group of polystyrene and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid produced a silyl triflate end group that served as a macroinitiator for the living cationic polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether. The Si O linkage in the block copolymers underwent specific cleavage by reaction with tetrabutylammonium fluoride.

     

Living radical polymerisation in heterogeneous conditions—suspension polymerisation

Transition metal mediated living radical polymerisation of butyl methacrylate has been demonstrated with a copper(I) halide N-alkyl-2-pyridylmethanimine ligands based catalyst. Optimum conditions were found to be with copper(I) chloride and N-octyl-2-pyridylmethanimine catalyst at 65 °C where conversions of 85% were achieved with polymers of M_n = 8900 g mol⁻¹ (theoretical = 8400 g mol⁻¹) and PDI = 1.23. Both non-ionic and ionic surfactants were employed which were also made by living radical polymerisation. The non-ionic surfactant was a block copolymer of PMMA from a polyethyleneglycol macroinitiator (total M_n = 7600 g mol⁻¹, PDI = 1.20) and the ionic surfactant PDMEAMA-PMMA (total M_n = 8000 g mol⁻¹, PDI = 1.21) with the PDMEAMA block quaternized with MeI (13.8%, 28.4%, 47.7% and 100%). A range of ligands were employed in the suspension polymerisation by varying the alkyl group on the ligand increasing the hydrophobicity (alkyl = propyl (PrMI), pentyl (PMI), octyl (OMI), dodecyl (DMI) and octadecyl (ODMI)). The more hydrophobic ligands were found to be more effective due to lower partitioning into the aqueous phase. Block copolymers of P(EMA)-P(BMA) and P(MMA)-P(BMA) were prepared by first preparing macroinitiators via living radical polymerisation (M_n = 1600 g mol⁻¹ (PDI = 1.23) for P(EMA) and M_n = 1500 g mol⁻¹ (PDI = 1.22) for P(MMA)) and using them for initiation of BMA in suspension polymerisation. Block copolymers had M_n between 12,800 and 13,700 g mol⁻¹ with PDI between 1.33 and 1.54. Block copolymer growth showed excellent linear first order kinetics wrt monomer and demonstrated characteristics expected of a living radical polymerisation. Particle sizes were measured by SEM and DLS with good agreement (1.4-2.8 μm) and SEM showed spherical particles were formed.     

Living Anionic Polymerization of 2‐Methyl‐4‐ phenyl‐1‐buten‐3‐yne

The anionic polymerization behavior of 2‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1‐buten‐3‐yne (2) was investigated to get information on the effect of substituent at the 2‐position. The polymerization of 2 did not proceed in tetrahydrofuran at –78°C by lithium initiators, while sodium initiators can conduct the polymerization smoothly to give polymers consisting of a specific 1,2‐polymerized unit. The living nature of the polymerization of 2 by diphenylmethylsodium was supported by the post‐polymerization experiment.     

Living Polymerization of N,N‐Diphenylacrylamide with Triisobutylaluminum

Summary: N,N‐Diphenylacrylamide was polymerized in a living fashion with triisobutylaluminum in THF at 0 °C. The polymerization results showed an increase of molecular weight proportional to the amount of monomer consumed and a first‐order kinetics at −78 °C. The intermediates obtained with excess initiator at −78 °C revealed that the polymerization was initiated through 1,4‐addition of hydride from a triisobutyl group in the triisobutylaluminum and then proceeded through aluminum‐oxygen bond interchange.

N,N‐Diphenylacrylamide was polymerized in a living fashion with triisobutylaluminum in THF at 0 °C.     

Living Coordination Polymerization of a Six‐Five Bicyclic Lactone to Produce Completely Recyclable Polyester

The development of chemically recyclable polymers promises a closed‐loop approach towards a circular plastic economy but still faces challenges in structure/property diversity and depolymerization selectivity. Here we report the first successful coordination ring‐opening polymerization of 4,5‐trans‐cyclohexyl‐fused γ‐butyrolactone ( M1 ) with lanthanide catalysts at room temperature, producing P( M1 ) with M_n up to 89 kg mol^?1, high thermal stability, and a linear or cyclic topology. The same catalyst also catalyses selective depolymerization of P( M1 ) back to M1 exclusively at 120 °C. This coordination polymerization is also living, enabling the synthesis of well‐defined block copolymer.     

Living ring‐opening polymerization of lactides catalyzed by guanidinium acetate

Hexabutyl guanidinium acetate (HBG · OAc) was synthesized and successfully used as a catalyst for the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of lactides. The experimental results indicated that the guanidinium salt HBG · OAc showed satisfactory catalytic behavior. Polymerization in bulk (120 °C, 18 h) produced polylactides with moderate molecular weights (number‐average molecular weight = 2.0 × 10⁴) and very narrow molecular weight distributions (polydispersity index = 1.07–1.12). A kinetic study of polymerization in bulk with HBG · OAc as an initiator revealed that the polymerization possessed typical characteristics of living polymerization. A ROP mechanism by HBG · OAc was proposed on the basis of the additive effect of the polymerization and the ¹H NMR characterization of the microstructure of the product polymers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3775–3781, 2004     

含糖聚合物可控合成研究进展

活性聚合技术的进步,使设计合成结构可控的含糖聚合物成为可能.本文介绍了阴离子聚合、阳离子聚合、原子转移自由基聚合、可逆加成断裂链转移聚合、硝基氧介导聚合、开环聚合和开环易位聚合等一系列可控/"活性"聚合技术在合成含糖聚合物中的应用,并对这一领域所取得的研究进展及现状进行了综述.     

Living cationic polymerization of n‐butyl propenyl ether

Cationic polymerization of n‐butyl propenyl ether (BuPE; CH₃CH CHOBu, cis/trans = 64/36) was examined with the HCl–IBVE (isobutyl vinyl ether) adduct/ZnCl₂ initiating system at −15 ∼ −78 °C in nonpolar (hexane, toluene) and polar (dichloromethane) solvents, specifically focusing on the feasibility of its living polymerization. In contrast to alkyl vinyl ethers, the living nature of the growing species in the BuPE polymerization was sensitive to polymerization temperature and solvent. For example, living cationic polymerization of IBVE can be achieved even at 0 °C with HCl–IBVE/ZnCl₂, whereas for BuPE whose β‐methyl group may cause steric hindrance ideal living polymerization occurred only at −78 °C. Another interesting feature of this polymerization is that the polymerization rate in hexane is as large as in dichloromethane, much larger than in toluene. A new method in determining the ratio of the living growing ends to the deactivated ones was developed with a devised monomer‐addition experiments, in which IBVE that can be polymerized in a living fashion below 0 °C was added to the almost completely polymerized solution of BuPE. The amount of the deactivated chain ends became small in hexane even at −40 °C in contrast to other solvents. Thus hexane turned out an excellent solvent for living cationic polymerization of BuPE. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 229–236, 2000     

烯烃配位活性聚合研究的新进展

从活性聚合的特征、催化剂的结构和特点、聚合单体的种类、以及控制工艺条件的重要性4个方面．评述了近年来烯烃配位活性聚合研究的进展状况。     

Living polymerization of substituted acetylenes

For many years, considerable research efforts have been dedicated to π‐conjugated polymers because of their extraordinary electronic, optical, and structural properties. The employed transition‐metal‐based initiating systems comprise not only simple transition‐metal salts but also rather sophisticated mixtures of two, three, or four compounds and even highly defined single‐component systems such as transition‐metal alkylidene complexes. Extensive fine‐tuning of the electronic and steric properties of initiator–monomer systems eventually allowed the tailor‐made synthesis of conjugated materials via living polymerization techniques. This article focuses on recent developments in the field of the living polymerization of substituted acetylene derivatives. Ill‐defined group 5 and 6 transition metal halide‐based initiators, well‐defined transition‐metal alkylidene complexes, and rhodium(I)‐based systems that induce the living polymerization of numerous substituted acetylenes are reviewed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5723–5747, 2005