Two-dimensional NQR spectroscopy of forbidden transitions

Two-dimensional NQR spectroscopy has been realized experimentally for a direct method of detecting and recording forbidden transitions. The cross peaks of the two-dimensional spectra were used to assign the lines in the complex spectra.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 8, pp. 73–75, August, 1991.     

Excitonic transitions at forbidden interband edge

Theoretical estimates of the oscillator strengths of optical transitions to s- and p-excitonic levels at a forbidden interband edge are examined critically. Specific example of Cu₂O, is discussed as an illustration. New theoretical estimates based on a k·p analysis are in good agreement with the experimental data.     

The forbidden transitions for magnesium isoelectronic sequences

Using the full relativistic quantum mechanics(GRASP2),we have calculated systematically the 3p2-3p1 and 3p1 -3p0 magnetic dipold m1 energy level scparations,transition probabilities and cscillator strengths in the 3s3p configuration of the magnesium seque     

Holographic recording on the basis of forbidden singlet-triplet electronic transitions

The possibility of recording holograms in thick layers of a photopolymeric material on the basis of a forbidden singlet-triplet transition of a sensitizing dye, erythrosine, is theoretically substantiated and experimentally confirmed. A single hologram and 16 superimposed holograms are recorded with a low-power He-Ne laser (632 nm) at high concentrations of the sensitizing dye and high optical densities in the range of its main absorption. The diffraction efficiency of the single hologram is ～50%. The dependence of the increase in the diffraction efficiency of a transmission grating in samples of photopolymeric material on the intensity of incident radiation of a Kr⁺ laser (647 nm) is studied. The observed linear dependence of the maximal rate of increase in the diffraction efficiency in the photopolymer on the incident light intensity is explained by the manifestation of a two-step excitation of the dye (T ₁←S ₀, T ₂←T ₁) in the samples studied.     

Internal bremsstrahlung by 1st forbidden beta transitions

The spectrum shapes and circular polarization degree for the allowed and 1st forbidden internal bremsstrahlung (IBS) are investigated. Differences between the allowed and forbidden IBS are discussed. It is shown that the spectrum shapes and circular polarisation degree depend substantially on the beta-transition energyE ₀.     

Laser cooling and trapping of ytterbium atoms

The experiments on the laser cooling and trapping of ytterbium atoms are reported, including the two-dimensional transversal cooling, longitudinal velocity Zeeman deceleration, and a magneto-optical trap with a broadband transition at a wavelength of 399 nm. The magnetic field distributions along the axis of a Zeeman slower were measured and in a good agreement with the calculated results. Cold ytterbium atoms were produced with a number of about 10⁷ and a temperature of a few milli-Kelvin. In addition, using a 556-nm laser, the excitations of cold ytterbium atoms at ¹S₀-³P₁ transition were observed. The ytterbium atoms will be further cooled in a 556-nm magneto-optical trap and loaded into a three-dimensional optical lattice to make an ytterbium optical clock.      

Laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms

The characteristics of laser cooling and trapping of Li, Ne, Ar, Kr, Ca, and Sr are described. The effect of the hyperfine structure, level multiplicity and population leakage on the trapping efficiency are discussed.     

Efficient cooling and trapping of strontium atoms

We report the capture of cold strontium atoms in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) at a rate of 4 x 10(10) atoms/s. The MOT is loaded from an atomic beam decelerated by a Zeeman slower operating with a focused laser beam. The 461-nm laser, used for both cooling and trapping, was generated by sum-frequency mixing in a KTP crystal with diode lasers at 813 nm and a Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm. As much as 115 mW of blue light was obtained.     

Laser cooling and magnetic trapping at several tesla

Laser cooling and magnetic trapping of (85)Rb atoms have been performed in extremely strong and tunable magnetic fields, extending these techniques to a new regime and setting the stage for a variety of cold atom and plasma experiments. Using a superconducting Ioffe-Pritchard trap and an optical molasses, 2.4 x 10(7) atoms were laser cooled to the Doppler limit and magnetically trapped at bias fields up to 2.9 T. At magnetic fields up to 6 T, 3 x 10(6) cold atoms were laser cooled in a pulsed loading scheme. These bias fields are well beyond an order of magnitude larger than those in previous experiments. Loading rates, molasses lifetimes, magnetic-trapping times, and temperatures were measured using photoionization and electron detection.     

Parity violation effects in hydrogen atom in forbidden magnetic-dipole transitions

General expressions for the probability of all strongly forbidden magnetic-dipole transitions between states njl and n′jl in the hydrogen atom and light hydrogen-like ions are derived in the lowest order in the parameter (αZ) in the form W _n′jl;njl ^(Ml) = D _n′n ^lj αm _e (αZ)¹⁰ (in relativistic units), where m _e is the electron mass, α is the fine-structure constant, Z is the nuclear charge, and the constants D _n′n ^lj are presented in an analytical form. Using these expressions, the dependence of the degree of parity violation on the principal quantum numbers n and n′ of the lower and upper states in the ns _1/2-n′s _1/2 and np _1/2-n′p _1/2 M1 transitions is systematically analyzed. The results obtained can be used in designing experiments on parity violation in the hydrogen atom.     

Spin-allowed and forbidden rotational intensities in doublet-doublet transitions in asymmetric top molecules

Spin-orbit coupling allows anomalous transitions in spectra involving states of the same degenerate multiplicity, due to the relaxation of the spin selection rule ΔΣ = 0. This effect is discussed for doublet-doublet transitions in asymmetric top molecules. All the nonvanishing and independent transition moments, including those responsible for the anomalous transitions, are determined by symmetry and time reversal arguments. Rotational intensities are given for transitions between case (b) near-symmetric top eigenstates.     

Excitation of optically forbidden transitions in argon and neon by electron impact

A radial electron monochromator and analyser system employing several new features has been used to study low energy differential inelastic electron scattering by ground state argon and neon atoms. Angular distributions for a number of optically inaccessible states are reported at energies between 30 and 100 eV and over a range of scattering angles from 0–90°. In particular, results are shown for the metastable states (³P₂, ³P₀) of argon as well as for various J levels in the parity forbidden bands (ns²np⁶ → ns²np⁵(n + 1)p) for argon and neon.     

Three dimensional cooling and trapping with a narrow line

The intercombination line of strontium at 689 nm is successfully used in laser cooling to reach the photon recoil limit with Doppler cooling in a magneto-optical traps (MOT). In this paper, we present a systematic study of the loading efficiency of such a MOT. Comparing the experimental results to a simple model allows us to discuss the actual limitation of our apparatus. We also study in detail the final MOT regime emphasizing the role of gravity on the position, size and temperature along the vertical and horizontal directions. At large laser detuning, one finds an unusual situation where cooling and trapping occur in the presence of a high bias magnetic field.     

Probabilities of forbidden magnetic-dipole transitions in the hydrogen atom and hydrogen-like ions

Explicit formulasfor strongly forbidden magnetic-dipole transitiions between states njl and n′jl in the hydrogen atom and light hydrogen-like ions are derived. The expressions for transition probabilities are presented in the form W _{n′jl; njl} ^(M1) = D _n′n ^lj αm _e (αZ)¹⁰ (in relativistic units), where m _e is the electron mass, α is the fine-structure constant, and Z is the nuclear charge; the constants D _n′n ^lj are presented in an analytical form. Before now, only the D ₂₁ ^01/2 coefficient corresponding to the 1s _1/2–2s _1/2 transition was known in explicit form. The results obtained can be used in designing an experiment on parity violation in the hydrogen atom.     

Narrow-line magneto-optical cooling and trapping of strongly magnetic atoms

Laser cooling on weak transitions is a useful technique for reaching ultracold temperatures in atoms with multiple valence electrons. However, for strongly magnetic atoms a conventional narrow-line magneto-optical trap (MOT) is destabilized by competition between optical and magnetic forces. We overcome this difficulty in Er by developing an unusual narrow-line MOT that balances optical and magnetic forces using laser light tuned to the blue side of a narrow (8 kHz) transition. The trap population is spin polarized with temperatures reaching below 2 muK. Our results constitute an alternative method for laser cooling on weak transitions, applicable to rare-earth-metal and metastable alkaline earth elements.     

Identification of forbidden transitions of F VII in a laser-produced plasma

By focusing a switched-out pulse from a mode-locked Nd:glass laser onto a solid target, a study of the vacuum U.V. spectra from highly ionised polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) has been made in the range 15–200 Å. Forbidden transitions in F VII of the type 1s2s-1sns, 1s2p-1snp, 1s2s-1snd, where n ? 3, were observed, as well as resonance lines of both hydrogen-like fluorine and carbon.     

Band strengths in forbidden transitions: The Cameron bands of CO

The band strengths of the Cameron system of CO, a³Π → X¹Σ, have been measured. The data yield an electronic oscillator strength of 1.7 × 10^-4 ± 10 per cent. The radiative lifetime depends on the rotational quantum number and estimates are made of these from published line strength formulae.