Dyeing of white and indigo dyed cotton fabrics with Mimosa tenuiflora extract

Mimosa tenuiflora extract has been used in food industry as an additive and in textile and leather industry as a colorant. Two types of fabrics, ready to be dyed white and indigo dyed fabrics, were dyed with M. tenuiflora extract. The fabrics were mordanted after dyeing with six different metal salts. Colorimetric evaluations of fabrics were carried out by spectrophotometer. Colour fastness to washing, rubbing and light were performed. Colour strength of fabrics was calculated from Kubelka–Munk formula. Highest vividness (C¹) values were obtained by Ni mordant. Moderate fastness values were observed. However poor wet rubbing fastness values were observed in the case of indigo dyed fabrics due to lack of good wet rubbing fastness of indigo itself.     

Influence of Neem oil pretreatment on the dyeing and antimicrobial properties of wool and silk fibers with some natural dyes

Wool and silk fibers pretreated with neem oil and dyed with chlorophyll, saffron red and yellow natural dyes using economic methods such as microwave heating and ultrasonic energy. The effect of neem oil concentrations on color strength (K/S) was measured. The results indicated that, wool and silk fibers pretreated with neem oil recorded higher color strength values than the untreated fibers. Fastness properties and the color yield of the dyes under investigation on wool and silk fibers were evaluated. The results indicated that, color fastness to rubbing, washing and perspiration of all dyes are excellent to good and are approximately the same in microwave and ultrasonic method. The antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi were tested, and the results indicated that the samples pretreated exhibited higher inhibition percent than the untreated fibers. The morphologies structure of the untreated and treated wool fibers were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The untreated samples have a rough surface. The pretreated samples of wool fibers were swelling compared to the untreated fibers .The diameter of the fibers increased and have smooth and even surfaces. The changes in the surface morphology due to the effect of active ingredients of treatment with neem oil. This behavior as swelling and increase in diameter of the fibers leads to high penetration of the dyes in the fibers.     

Study the effect of metal ion on wool fabric dyeing with tea as natural dye

Aqueous extract of natural dye, tea was dyed on the wool fabric with dark brown for 2% and 5% shade. The tea containing tannins as the main colorant species to produce different shade with different mordant salts. The mordant salts Alum, CuSO₄, FeSO₄, ZnSO₄, Na₂SO₄, and MgSO₄ were used to dye fabric using three different dyeing methods: pre-mordanting, meta-mordanting and post-mordanting. The color of the fabric was investigated on Data Color matching system in terms of K/S and CIE Lab-color difference values. The post-mordanting method gave the great depth of shade of natural dye tea with 2% and 5% shade, it also give good light fastness and wash fastness properties. Copper was found as a good mordant to achieve the best results with transition metal ions effect. Deep shades (K/S = 17.50) were obtained for original sample of 5% with color difference ΔE value is 0.17, as compare to 2% original sample of tea of light brown shades (K/S = 10.50) with color difference ΔE value is 0.50 under maintained temperature at 85 °C for 35 min of dyeing.     

Historical and archaeological textiles: an insight on degradation products of wool and silk yarns

The characterisation of micro-samples from works of art and archaeological residues is a particularly complex task, due to the fact that only a relatively low amount of material is available for sampling, and compounds both derived from the target analytes and the matrix can be simultaneously present. Thus, sensitive, selective and reliable analytical procedures need to be developed. This paper presents the optimisation of an instrumental procedure based on liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection, which allows for determining selected analytes (anthraquinones, tannins, flavonoids), along with their known degradation products: phenolic acids. The instrumental parameters were optimised in terms of selecting the best ionisation source (APCI and ESI were compared), choosing the compound-dependant MS parameters and enhancing selectivity and sensitivity (SIM and MRM analyses were compared). The proposed procedure proved to be sensitive and selective, with limits of detection (0.4-20 ng/mL). The analytical procedure was validated by characterising reference materials, i.e. dyed and undyed woollen and silk yarns, both freshly prepared and artificially aged. Particularly, the study focused on the determination of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and on the correlation between its relative amounts with respect to ageing time. The optimised procedure was also applied to historical samples and proved fundamental in unravelling the complex composition of black dyed yarns collected from a medieval tapestry. The much degraded yarns were dyed with a tannin based dye, extracted from gallnuts, alder bark or sumac; the less degraded ones were coloured by superimposing colours with cochineal, madder, weld and indigo dye baths, and eventually by adding gallo-tannins as well.     

Applicability of alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria) extract for the histological staining of liver tissue

Staining of tissue is a significant process in histotechnology and staining techniques are used in the examination and diagnosis of diseases. The increase of international awareness for the environment, ecology, and health directed people to reduce toxic effluents and stop usage of dangerous chemical dyes. The present trend throughout the world is shifting towards to use of natural products over their synthetic alternatives. Therefore, in this study, the dyeing ability of alkanet plant on the cells of unstained sections taken from Wistar rat liver was investigated. The extract of Alkanna tinctoria contain naphthaquinone group of dyestuff. Chemical characterization of A. tinctoria extract was performed with HPLC-TOF/MS and UV spectra analysis, respectively. Different metal salts were used in the staining processes in order to obtain different colors. In the staining of without adding mordant (metal salt) to the extract, pale brown staining was obtained in the cytoplasm. Light pink color was obtained with the addition of CuSO₄ mordant. Dark pink-red color was achieved by adding alum, and also NiSO₄ was added for light purple staining. The staining of cytoplasm of different cells in liver tissue was achieved successfully with the extract of A. tinctoria and different colors were obtained using various mordants.     

Synthesis and dyeing properties of new disazo disperse dyes for polyester and nylon fabrics

Diazotized aryl amines were coupled with two stenhouse salt namely, N-(5-phenylamino-penta-4-ol-2,4-diene-1-ylidene)anilines hydrochloride [S₁ (RH) or S₂ (ROH)] to furnish two series of disazo disperse dyes (S₁D_1–10 and S₂D_1–10). The structure of all the dyes was established by estimating number of azo groups, elemental analysis and spectral studies (IR, ¹H-NMR, UV/Visible). The structure–property relationship was discussed by using electronic absorption spectra of the dyes. These dyes were applied to polyester and nylon fabrics as disperse dyes by using temperature exhaust dyeing method. The relevant dyeing characteristics, such as dyeability on fabrics, wash-fastness and light-fastness were evaluated. Fabrics dyed with these dyes furnished generally deep and bright intense hues ranging from light yellow to orange to reddish brown. The color fastness of the dyed fabric was assessed by determining wash-fastness and light-fastness properties.     

Imparting durable antimicrobial properties to cotton fabrics using quaternary ammonium salts through 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid-chloro-triazine adduct

A 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid-chloro-triazine adduct was successfully synthesized in a laboratory scale and treated with cotton fabrics in order to increase the anionic sites and thereby % exhaustion of cationic compounds. Two Quaternary Ammonium Salts (QAS) was investigated namely, Cetylpyridinum chloride (CPC) and Benzyldimethylhexadecyl ammonium chloride (BDHAC) which are widely accepted as strong antimicrobial agents. The reaction mechanism involved in the synthesis of the reactive adduct as well its application to cotton fabric were demonstrated in detail. The effects of application parameters, namely pH, temperature and liquor ratio were examined. The reaction efficiency was determined through monitored % exhaustion of the adduct by cotton fabric. Antimicrobial activity of the treated cotton sample was studied against Staphylococcus aureus according to AATCC test method 100-1999. Results obtained show that the treated fabric shows higher antimicrobial activity compared with the untreated fabric. The results depict also that % exhaustion decreases as the pH, temperature and liquor ratio increase. Moreover, the appropriate predictable empirical models were developed using Excel solver function incorporating interaction effects of all variables to predict the % exhaustion and the satisfactory results (R² > 0.98) were obtained.     

Characterization of the behaviour of flavour microcapsules in cotton fabrics

Nanotechnology processes have recently been introduced into the textile field. One of these processes involves encapsulated nanoparticles or nanoproducts, known as microcapsules. They are available with a wide range of products which confer different properties related to the nature of the encapsulated product. The composition of the wall material determines the release of the product into the fabric and is the object of study in the present work. The behaviour of microencapsulated peppermint was analyzed on cotton fabrics.Different application methods have been tested, impregnation versus bath exhaustion. As impregnation turned out to be the most efficient, some recipes were assayed and the effect of microcapsules on maintenance conditions was evaluated in order to determine the most suitable method with the longest lasting effect on fabrics.The effect of microcapsules is usually measured by the presence of a property such as odour measurements when flavours are encapsulated. The aim of this work is to explain the behaviour of the cotton fabrics with microcapsules bound to their fibers, to determine the relationship between their macroscopic properties and microscopic characteristics. A procedure based in FTIR spectroscopy is also proposed to quantify the presence of microcapsules in the fabrics.IR spectra of the textiles were obtained to determine the presence of microcapsules, which was corroborated by SEM techniques.     

Improvement of colour strength and colourfastness properties of gamma irradiated cotton using reactive black-5

The dyeing behaviour of gamma irradiated cotton fabric using Reactive Black-5 dye powder has been investigated. The mercerized, bleached and plain weaved cotton fabric was irradiated to different absorbed doses of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 Gy using Co-60 gamma irradiator. Dyeing was performed using irradiated and un-irradiated cotton with dye solutions. The dyeing parameters such as temperature of dyeing, time of dyeing and pH of dyeing solutions were optimised. The colour strength values of dyed fabrics were evaluated by comparing irradiated and un-irradiated cotton in CIE Lab system using Spectra flash SF650. Methods suggested by International Standard Organisation (ISO) were employed to study the effect of gamma irradiation on the colourfastness properties of dyed fabric. It is found that gamma irradiated cotton dyed with Reactive Black-5 has not only improved the colour strength but also enhanced the rating of fastness properties.     

Dyeing wool and cotton fibres with acidic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis flower

Abstract

The focus of this work is to extract a natural dye for colouring camel wool as a substitute for synthetic dyes used in the Sadu House of Kuwait. Their target is to keep the tradition of tent and rug production natural in all its manifestations. Therefore, our task was to find an abundant source that provides a colour preferably red to purple. Hibiscus rosa sinensis (HRS) is an abundantly available plant in Kuwait that was explored for extraction of the red dye to colour camel wool permanently. The powdered petals of red flowers of HRS was extracted with 5% acetic acid which yielded a deep red colour that showed a great potential for woollen fibre dyeing. The use of mordants like alum and some metal salts manifested a wide range of fixed colours which intensified at 85 °C. The colours produced had excellent fastness and was accepted by the Sadu House.     

Effect of UV radiation on the dyeing of cotton fabric with reactive blue 13

For the present study, the cotton fabric and dye solution were irradiated to UV radiation for different times. Dyeing was performed using un-irradiated and irradiated cotton with un-irradiated and irradiated reactive blue dye. Different dyeing parameters such as temperature, pH and time were optimized using irradiated dye and irradiated cotton. The data of colour report were obtained from un-irradiated and irradiated cotton dyed with reactive blue dye using spectra flash (SF650). Colourfastness properties show that UV radiation of both cotton and dye powder has improved the grading of fastness from fair to good. It is found that UV irradiation has not only enhanced the strength of dye on irradiated fabric but also improved the dyeing properties.     

Green synthesis of silver chloride nanoparticles using Prunus persica L. outer peel extract and investigation of antibacterial,anticandidal, antioxidant potential

The present study was conducted to synthesize silver chloride nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of outer peel of peach fruit (Prunus persica L.) and to evaluate its antibacterial activity, synergistic antibacterial and anticandidal potential against five foodborne pathogenic bacteria and five pathogenic Candida species respectively along with its antioxidant potential. The synthesized silver chloride nanoparticles (PE-AgClNPs) were visually confirmed with surface plasmon resonance peak at 440?nm upon UV–Vis spectroscopy analysis. Furthermore, the morphology, elemental composition and crystallinity nature were also characterized. PE-AgClNPs displayed strong antibacterial potentials (9.01–10.83?mm inhibition zone) against foodborne pathogenic bacteria and increased synergistic effect with kanamycin and rifampicin. PE-AgClNPs also displayed strong anticandidal synergistic activity with standard amphotericin b (10.51–14.01?mm inhibition zones), along with strong free radical scavenging and reducing power. Based on strong antibacterial and antioxidant capacities, PE-AgClNPs are anticipated to have potential applications in the biomedical and food sector industries.     

Investigation on electrochemical analysis of ZnO nanoparticles and its performance for dye-sensitized solar cells using various natural dyes

The dye-sensitized solar cells were fabricated using five different dyes extracted from the Ixora flower, Pongame leaves, Neem leaves, Pongame leaves, and Almond fruit. ZnO nanoparticle has been prepared via the solvothermal method. The prepared samples were characterized by structural properties of XRD, FE-SEM EDAX, and HR-TEM, Optical properties of UV–Visible and FTIR studies, and Conductivity studies of EIS spectra. The effect of natural dye extract from chlorophyll and anthocyanin pigment group was investigated for the performance of J-V characterization. The efficiency of almond extract of solar cells is found to be better than that of the other four solar cells.     

采用积雪草树叶提取物生物合成二氧化镁纳米粒子负载的铜纳米颗粒用于高效催化还原有机染料和芳香硝基化合物（英文）

本文设计了一个经济、绿色的新型方法,采用积雪草树叶提取物作为自然的还原剂,在不使用稳定剂或表面活性剂的情况下合成了MnO_2纳米粒子负载的Cu纳米颗粒(CuNPs).该合成过程环境友好,且避免使用有毒的还原剂.树叶提取物中的酚羟基将溶液中的Cu~(2+)还原为Cu NPs,后者再稳定在MnO_2 NPs表面.采用X射线衍射、透射电镜、场发射扫描电镜、能量散射谱和红外光谱对所得Cu/MnO_2纳米复合物进行了表征.结果表明,该材料可用作高活性、高效可重复使用的多相催化剂,用于室温水溶液NaBH_4存在下刚果红、罗丹明B和亚甲基蓝,以及硝基化合物,如2,4二硝基苯肼和4-硝基苯酚的催化还原.Cu/MnO_2纳米复合物的高稳定性可使其被分离出来,重复使用数次而活性无明显下降.     

Study on optimizing dyeing of cotton using date pits extract as a combined source of coloring matter and bio-mordant

In this research, extraction of colouring matter from date pits powder was conferred by conventional and ultrasonic methods. Phenolic compounds present in the resulted extract were identified by HPLC analysis. Total phenolic, total flavonoid and total metallic contents were quantified; and the highest levels were obtained in case of ultrasonic extraction process at a frequency of 25 kHz. The different resultant extracts were diluted with distilled water and unified to a polyphenolic content of 48 mg per 100 mL. Dyeing results have been discussed as a function of the bio-metallic contents present in the extract. It was found that the highest colour strengths and the better fastness properties were registered in case of dyeing experiments developed using the ultrasonic extracts. Those above results could be due to the highest metallic content present in the ultrasonic extracts, which has functioned as a bio-mordant properly extracted from date pits powder.     

Effect of hybrid phosphorus-doped silica thin films produced by sol-gel method on the thermal behavior of cotton fabrics

The aim of this work was to prepare hybrid organic-inorganic silica thin films to provide cotton fabrics with flame retardant properties and to investigate the films’ influence on the thermal and burning behavior of the treated samples. The fabrics were modified with three different sols in order to study the effect of pure silica sol-gel precursor, γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), and that of the hybrid sols consisting of the APTES and the phosphorus compound diethylphosphite. Furthermore, in order to improve the cross-linking degree and the phosphorus-nitrogen synergistic effect on flame retardancy of the P-doped silica thin film the melamine-based resin was added in the third sol. To evaluate the chemical structure of the coating material, pure xerogels of the treatment solutions were applied to glass slides and tested by ATR FT-IR spectroscopy. The cotton fabrics were impregnated with the sols by a padding-squeezing process and then dried. Thermal behavior of the treated cotton samples was investigated by thermogravimetric/differential scanning calorimetry analysis (TGA-DTG/DSC) and compared to the untreated one. The flame retardancy was tested according to the ASTM D 1230 standard method. The results showed a substantial enhancement of char-forming properties and flame retardancy for the fabrics modified with the thin films.     

Investigation of structural transformation in ripening cotton fiber by the methods of positron annihilation

The microstructure of cotton fiber (sort 175-F, 4 type) at various ripeness stages has been investigated by measuring the spectra of positron life-time and the angular correlation of annihilation radiation. It has been established that the macro strength (breaking load) depends on the concentration and sizes of microdefects (radius less than 10 Å) in amorphous interfibrillar areas. These defects can be studied by registering the characteristics of positron and positronium atom decay and which are hard to reach by traditional physical methods for the analysis of the cotton fiber structure.     

Applications of micro-scale combustion calorimetry to the studies of cotton and nylon fabrics treated with organophosphorus flame retardants

Effective testing methods are critical for developing new flame retardant textiles by the industry. However, the current testing methods all have limitations. In this research, we applied micro-scale combustion calorimetry (MCC) for evaluating the flammability of the cotton woven fabric treated with a traditional reactive organophosphorus flame retardant in combination with a synergistic nitrogen-containing additive and the nylon-6,6 woven fabric treated with a hydroxyl-functional organophosphorus oligomer and crosslinkers. We found that MCC is capable of differentiating small differences among the treated fabric samples with similar flammability. MCC is able to make quantitative measurement of the peak heat release rate, the most important parameter related to fire hazard of materials, of textile whereas such analysis is more difficult using cone calorimetry due to textile fabrics’ low thickness. By using the thermal combustion parameters measured by MCC, we were able to calculate the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of various treated cotton fabric samples with near-perfect agreement between the experimentally measured and the predicted LOI values of treated cotton fabrics. We also compared the capability of MCC and differential scanning calorimetry for analyzing flame retardant cotton textiles.     

Surface properties of bamboo fiber and a comparison with cotton linter fibers

In order to understand the different touch senses from bamboo and cotton fibers, the surface properties of bamboo fiber, e.g., the surface free energy, the Lifshitz–van der Waals force, and Lewis acid and base components have been determined using the column wicking technique. Taking the traditional cotton linter fiber as a reference, this paper shows that both these fibers have the similar surface free energies. However, a big difference between these two fibers which has been importantly observed is that the bamboo fiber having greater Lewis acid component seems to be double than the cotton linter fiber. Since water has been found to have such surface property, it is suggested that the bamboo fiber touch in the skin of people may like the touch between water and skin of people. Meanwhile, other surface properties of these two fibers are compared.     

Synthesis of gold nanoparticles using herbal Acorus calamus rhizome extract and coating on cotton fabric for antibacterial and UV blocking applications

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been synthesized by greener method using chloroauric acid as precursor and extract of Acorus calamus rhizome as reducing agent. Formation of AuNP was confirmed by the presence of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peak in UV–Visible spectral analysis. XRD and FT-IR spectral analyses were performed for characterization. SEM images show spherical morphology and HR-TEM images reveal nanosize of AuNPs. The AuNPs were then coated on cotton fabric by pad-dry-cure method and characterized by SEM with EDAX technique. The results reveal the deposition of AuNPs on the surface of cotton fabric. Uncoated cotton, neat extract coated cotton and extract containing AuNPs coated cotton fabrics were then tested for antibacterial activity against Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial strains by AATCC 100 test method. It showed that the extract containing AuNPs coated cotton fabric had higher antibacterial activity than other test samples against E. coli. UV-DRS analysis performed on extract containing AuNPs coated cotton fabric showed improved UV-blocking property than uncoated cotton fabric and neat extract coated cotton fabric.