负梯度闭孔泡沫金属的力学性能分析

运用三维Voronoi技术生成闭孔梯度泡沫模型,结合有限元分析方法模拟负梯度闭孔泡沫金属在不同冲击速度下的力学行为。结果表明,随着冲击速度的提高,得到了与均匀泡沫一样的三种变形模式：准静态模式,过渡模式和冲击模式。通过对名义应力应变曲线和变形模式的研究,提出了一种新的定义局部密实化应变的方法,并研究了相对密度和密度梯度对它的影响。分别建立了相对密度和密度梯度与冲击速度的变形模式图。通过引入密实化因子,确定了三种变形模式对应的临界冲击速度。最后讨论了不同冲击速度下,密度梯度大小对泡沫材料能量吸收能力的影响。结果表明,在高速冲击的变形初期,密度梯度的绝对值越大,泡沫材料的能量吸收能力越强。     

变形模式对多孔金属材料SHPB实验结果的影响

利用两种改进后的Hopkinson杆实验分别测得多孔金属材料冲击端和支撑端的应力.实验结果及高速摄影表明,随着撞击速度的增加,试件两端的应力均匀性变差,分别对应着泡沫材料的3种变形模式:准静态模式、过渡模式、冲击模式.实验得出在冲击模式下,冲击端与支撑端的应力与试件的厚度无关,但是与试件的密度有关.在多孔金属的高应变率实验中,变形模式对SHPB实验有很大的影响,轴向惯性(波动)效应会导致试件两端的应力不均匀,此时利用SHPB得出的实验结果将会是应变率效应和惯性效应的耦合,不能真实反映材料的动态力学性能(应变率效应).      

不同冲击速度下泡沫铝变形和应力的不均匀性

利用常规Hopkinson杆实验装置和改进的Hopkinson杆实验装置对泡沫铝试件进行冲击压缩实验,同时用高速摄影装置对实验过程进行全程跟踪拍摄。通过改变冲击速度,观测到了3种不同的变形模式。将得到的高速摄影图像用数字图像相关方法进行分析,讨论了3种模式下全场应变不同的发展过程,并依此讨论应力的不均匀性,为研究不同冲击速度下变形不均匀对泡沫铝动态力学行为的影响提供了新的方法。     

金属薄板在圆锥头弹体正冲击下的破裂模式

临界破裂速度下（圆板产生破裂的最小速度）,对四种不同材料的薄金属圆板在不同圆锥半角的圆锥头子弹正冲击下的破裂模式进行了试验。研究发现随着圆锥半角的增加,板的破裂模式分别有刺透型、花瓣型和剪切型。通过试验分析,建立了在不同圆锥头子弹以临界破裂速度正冲击下,金属薄板的破裂模式和子弹圆锥半角及金属薄板材料性能的关系。分析中考虑了子弹和板壁接触区域内的局部变形,给出一临界圆锥半角c=arcsin exp(-0.5f)(f是金属薄板材料的真实破裂应变）。由此得到:临界破裂速度正冲击下,圆锥半角30时,薄板破裂由子弹直接刺透板壁引起;＞c且30时,薄板破裂模式是剪切型;当 30＜＜c时,薄板破裂模式是花瓣型。     

冲击条件下泡沫铝的细观变形特征分析

利用SHPB-高速摄影机系统,拍摄到了泡沫铝细观结构在SHPB冲击过程中的变形,分析了试件 的应变分布及破坏模式。研究表明,泡沫铝试件在SHPB冲击过程中应变分布是不均匀的,试件两端的应变 和应变率远大于中间部分的应变和应变率,即在SHPB实验过程中泡沫铝试件不能严格满足均匀性变形假 定。因此,需要考虑对用SHPB方法测量泡沫金属动态力学性能方法进行必要的修正。     

高导无氧铜杆的冲击拉伸断裂系列实验以及基于样本体积单元的分析

采用Hopkinson装置和一种基于一级气体炮的高速冲击拉伸断裂装置,研究了无刻槽高导无氧铜 (OFHC)杆在一系列冲击拉伸速度下的断裂。当冲击拉伸速度大于40m/s时,断裂位置总在冲击拉伸端附 近,此速度被确定为OFHC的实验临界冲击拉伸速度。一种受单轴冲击拉伸荷载的、中心含椭球空穴的样本 体积单元被用于数值模拟所含空穴的增长与失稳的过程。OFHC的J-C与Z-A 本构关系用于描述基体材料 的动态响应。讨论了空穴失稳条件并提出以空穴形状演化为判据,比较了空穴失稳时的样本体积单元平均径 向应变与无刻槽杆的冲击断裂应变。也用这种样本体积单元模型分析了OFHC的实验临界冲击拉伸速度。     

在圆锥头弹体正冲击下薄壁金属圆板破裂模式的实验研究

报道了四种不同材料的薄金属圆板在不同锥头子弹正冲击下破裂的实验结果，实验中测量了薄金属圆板在不同锥头子弹正冲击下的临界破裂速度，确定了正冲击下圆板的破裂模式。     

自由梁中部在平头子弹横向正冲击下的穿透及变形

研究了均匀矩形截面自由梁中部在小尺寸、平头、刚性、圆柱形弹体正撞击下的变形及穿透过程。当子弹冲击速度接近或高于临界穿透速度时 ,在梁上与子弹接触区的周围会形成一个剪切冲塞 ,子弹通过冲塞作用在梁上的剪应力会引起梁的整体弯曲变形。通过动力分析 ,确定了子弹穿透梁的临界穿透速度。对子弹穿透梁的局部剪切过程和梁的各个变形阶段进行了数值计算 ,估算出局部剪切能、梁弯曲变形能、子弹及梁的残余动能在子弹初动能中所占的比例。     

膨胀环受力历史对应力应变关系的影响

利用两类实验装置开展了无氧铜TU1膨胀环实验研究,发现:电磁膨胀环在加载阶段,样品受体力作用,满足均匀变形的假定;而爆炸膨胀环在加载阶段,样品内壁受面力冲击作用,不满足均匀变形的假定。针对这个差异,发展了一种考虑冲击阶段变形不均匀性的新方法,利用回收样品几何变形,将冲击阶段试样环内轴向塑性应变、径向塑性应变纳入等效塑性应变的计算中,通过修正后的方法更准确地获得了材料的应力应变关系。     

多孔材料吸能行为对相对密度和冲击速度的依赖性

多孔材料是一种优异的吸能缓冲材料,但由于其变形模式的非单一性以及动态应力应变曲线的难获取性,其吸能行为对相对密度和冲击速度的依赖性关系还并不完全明朗。本文基于不需要提前作本构假定的波传播法,开展了多孔材料的吸能行为研究。采用多孔材料的细观有限元模型进行Taylor冲击虚拟实验,获取全场质点速度时程曲线,结合Lagrange分析法得到多孔材料的局部应力应变信息,进而探讨了动态吸能性能对材料相对密度和冲击速度的依赖性。研究结果表明多孔材料的吸能行为可依据变形模式分为三个阶段。在冲击模式下,多孔材料单位体积吸能与相对密度成线性增加关系,此时惯性起主导作用;在过渡模式下,惯性的主导作用减弱,单位体积吸能量的增加速率随相对密度的增加而减弱;在准静态模式下,多孔材料只能发生微小的变形,其吸能很少。本文进一步获得了区别于多孔材料准静态应力-应变曲线的动态应力-应变状态曲线,并考察了其与相对密度之间的关系。结果表明：随着相对密度的增加,多孔材料的动态压实应变将变小,而动态塑性平台应力将提高。     

高温下轻质泡沫铝动态力学性能实验

对传统的分离式Hopkinson压杆装置加以改进,设计了一种长杆直接撞击Hopkinson杆的实验方案,检测出低波阻抗材料在高温动态加载下的应力均匀性。对轻质泡沫铝材料的实验表明,在同一撞击速度下,温度越高,试件两端的应力均匀性越差,增加温度与提高撞击速度均会导致泡沫铝材料冲击端与支撑端的应力不均匀性。根据高温下应力均匀性的实验结果,确定高温下试件均匀变形对应的冲击速度,再通过传统的分离式Hopkinson压杆实验得出泡沫铝在高温动态下的力学性能。     

Dynamic crushing of aluminum foams: Part I – Experiments

The two-part series of papers presents the results of a study of the crushing behavior of open-cell Al foams under impact. In Part I, direct and stationary impact tests are performed on cylindrical foam specimens at impacts speeds in the range of 20–160 m/s using a gas gun. The stress at one end is recorded using a pressure bar, while the deformation of the entire foam specimen is monitored with high-speed photography. Specimens impacted at velocities of 60 m/s and above developed nearly planar shocks that propagated at well-defined velocities crushing the specimen. The shock speed vs. impact speed, and the strain behind the shock vs. impact speed representations of the Hugoniot were both extracted directly from the high-speed images. The former follows a linear relationship and the latter asymptotically approaches a strain of about 90% at higher velocities. The Hugoniot enables calculation of all problem variables without resorting to an assumed constitutive model. The compaction energy dissipation across the shock is shown to increase with impact velocity and to be significantly greater than the corresponding quasi-static value. Specimens impacted at velocities lower than 40 m/s exhibited response and deformation patterns that are very similar to those observed under quasi-static crushing. Apparently, in this impact speed regime inertia increases the energy absorption capacity very modestly.     

Propagation of compaction waves in metal foams exhibiting strain hardening

One-dimensional models for compaction of cellular materials exhibiting strain hardening are proposed for two different impact scenarios. The models reveal the characteristic features of deformation under the condition of decreasing velocity during the impact event. It was established that an unloading plastic wave of strong discontinuity propagates in the foam and it has a significant dynamic effect on the foam compaction and energy absorption. The proposed models are based on the actual experimentally derived stress strain curves. The compaction mechanism in three aluminium based foam materials, two of them with relatively low density – Alporas and Cymat with 9% and 9.3% relative density, respectively and a higher density Cymat foam with 21% relative density, is analysed. Numerical simulations were carried out to verify the proposed models.The predictions of the proposed models are compared with published analytical models of compaction of cellular materials which assume a predefined densification strain. It is shown that the approximation of a cellular material with significant strain hardening by the Rigid Perfectly-Plastic-Locking (RPPL) model can lead to an overestimation of the energy absorption capacity for the observed stroke due to the non-uniform strains along the compacted zone of the actual material in contrast to the predefined constant densification strain in the RPPL model. The assumption of a constant densification strain leads also to an overestimation of the maximum stress, which occurs under impact.     

沉痛悼念许兵先生

通过对胞壁随机移除的蜂窝结构动态变形过程的有限元模拟,分析了随机缺陷对蜂窝 结构变形模式的影响,得到蜂窝结构在两个加载方向上的变形模式图及不同模式间转换的临 界速度. 对含缺陷蜂窝结构平台应力的研究发现,当变形模式为过渡模式或动态模式时结构 平台应力与冲击速度的平方成线性关系. 相同密度下,低缺陷蜂窝结构的平台应力在由过渡 模式向动态模式转变的临界速度附近高于规则蜂窝结构,较高的随机缺陷则使蜂窝结构的平 台应力在由准静态模式向过渡模式转变的临界速度附近显著下降. 关键词：多孔材料,蜂窝,缺陷,平台应力,有限元分析     

Dynamic crushing behavior of honeycomb structures with irregular cell shapes and non-uniform cell wall thickness

Dynamic crushing responses of honeycomb structures having irregular cell shapes and non-uniform cell wall thickness are studied using the Voronoi tessellation technique and the finite element (FE) method. FE models are constructed for such honeycomb structures based on Voronoi diagrams with different degrees of cell shape irregularity and cell wall thickness non-uniformity. The plateau stress, the densification strain energy and the initiation strain are determined using the FE models. Simulation results reveal that the “X” and “V” shaped deformation modes evident in a perfectly ordered honeycomb at low or moderate impact velocities are disrupted as cell shapes become irregular and/or cell wall thickness gets non-uniform. The “I” shaped deformation mode is clearly seen in all honeycomb structures at high impact velocities. Both the plateau stress and the densification strain energy are found to decrease as the degree of cell shape irregularity or the degree of cell wall thickness non-uniformity increases, with the weakening effect induced by the presence of non-uniform cell wall thickness being more significant. When the two types of imperfections co-exist in a honeycomb structure, the interaction between them is seen to exhibit a complicated pattern and to have a nonlinear effect on both the plateau stress and the densification strain energy. It is also found that stress waves propagate faster in a honeycomb structure having irregular cell shapes and slower in a honeycomb structure having non-uniform cell wall thickness than in a perfectly ordered honeycomb. Finally, the strain hardening of the cell wall material is seen to have a strengthening effect on the plateau stress, which is more significant for perfectly ordered honeycombs than for imperfect honeycomb structures.     

爆炸下球壳变形空间周期分布的理论计算方法

早期研究提出了对振动叠加应变增长现象的解剖式分析方法,进而发现爆炸加载下带扰动源球壳上的弯曲波和壳体变形呈空间周期分布的规律。参考Timoshenko梁的弯曲理论,基于平截面假定和壳体发生较小的弯曲变形的假设,推导出球壳上弯曲波波速和波长的关系,计算得到最短弯曲波和与膜振动频率相近的弯曲波的波速,还结合早期研究提出的壳体变形分布周期与弯曲波波速的关系,计算得到了壳体变形空间分布的周期。结果表明:（1）理论计算结果与数值仿真结果基本吻合,其中弯曲波波速的计算结果与数值仿真结果相差在15%以内,壳体变形空间分布周期的计算结果与数值仿真结果相差在12%以内;（2）弯曲波波长越短,波速越快,当波长无限短时,波速趋于极限值,约为声速的0.574倍。本计算方法为解剖式分析方法提供了一定的理论依据。     

基于同步辐射原位CT的聚氨酯泡沫微观变形机理研究

为揭示聚氨酯泡沫的微观结构性能关系,本文依靠自主研发的微型材料试验机,在美国APS光源2BM线站上搭建了原位CT系统,对闭孔硬质聚氨酯泡沫在准静态压缩加载下的变形损伤行为进行了三维实时表征,分辨率可达0.87μm。通过原位CT试验获取了硬质聚氨酯泡沫的应力应变关系,以及三个变形阶段(弹性、平台、压实)的三维结构演化过程。三维图像显示,在平台段会观察到局部压缩带从样品两端向中间传播的过程,且压缩带传播速度会超过压头速度。同时,利用数字体图像相关技术精确计算了聚氨酯泡沫的三维变形场,表明压缩变形主要集中在变形带内部。通过追踪胞元变形过程并利用表面曲率场来量化胞壁变形,发现胞元坍塌主要源于包壁屈曲形成的褶皱。     

On the energy conservation and critical velocities for the propagation of a ＂steady-shock＂ wave in a bar made of cellular material

The propagation of shock waves in a cellular bar is systematically studied in the framework of continuum solids by adopting two idealized material models, viz. the dynamic rigid, perfectly plastic, locking （D-R-PP-L） model and the dynamic rigid, linear hardening plastic, locking （D-R-LHP-L） model, both considering the effects of strain-rate on the material properties. The shock wave speed relevant to these two models is derived. Consider the case of a bar made of one of such material with initial length L 0 and initial velocity v i impinging onto a rigid target. The variations of the stress, strain, particle velocity, specific internal energy across the shock wave and the cease distance of shock wave are all determined analytically. In particular the ＂energy conservation condition＂ and the ＂kinematic existence condition＂ as proposed by Tan et al. （2005） is re-examined, showing that the ＂energy conservation condition＂ and the consequent ＂critical velocity＂, i.e. the shock can only be generated and sustained in R-PP-L bars when the impact velocity is above this critical velocity, is incorrect. Instead, with elastic deformation, strain-hardening and strain-rate sensitivity of the cellular materials being considered, it is appropriate to redefine a first and a second critical impact velocity for the existence and propagation of shock waves in cellular solids. Starting from the basic relations for shock wave propagating in D-R-LHP-L cellular materials, a new method for inversely determining the dynamic stress-strain curve for cellular materials is proposed. By using e.g. a combination of Taylor bar and Hopkinson pressure bar impact experimental technique, the dynamic stress-strain curve of aluminum foam could bedetermined. Finally, it is demonstrated that this new formulation of shock theory in this one-dimensional stress state can be generalized to shocks in a one-dimensional strain state, i.e. for the case of plate impact on cellular materials, by simply making proper replacements of the elastic and plastic constants.     

基于数字图像相关方法对冲击载荷下泡沫铝全场变形过程的测试

应用分离式霍普金森压杆(以下简称SHPB)和高速摄影装置研究了冲击载荷下泡沫铝试件全场变形的测量方法。使用SHPB对泡沫铝试件进行冲击压缩实验,同时用高速摄影装置对实验过程进行全程跟踪拍摄。将得到的高速摄影图像采用数字图像相关方法进行分析,由此可得到冲击压缩过程中泡沫铝试件全场应变的分布和变化规律。此研究揭示了冲击载荷下泡沫铝试件局部化变形的发展过程,为研究泡沫铝在不同冲击载荷下不同变形模式的内在机制提供了新的可靠的方法。