A novel grey forecasting model and its optimization

Although the grey forecasting model has been successfully employed in many fields and demonstrated promising results, its prediction results may be inaccurate sometimes. For the purposes of enhancing the predictive performance of grey forecasting model and enlarging its suitable ranges, this paper puts forward a novel grey forecasting model termed NGM model and its optimized model, develops a calculative formula for solving the parameters of the novel NGM model through the least squares method, and obtains the time response sequence of NGM model by using differential equation as a procedure for reasoning. It performs a numerical demonstration on the prediction accuracy of NGM model and its optimized models. As shown in the results, the proposed model and it optimized model can enhance the prediction accuracy. Numerical results illustrate that the proposed NGM model and its optimized model are effective. They are suitable for predicting the data sequence with the characteristics of non-homogeneous exponential law. This work makes important contribution to the enrichment of grey prediction theory.     

Optimal solution for novel grey polynomial prediction model

The grey prediction model, as a time-series analysis tool, has been used in various fields only with partly known distribution information. The grey polynomial model is a novel method to solve the problem that the original sequence is in accord with a more general trend rather than the special homogeneous or non-homogeneous trend, but how to select the polynomial order still needs further study. In this paper the tuned background coefficient is introduced into the grey polynomial model and then the algorithmic framework for polynomial order selection, background coefficient search and parameter estimation is proposed. The quantitative relations between the affine transformation of accumulating sequence and the parameter estimates are deduced. The modeling performance proves to be independent of the affine transformation. The numerical example and application are carried out to assess the modeling efficiency in comparison with other conventional models.     

单调序列的非齐次GM(1,1)模型

GM(1,1)模型的白化解为齐次指数形式,而一般数据呈非齐次指数形式,存在形式上的差异.本文运用非齐次级比与非齐次指数函数的对应关系,对原始序列中相邻数据做差处理,得到新的序列,将非齐次指数序列转换为齐次指数序列,再建立GM(1,1)模型.实例表明,运用初值优化和非齐次化能提高GM(1,1)模型的精度.     

Discrete grey forecasting model and its optimization

Although the grey forecasting model has been successfully adopted in various fields and demonstrated promising results, the literatures show its performance could be further improved. For this purpose, this paper proposes a novel discrete grey forecasting model termed DGM model and a series of optimized models of DGM. This paper modifies the algorithm of GM(1, 1) model to enhance the tendency catching ability. The relationship between the two models and the forecasting precision of DGM model based on the pure index sequence is discussed. And further studies on three basic forms and three optimized forms of DGM model are also discussed. As shown in the results, the proposed model and its optimized models can increase the prediction accuracy. When the system is stable approximately, DGM model and the optimized models can effectively predict the developing system. This work contributes significantly to improve grey forecasting theory and proposes more novel grey forecasting models.     

A novel multivariate grey model for forecasting the sequence of ternary interval numbers

A novel multivariate grey model suitable for the sequence of ternary interval numbers is presented in the paper. New model takes into account the influencing factors on the system behavior characteristic. New parameter setting makes the model directly applicable to the sequence of ternary interval number without the need to convert the sequence into real sequence. A compensation coefficient taken as a ternary interval number is added to the model equation. The accumulation method based on the new information priority is proposed to estimate coefficients. A connotative prediction formula is derived to replace the white response equation of the classical multivariate grey model. The single variable grey model, which takes into account the development trend of system behavior itself, is combined with the novel multivariate grey model based on the degree of grey incidence. Interval forecasts for China's electricity generation and consumer price index show that the new model has good performance.     

Multi-variable grey model based on dynamic background algorithm for forecasting the interval sequence

The multi-variable grey model based on dynamic background algorithm improves the forecasting performance of the multi-variable grey model on the precise number sequence. In order to make this model suitable for the interval sequence, the matrix form of the multi-variable grey model based on dynamic background algorithm is proposed in the paper. In the modeling process, the interval is treated as a two-dimensional column vector, the parameters of the multi-variable grey model are replaced by matrices, and the dynamic background algorithm for interval sequences is proposed. The analysis results of the matrix algorithm for the dynamic background value and the prediction formula show that the new model is essentially a way to predict one of the two bounds of an interval by combining them, reflecting the integrity and interaction between the lower and upper bounds. The interval predictions of industrial electricity consumption of Zhejiang Province, China national electricity consumption and consumer price index show that the new model can well predict the minimum and maximum values of the interval sequence and has better prediction performance compared with the method of predicting each boundary sequence separately.     

基于区间灰关联度的飞机战术意图识别方法

针对敌机在某一时刻其状态属性特征具有迷惑性的特点将某时间段敌机的特征指标变化序列用区间数表示,然后将敌机各类战术意图基准特征值也用区间数表示,将两类区间数都进行规范化处理,求得目标特征区间值与各类意图基准特征区间值的距离矩阵,用AHP方法确定特征指标权重,然后提出了一个新的灰关联模型并对其满足灰关联四公理进行了证明,用提出的灰关联度模型对目标战术意图进行识别.仿真结果证明区间灰关联度方法用于飞机战术意图识别的有效性,同时可以发现其在实时性方面的优势.     

A novel multi-information fusion grey model and its application in wear trend prediction of wind turbines

The small and fluctuating samples of lubricating oil data render the wear trend prediction a challenging task in operation and maintenance management of wind turbine gearboxes. To deal with this problem, this paper puts forward a method to enhance the prediction accuracy and robustness of the grey prediction model by introducing multi-source information into traditional grey models. Multi-source information is applied by creating a mapping sequence according to the sequence to be predicted. The significance of the key parameters in the proposed model was investigated by numerical experiments. Based on the results from the numerical experiments, the effectiveness of the proposed method was demonstrated using lubricating oil data captured from industrial wind turbine gearboxes. A comparative analysis was also conducted with a number of selected other models to illustrate the superiority of the proposed model in dealing with small and fluctuating data. Prediction results show that the proposed model is able to relax the quasi-smooth requirement of data sequence and is much more robust in comparison to exponential regression, linear regression and non-equidistance GM(1,1) models.     

基于标准区间灰数的发展带离散DDGM预测模型

由于区间灰数运算体系尚不完善,灰数间的代数运算将导致结果灰度增加,难以有效构建基于"区间灰数"的灰色发展带预测模型.对此,通过将区间灰数进行标准化处理,分解成基于实数形式的"白部"和"灰部"两个部分;然后分别对"白部"和"灰部"建立发展带预测模型,再推导并还原得到区间灰数的发展带预测模型;最后,将模型用于摆动幅度大且整体趋势增长的区间灰数在未来时刻的预测,预测效果验证了所提出模型的有效性.     

An extended grey forecasting model for omnidirectional forecasting considering data gap difference

To achieve effective and efficient decision making in a highly competitive business environment, an enterprise must have an appropriate forecasting technique that can meet the requirements of both timeliness and accuracy. Accordingly, in the early stages, building a forecasting model with incomplete information and limited samples is very important to a business. Grey system theory is one of the prediction methods that can be built with a small sample and yet has a strong ability to make short-term predictions. The purpose of this study is to come up with an improved forecasting model based on the concept of this theory to enlarge the applicability of the grey forecasting model in various situations. By extending the data transforming approach, this method generalizes a building procedure for the grey model to grasp the data outline and information trend. Specifically, a novel inverse accumulating generation operator is developed to enable omnidirectional forecasting. The research utilizes observations of the titanium alloy fatigue limit along with temperature changes as raw data to verify the performance of the proposed method. The experimental results show that not only can this method expand the application scope of the grey forecasting model, but also improve its forecasting accuracy.     

The novel fractional discrete multivariate grey system model and its applications

Fractional order accumulation is a novel and popular tool which is efficient to improve accuracy of the grey models. However, most existing grey models with fractional order accumulation are all developed on the conventional methodology of grey models, which may be inaccurate in the applications. In this paper an existing fractional multivariate grey model with convolution integral is proved to be a biased model, and then a novel fractional discrete multivariate grey model based on discrete modelling technique is proposed, which is proved to be an unbiased model with mathematical analysis and stochastic testing. An algorithm based on the Grey Wolf Optimizer is introduced to optimize the fractional order of the proposed model. Four real world case studies with updated data sets are executed to assess the effectiveness of the proposed model in comparison with nine existing multivariate grey models. The results show that the Grey Wolf Optimizer-based algorithm is very efficient to optimize the fractional order of the proposed model, and the proposed model outperforms other nine models in the all the real world case studies.     

基于非等时距加权灰色模型与神经网络的组合预测算法

非等时距预测算法在不等时间间隔序列的趋势分析与预测方面具有重要作用．在传统灰色预测理论的基础上,提出一种基于非等时距加权灰色模型和神经网络的组合预测算法．通过构建非等时距加权灰色预测模型,将原始数据序列的平均值作为累加序列初值,将连续累积函数的积分面积作为背景值,对累加序列进行加权处理,以真实反映时间序列发展对预测结果的影响．在此基础上,引入BP神经网络对灰色预测的残差序列进行修正,进一步提高了预测精度．经算例验证,该算法预测精度达到1级,且高于类似算法．     

初值修正灰色Verhulst模型的参数估计

研究了初值修正项为αz(1)(1)(其中α为修正参数)的灰色Verhuslt模型的修正参数估计方法.针对相关文献中,修正参数α求解无现成公式情况,通过最小化原始序列的一次累加序列与模拟序列之差,建立并求解一个非约束优化模型,获得了初值修正参数α的一个简单有效的计算公式,完善了相关文献中建立的初值修正灰色Verhuslt模型.最后,通过计算实例验证了修正参数公式可以有效提高初值修正灰色Verhuslt模型的精度.     

The effect of sample size on the grey system model

Some forecasting models have been developed, each has its own application condition. The grey model is used for small sample forecasting, but until now there is no reasonable explanation for the reason why it is not used for large sample. Therefore, in this paper, matrix perturbation theory is employed to explain the reason. The results of practical numerical examples from previous works demonstrate that the small sample usually has more accuracy than the large sample when establishing grey model in theory. Furthermore, we used the grey model with small samples to analyse the trend of syphilis incidence in China.     

基于均衡接近度的不确定型的统计决策方法及其应用

灰熵是离散序列均衡程度的测度,灰色关联度是参考序列和比较序列之间接近程度的测度.该方法将灰色关联度和均衡度合成为均衡接近度,并以此作为决策准则,提出了一种不确定型的统计决策的量化计算方法,从而避免了低层次多因素权重确定的主观性,使决策模型更加合理.通过将该决策方法在华油燃气公司决策中进行应用,为该公司选择了最优决策方案,使其获得了较好的经济效益.     

第三方物流客户服务绩效的灰色模糊综合评价模型

根据评价第三方物流客户服务绩效的KPI指标体系,考虑到评价过程中信息的不完全性以及评判者思维模糊性的特点,将综合评价中传统的信息集结算子推广到更一般的三角模运算上,以此建立了基于三角模算子的第三方物流客户服务绩效的灰色模糊综合评判模型。作为综合评价中传统信息集结算子的推广,该模型具有更广泛的适用范围。     

风险型多属性群决策的综合集成方法

对一类权重信息未知,并且属性值为区间灰数的风险型多属性群决策问题进行了探讨,提出了在理想状态下(即决策者群体的理想意见趋于一致时)各属性的客观权重的计算方法.构建了以组内偏差最小、组间偏差最大为目标函数的综合集成优化模型,求解出理想状态下各属性的客观权重.然后综合考虑各决策者的主观偏好,借助每一方案与理想最优方案组、理想最劣方案组综合偏离度的大小对方案的优劣进行排序.应用实例说明了该方法的可行性和有效性.     

A new method to mitigate data fluctuations for time series prediction

Although the classic exponential-smoothing models and grey prediction models have been widely used in time series forecasting, this paper shows that they are susceptible to fluctuations in samples. A new fractional bidirectional weakening buffer operator for time series prediction is proposed in this paper. This new operator can effectively reduce the negative impact of unavoidable sample fluctuations. It overcomes limitations of existing weakening buffer operators, and permits better control of fluctuations from the entire sample period. Due to its good performance in improving stability of the series smoothness, the new operator can better capture the real developing trend in raw data and improve forecast accuracy. The paper then proposes a novel methodology that combines the new bidirectional weakening buffer operator and the classic grey prediction model. Through a number of case studies, this method is compared with several classic models, such as the exponential smoothing model and the autoregressive integrated moving average model, etc. Values of three error measures show that the new method outperforms other methods, especially when there are data fluctuations near the forecasting horizon. The relative advantages of the new method on small sample predictions are further investigated. Results demonstrate that model based on the proposed fractional bidirectional weakening buffer operator has higher forecasting accuracy.     

On the properties of small sample of GM(1,1) model

In grey prediction modeling, the more samples selected the more errors. This paper puts forward new explanations of “incomplete information and small sample” of grey systems and expands the suitable range of grey system theory. Based on the geometric sequence, it probes into the influence on the relative errors by selecting the different sample sizes. The research results indicate that to the non-negative increasing monotonous exponential sequence, the more samples selected, the more average relative errors. To the non-negative decreasing monotonous exponential sequence, a proper sample number exists that has the least average relative error. When the initial value of the sequence of raw data of new information GM(1,1) model changes, the development coefficient remains unchanged. The segmental correction new information GM(1,1) model (SNGM) can obviously improve the simulation accuracy. It puts forward the mathematic proofs that the small sample usually has more accuracy than the large sample when establishing GM(1,1) model in theory.     

The deterministic grey dynamic model with convolution integral DGDMC(1, n)

Although the grey forecasting models have been successfully utilized in many fields and demonstrated promising results, literatures show their performance still could be improved. The grey prediction theory is methodology and it is necessary to constantly present new models or algorithm based on the theory to improve its performance, prediction accuracy especially. For this purpose, this paper proposes a new prediction model called the deterministic grey dynamic model with convolution integral, abbreviated as DGDMC(1, n). Improvements upon the existing grey prediction model GM(1, n) are made to a large extent and the messages for a system can be inserted sufficiently. The major improvements include determining the unbiased estimates of the system parameters by the deterministic convergence scheme, introducing the first derivative of the 1-AGO data of each associated series into the DGDMC(1, n) model to strengthen the indicative significance and evaluating the modelling 1-AGO data of the predicted series by the convolution integral. The indirect measurement of the tensile strength of a material for a higher temperature is adpoted for demonstration. The results show that the accuracy of indirect measurement is higher by the DGDMC(1, n) model than by the existing GM(1, n) model.