Fe掺杂CuS纳米颗粒的合成及其在光热/化学动力学联合治疗中的应用

以乙酰丙酮铜和硫粉为铜源和硫源,在油酸(OA)-油胺(OM)-十八烯(ODE)体系中合成了近红外吸收的硫化铜(CuS)纳米颗粒,并通过改变硫元素活化状态的方式调节其吸收峰到适合光热治疗的1064 nm附近。通过阳离子交换法进一步制备了Fe、Mn等元素掺杂的CuS纳米颗粒,并保持其吸收峰位置几乎不变。使用微乳法进行聚乙二醇(PEG)化修饰后,这些纳米颗粒在水溶液中表现出良好的分散性和稳定性。分别测试了CuS纳米颗粒在Fe³⁺掺杂前后的光热性能及羟基自由基(·OH)生成能力。结果表明,PEG修饰后Fe³⁺掺杂的CuS纳米颗粒(CuS∶Fe-PEG)在1064 nm处的质量消光系数为37.5 L·g^-1·cm-1,光热转换效率可达43.7%。虽然光热性能略低于未掺杂的CuS-PEG,但其·OH生成能力有大幅提升。细胞实验也表明,在弱酸性条件下,CuS∶Fe-PEG具有更好的肿瘤细胞抑制能力,在1064 nm激光照射下能够有效杀死肿瘤细胞,可用于光热/化学动力学联合治疗。     

温敏聚合物/纳米CuS复合微球在肿瘤光热化学联合治疗中的应用

利用湿化学法合成了具有光热效应的纳米硫化铜(Cu S)颗粒,采用沉淀聚合法,以N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAAm)和N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮(NVP)为共聚单体,锂藻土(laponite)作为交联剂,吸附纳米硫化铜,制备出兼具光热效应和温敏响应性的复合微凝胶[P(NIPAAm-co-NVP)/Cu S](NNC/Cu S),并测试其载药和药物缓释性能.实验结果表明,制备的纳米Cu S和NNC/Cu S复合微凝胶均在近红外区有很宽的光谱吸收带,在980 nm(0.51 W/cm2)激光的辐照条件下,NNC/Cu S复合微凝胶具有良好的光热效应,温度在8 min内可以升至51.9℃,对于Hela细胞杀伤效果明显,并随着激光照射时间的延长效果越好.复合微凝胶的载药量为0.15mg/mg,在p H=5.5的PBS缓冲液中累积药物释放为75%,高于p H=7.4的63%.同时光热效应对于温敏性载药微球的药物释放具有有效地调控作用,在药物释放阶段,激光照射段药物释放率明显高于未加激光照射段.另外聚合物与纳米Cu S的复合改善了纳米Cu S对于细胞的毒性,NNC/Cu S复合微凝胶细胞存活率为90.9%高于纳米Cu S的63%.     

聚吡咯及其纳米复合材料在光热治疗领域的应用

光热治疗是近年来兴起的一种治疗方法,具有靶向性强、适应性广的特点。在光热治疗中,通过光热剂对光的吸收将光能转化为热能,从而实现治疗作用,因而光热剂的光热转化性能直接决定了光热治疗的效果。光热剂的种类丰富,涵盖由无机到有机等组成和性能各异的多种材料。其中,聚吡咯具备良好的生物相容性、优异的光稳定性以及光热转化性能,在光热治疗领域受到广泛关注,是一种拥有巨大应用潜力的光热剂,然而其在光热治疗领域的发展趋势及前景却鲜有报道。本文综述了聚吡咯及其纳米复合材料的制备方法,详述了聚吡咯及其纳米复合材料在光热治疗领域中的应用情况,包括聚吡咯基纳米材料的自身性能和实际光热治疗的效果,指出以聚吡咯为基体或修饰材料来制备具有CT、磁共振、光声显影及光热治疗性能的聚吡咯基复合材料已成为发展趋势。在此基础上,本文还总结了聚吡咯基纳米复合材料在制备和应用中存在的问题,并分析了其在发展过程中遇到的挑战以及在生物医学应用中的前景。     

铁掺杂的聚2-硝基-1,4-苯二胺纳米球的制备及在光热/光动力/化学动力学肿瘤治疗中的应用

肿瘤微环境(TME)的复杂性,使得单一治疗方式很难实现完全治愈。 为此,构建了一种负载吲哚菁绿(ICG)的铁掺杂的聚2-硝基-1,4-苯二胺多功能纳米球Fe-PNPD-ICG(FPIs),用于光热(PTT)/光动力(PDT)/化学动力学(CDT)的联合治疗。 在808 nm激光器照射下,ICG作为光敏剂可以产生单线态氧,铁掺杂的聚2-硝基-1,4-苯二胺纳米球作为光热剂具有36.65%的光热转换效率。 FPIs一旦内化到肿瘤内,由Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺转化引发Fenton反应产生·OH实现化学动力学治疗,反应过程中可以清除TME中过表达的谷胱甘肽(GSH),从而降低肿瘤中的抗氧化能力。 同时,产生的氧气可以改善TME中乏氧情况,增强PDT的治疗效果。 因此,FPIs是PTT/PDT/CDT联合治疗的一种理想材料,在肿瘤治疗中具有潜在的应用前景。     

有机纳米材料在肿瘤光热治疗中的应用

光热治疗是利用在近红外具有较强光吸收的材料将光能转化为热能从而杀死癌细胞,与传统的化疗、放疗相比具有副作用小、治疗特异性好的优点。近年来各种不同的纳米材料被用于肿瘤光热治疗,并在动物肿瘤模型实验中取得了令人鼓舞的治疗效果。本文重点介绍几种典型的有机纳米材料在光热治疗中的应用,并讨论这一新兴领域的发展趋势。     

蛋白质介导硫化铜键合的介孔硅纳米载体的构筑及其用于癌症的光热和化疗协同治疗的研究

将牛血清白蛋白介导的硫化铜纳米复合物(BSA/CuS)通过酰胺键修饰在负载了化疗药物阿霉素(DOX)的介孔二氧化硅(MSN)表面,制备了新型药物载体MSN-DOX@BSA/CuS。此复合物中BSA作为封闭剂,其二硫键与谷胱甘肽发生氧化还原反应后断裂,导致MSN孔隙暴露,使DOX从中释放;CuS作为光热试剂,可将光能转化为热能,具有光热治疗的作用。利用紫外-可见-近红外吸收光谱考察了其光吸收性质。结果表明,此药物载体在近红外区800～1100 nm范围内具有较强的吸收,可在近红外光照射下实现光热转换。另外,将未负载DOX的载体MSN@BSA/CuS与癌细胞孵育,此载体表现出低细胞毒性;加入负载药物的MSN-DOX@BSA/CuS后,细胞的存活率降为49%;经过额外的激光照射后,细胞存活率仅为18%。以上结果表明,所合成的纳米药物载体可同时实现光热治疗与化疗的协同治疗,有效提高对癌症的治疗效率。     

近红外光热转换剂氧缺陷二氧化钼的制备及其在光热治疗中的应用

通过水热合成法,以五氯化钼（MoCl₅）为钼源,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）为结构导向剂和还原剂,制备了二氧化钼（MoO₂）纳米颗粒,对纳米材料进行X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）、紫外可见近红外（UV-Vis-NIR）吸收光谱、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、电子自旋共振谱（EPR）等表征,结果表明制备的MoO₂纳米颗粒粒度约18 nm,粒度均匀,具有丰富的氧缺陷,在650~1 100 nm的近红外区具有良好的光吸收能力。光热测试表明该材料100 μg·mL^-1的水溶液10 min内升温达31.5℃,光热转换率高达67.9%,并且具有优异的光热稳定性。细胞毒性实验表明低剂量的该纳米材料对细胞几乎没有毒性,且对肝癌细胞的光热杀伤效果明显。     

还原氧化石墨烯-硫化铜纳米复合材料的制备及在癌症热疗中的应用

通过一步水热法制备了一种具有光热性能的纳米复合材料——还原氧化石墨烯-硫化铜(rGO-CuS),利用傅里叶变换红外光谱、拉曼光谱、紫外-可见光谱及高分辨透射电子显微镜对所合成纳米复合物的结构和形貌进行了表征,并通过细胞实验和动物实验考察其癌症热疗效果.结果表明,与未复合的氧化石墨烯(GO)和硫化铜相比,rGO-CuS在近红外光区域具有更高效的光热转换效率;rGO-CuS的光热治疗效果明显好于GO和CuS.     

MXenes的制备及其光热性能在癌症治疗中的应用

近年来,过渡金属碳化物和氮化物(MXenes)作为一种新型二维材料以其独特的晶体特征和结构特性受到越来越多的关注,尤其是在能源、催化、生物医学等领域得到广泛应用。MXenes独特的晶体结构和表面特性赋予其优异的电子、光学、磁性等理化性能。此外,MXenes较大的比表面积和较高的光热转换效率,使其在生物医学领域尤其是肿瘤治疗方面得到大量应用。本文主要介绍了MXenes的合成方法和光热特性,重点总结分析了MXenes的光热性能在癌症治疗中的应用等研究进展,并提出了MXenes在癌症治疗中存在的潜在挑战和前景。     

中空碳酸锰纳米载体在化学动力学/声动力肿瘤联合治疗中的应用

通过调控肿瘤细胞内活性氧(Reactive oxygen species, ROS)水平,改变癌细胞内氧化还原平衡,从而诱导癌细胞氧化损伤和死亡,是肿瘤治疗的有效方法之一。本研究通过水热法合成了一种肿瘤特异性响应的可生物降解中空碳酸锰(MnCO₃)的纳米载体(HMC NPs),进一步负载声敏剂原卟啉(PpIX),获得了HMC-PpIX纳米复合粒子(HMC-P NPs)。研究表明,此体系在酸性的肿瘤微环境(Tumor microenvironment, TME)下可被激活、降解释放出Mn²⁺和声敏剂PpIX。一方面,在肿瘤内HCO₃^-/CO₂的生理缓冲环境中,过载的Mn²⁺可触发芬顿反应(Fenton reaction),将过表达的内源性H₂O₂转化为高毒性羟基自由基(·OH),介导化学动力学治疗(Chemodynamic therapy, CDT);另一方面,在超声辐射作用下,声敏剂PpIX可将细胞内的氧气转化为...     

Synthesis method-dependent photothermal effects of colloidal solutions of platinum nanoparticles used in photothermal anticancer therapy

One of the most common anticancer therapies is photothermal therapy (PTT). The effectiveness of PTT depends on the photosensitizer being a molecule which is toxic for the cancer cells after electromagnetic wave irradiation. Therefore, a simulation of PTT was performed in this work on two colon cancer cells (SW480 and SW620) using platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs). Interestingly, in the literature the dependence between the synthesis method and the photothermal properties of Pt NPs was not discussed. Consequently, in this paper, we evaluated the photothermal properties of Pt NPs synthesized by two different methods: polyol (PtI NPs) and green chemistry (PtII NPs). Scanning transmission electron microscopy revealed that the size of both Pt NPs obtained was 2 nm, the NPs were not agglomerated, and that the PtII NPs were distributed on green tea supports. The selected area electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the crystallinity of both types of Pt NPs. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of the PtII NPs showed interactions between the NPs and stretching modes for C=O groups from flavonoids and polyphenols. Therefore, these chemical compounds could be responsible for reducing Pt⁴⁺ ions to Pt⁰. Moreover, the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay showed that the PtII NPs exhibited 10% and 20% better cytotoxicity effect on SW480 and SW620 cells, than PtI NPs. The viability of cancer cells decreased when Pt NPs were used in PTT. The highest percentage of dead cells (82%) was observed for PtII NPs and 650-nm laser irradiation. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy showed structural changes induced by both Pt NPs and laser irradiation of cells in the range corresponding to levels of DNA, phospholipids, proteins, and lipids. Moreover, the calculated photothermal conversion efficiency showed that the value of this parameter is around 35%, regardless of the synthesis method and used wavelengths.     

Polymer materials for constructing therapeutical nanoparticles in photothermal therapy

Photothermal therapy (PTT) ablates tumors by thermal effects of photothermal agents (PTAs), and attracts wide attention due to the non-invasive characteristic. The ideal PTAs are expected to have high photothermal conversion effect under NIR irradiation, as well as targeting abilities and good biocompatibility satisfying the need of application in vivo. Nanoparticles (NPs) are commonly used as anti-tumor materials, and plenty of researches on therapeutical NPs for PTT treatment have been developed. Among various building blocks for photothermal NPs, polymer materials for biomedical applications have great advantages due to their negligible toxicity, flexibility for functional modification, and ability to integrate multiple therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on the polymer materials utilized in photothermal NP designing, including their application as excellent carriers and powerful PTAs with great PTT effects. Furthermore, the synergy therapy based on polymeric nanoplatform for enhancing PTT therapeutic efficiency will be introduced.     

Hydrogen peroxide-generating nanomedicine for enhanced chemodynamic therapy

Chemodynamic therapy(CDT) is an emerging endogenous stimulation activated tumor treatment approach that exploiting iron-containing nanomedicine as catalyst to convert hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2)into toxic hydroxyl radical(·OH) through Fenton reaction.Due to the unique characteristics(weak acidity and the high H_2O_2 level) of the tumor microenvironment,CDT has advantages of high selectivity and low side effect.However,as an important substrate of Fenton reaction,the endogenous H_2O_2 in tumor is still insufficient,which may be an important factor limiting the efficacy of CDT.In order to optimize CDT,various H_2O_2-generating nanomedicines that can promote the production of H_2O_2 in tumor have been designed and developed for enhanced CDT.In this review,we summarize recently developed nanomedicines based on catalytic enzymes,nanozymes,drugs,metal peroxides and bacteria.Finally,the challenges and possible development directions for further enhancing CDT are prospected.     

铪基纳米金属有机骨架材料制备及X射线增强化学动力协同治疗应用

以铪簇作为金属有机骨架的连接点、刚性双羧基配体2,2’-联吡啶-5,5’-二羧酸作为连接器、乙酸或三氟乙酸和水作为结构调节剂,通过溶剂热法合成得到八面体结构(Hf-MOFs-1)和片状结构(Hf-MOFs-2)的铪基纳米金属有机骨架(Hf-nMOFs),再经Fe3+修饰得到多功能金属有机骨架材料(Hf-Fe-MOFs-1和Hf-Fe-MOFs-2)。模拟肿瘤微环境体系中羟基自由基检测结果表明,X射线照射能显著促进Hf-Fe-MOFs-1和Hf-Fe-MOFs-2材料产生羟基自由基,且片状Hf-Fe-MOFs-2羟基自由基产生能力高于八面体Hf-Fe-MOFs-1。进一步地,在细胞层面证实了材料能够成功被细胞摄入并实现低剂量X射线促进的化学动力学协同治疗。     

铪基纳米金属有机骨架材料制备及X射线增强化学动力协同治疗应用

以铪簇作为金属有机骨架的连接点、刚性双羧基配体2,2''-联吡啶-5,5''-二羧酸作为连接器、乙酸或三氟乙酸和水作为结构调节剂,通过溶剂热法合成得到八面体结构(Hf-MOFs-1)和片状结构(Hf-MOFs-2)的铪基纳米金属有机骨架(Hf-nMOFs),再经Fe³⁺修饰得到多功能金属有机骨架材料(Hf-Fe-MOFs-1和Hf-Fe-MOFs-2)。模拟肿瘤微环境体系中羟基自由基检测结果表明,X射线照射能显著促进Hf-Fe-MOFs-1和Hf-Fe-MOFs-2材料产生羟基自由基,且片状Hf-Fe-MOFs-2羟基自由基产生能力高于八面体Hf-Fe-MOFs-1。进一步地,在细胞层面证实了材料能够成功被细胞摄入并实现低剂量X射线促进的化学动力学协同治疗。     

一种用于肿瘤治疗的高光热转换效率和高稳定性的光热剂

基于香豆素荧光团设计合成了一种光热剂(ECEI),其光热转换效率可达 85.78%。此外,冷热循环的实验结果表明,ECEI 具有良好的光稳定性。即使在线粒体膜电位受损的情况下,ECEI 也能有效靶向线粒体,在激光照射下诱导癌细胞死亡。这使 ECEI能够最大程度地破坏线粒体,从而抑制肿瘤细胞的繁殖。对小鼠肿瘤照射 1次后,小鼠肿瘤在 10 d内逐渐消失,这表明ECEI具有良好的肿瘤抑制效果。     

一种用于肿瘤治疗的高光热转换效率和高稳定性的光热剂

基于香豆素荧光团设计合成了一种光热剂(ECEI),其光热转换效率可达 85.78%。此外,冷热循环的实验结果表明,ECEI 具有良好的光稳定性。即使在线粒体膜电位受损的情况下,ECEI 也能有效靶向线粒体,在激光照射下诱导癌细胞死亡。这使 ECEI能够最大程度地破坏线粒体,从而抑制肿瘤细胞的繁殖。对小鼠肿瘤照射 1次后,小鼠肿瘤在 10 d内逐渐消失,这表明ECEI具有良好的肿瘤抑制效果。     

A Light-Responsive Injectable Hydrogel with Remodeling Tumor Microenvironment for Light-Activated Chemodynamic Therapy

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) based on Fenton-like reaction is often limited by the tumor microenvironment (TME), which has insufficient hydrogen peroxide, and single CDT treatment is often less efficacious. To overcome these limitations, a hydrogel-based system is designed to enhance the redox stress (EOH) by loading the composite nanomaterial Cu-Hemin-Au, into the agarose hydrogels. The hydrogels can reach the tumor site upon intratumoral injection, and then coagulate and stay for extended period. Once irradiated with near-infrared light, the Cu-Hemin-Au act as a photothermal agent to convert the light energy into heat, and the EOH gradually heated up and softened, releasing the Cu-Hemin-Au residing in it to achieve photothermal therapy (PTT). Benefiting from the glucose oxidase (GOx)-like activity of the Au nanoparticles, glucose in the tumor cells is largely consumed, and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is generated in situ, and then Cu-Hemin-Au react with sufficient H₂O₂ to generate a large amount of reactive oxygen species, which promote the complete inhibition of tumor growth in mice during the treatment cycle. The hydrogel system for the synergistic enhancement of oxidative stress achieves good PTT/CDT synergy, providing a novel inspiration for the next generation of hydrogels for application in antitumor therapy.     

PAA-derived gold nanorods for cellular targeting and photothermal therapy

A single-step LbL procedure to functionalize CTAB-capped GNRs via electrostatic self-assembly is reported. This approach allows for consistent biomolecule/GNR coupling using standard carboxyl-amine conjugation chemistry. The focus is on cancer-targeting biomolecule/GNR conjugates and selective photothermal destruction of cancer cells by GNR-mediated hyperthermia and NIR light. GNRs were conjugated to a single-chain antibody selective for colorectal carcinoma cells and used as probes to demonstrate photothermal therapy. Selective targeting and GNR uptake in antigen-expressing SW 1222 cells were observed using fluorescence microscopy. Selective photothermal therapy is demonstrated using SW 1222 cells, where >62% cell death was observed after cells are treated with targeted A33scFv-GNRs.