碳微线圈的合成、表征及形态研究

以镍为催化剂,在助剂噻吩的作用下,采用乙炔高温热解法合成了规则、均匀、具有双螺旋结构的碳微线圈.用同一次实验所得的产物,从水平与垂直两个方向研究了碳微线圈形态的变化与分布规律,并进一步通过改变反应器的结构做了比较实验,结合SEM,TEM,SAED和XRD等表征手段对这一规律进行分析研究.结果表明,反应气流的流向以及催化剂在反应过程中发生的物理和化学变化是导致碳微线圈形态变化的两个重要原因.另外,对碳微线圈的结构、生长机理以及噻吩的作用进行了初步研究.     

衍生多孔碳材料在固相微萃取中的应用研究进展

固相微萃取是一种集采样、萃取、富集和进样于一体的样品前处理技术,其萃取效果与涂层材料密切相关。多孔碳材料具有比表面积大、多孔结构可控、活性位点多和化学稳定性好等优点,广泛应用于电池、超级电容器、催化、吸附和分离等领域,也是一种热门的用作固相微萃取探针的涂层材料。衍生多孔碳材料因种类丰富、可设计性强被广泛研究,研究主要集中在对衍生多孔碳材料的结构优化方面。但是衍生多孔碳材料在固相微萃取中的应用还存在如下问题:(1)共价有机框架衍生多孔碳材料的制备已取得较大进展,但将其应用于固相微萃取领域的研究仍较少;(2)有待进一步明确制备出的衍生多孔碳材料用作固相微萃取涂层表现出优异提取能力的机理;(3)有待进一步深入研究将衍生多孔碳材料用作固相微萃取涂层以实现对不同物理化学性质污染物的广谱高灵敏度分析。文章综述了近3年衍生多孔碳材料在固相微萃取中的应用研究,并展望了未来衍生多孔碳材料在固相微萃取中的研究前景。引用文献共56篇,主要来源于Elsevier。     

二苯并-18-冠-6在交联聚乙烯醇微球表面的固载化

通过氯甲基化反应,将冠醚二苯并-18-冠-6(DBC)转变为氯甲基化的冠醚(CMDBC),使交联聚乙烯醇(CPVA)微球表面的羟基与CMDBC之间发生亲核取代反应,从而实现冠醚的固栽化,制得了固载有冠醚的功能微球DBC-CPVA.在建立了冠醚DBC固载量测定方法(溴百里香酚蓝-固相萃取法)的基础上,重点研究了主要因素对DBC固栽化过程的影响规律.结果表明:反应温度与溶剂性质对DBC在CPVA微球上的固载化反应有较大的影响,在70℃极性较强的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)溶剂中,可制得冠醚DBC固载量为1.72 mmol/g的DBC-CPVA功能微球.     

KBF4非等温固-固相变热性质的测定

利用DTA-TG和DSC热分析技术研究了无机塑晶材料KBF4固-固相变的热性能,测得转变温度为284.13℃,转变焓为105.73J/g.KBF4固-固相变的机理是随着温度的升高,晶体中离子键部分断裂,晶体逐渐由低对称的正交晶系向高对称立方晶系转变,并在这过程中,同时引入化学键的振动和转动无序,从而吸收大量的相变焓.     

铟掺杂氧化锌-氧化硅纳米电缆芯-壳异质结构的制备及表征

利用碳热还原反应气相沉积法制备了铟掺杂氧化锌-氧化硅纳米电缆芯-壳异质结构. X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)及X射线能谱(EDS)研究表明, 纳米电缆内芯为结晶完好的单晶纤锌矿结构, 外壳包覆一层氧化硅非晶层. 纳米电缆直径为30-60 nm, 长径比大于100. 掺杂纳米异质结构的生长机理与传统的金属晶种辅助气-液-固(VLS)机理有所不同. 这种掺杂纳米异质结构有望作为理想的结构单元应用于纳米器件领域.     

固相微萃取-气相色谱/同位素质谱法测定水中挥发性有机物单体碳同位素

建立了采用75μm碳分子筛/聚二甲基硅氧烷(CAR-PDMS)纤维的固相微萃取-气相色谱/同位素质谱联用方法测定水中挥发性有机污染物碳同位素。使用浸入式固相微萃取和顶空固相微萃取方法进行实验确定在低浓度条件下最佳δ13C测试方法。通过使用顶空固相微萃取前处理技术进行单体同位素分析分析灵敏度更高,应用CSIA技术对1,2-二氯乙烯,三氯乙烯,四氯化碳进行单体同位素分析,方法的检出限为70μg/L,与样本的标准偏差小于0.3‰。该法适用于水体中微量挥发性有机污染物的同位素组成测定。     

有序介孔碳涂层修饰固相微萃取纤维的制备及吸附性能研究

以酚醛树脂为碳源,三嵌段共聚物F127为软模板剂,制备了具有有序介孔碳涂层的固相微萃取纤维。氮气吸脱附表征表明,粉末介孔碳比表面积929 m2/g,平均孔径5.1 nm。利用气相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用技术,介孔碳涂层修饰的固相微萃取纤维对多种有机物萃取结果表明纤维对苯系物有较佳的萃取性能。介孔碳涂层是一种具有应用前景的新型固相微萃取涂层。     

中空纤维碳纳米管/正辛醇固-液协同微萃取机理及其应用

讨论了以中空纤维为载体的碳纳米管/正辛醇固-液协同微萃取机理,建立了中空纤维碳纳米管/正辛醇固-液协同微萃取-高效液相色谱法同时测定复杂样品中微量咖啡酸、阿魏酸和肉桂酸含量的方法.以2.5 cm长的聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维为碳纳米管正辛醇分散液载体,供相为分析物的HCl(pH 2.1)溶液,接受相为pH 12.7的NaOH溶液,在35℃下,搅拌萃取60 min,萃取液进行高效液相色谱紫外检测.在优化的实验条件下,分析物的线性范围均在0.05～50 μg/L,r＞0.9990 (n=5);检出限均为0.015μg/L;日内与日间精密度均小于9.8％(n=9),平均回收率为93.8％～115.2％;富集倍数分别为514,942和1084倍.在以中空纤维为支持体的碳纳米管/正辛醇微萃取中,碳纳米管/正辛醇分散液嵌入中空纤维管壁上的微孔中形成了碳纳米管/正辛醇固-液微萃取单元束,对苯丙烯酸类化合物起到协同萃取作用.     

多元气-液-固复杂体系相平衡

石油流体中含有气相、液相及可能遇到的固相包括水合物、石蜡和沥青质等,涉及多元气-液-固复杂体系的相平衡问题.为防止这些沉积物堵塞造成安全隐患,需要确定水合物、石蜡、沥青质沉积起始条件以及沉积量.本文针对化学热力学理论在含水合物、石蜡和沥青质的多元-多相平衡研究中的应用进行了综述.水合物相平衡模型较为成熟,主要有两类,其一为基于等温吸附理论的van der Waals-Platteeuw型热力学模型;其二为基于双过程水合物生成机理的Chen-Guo水合物热力学模型.石蜡沉积一般采用活度系数法、状态方程法及多固相模型描述.沥青质絮凝、沉积则可采用溶解度参数模型、状态方程法、胶体模型和标度理论模型进行计算.同时对多元气-液-固复杂体系的相平衡研究发展方向进行了展望.     

2,5-环己二烯酮类的固相光化学(I)

本文报道了4-甲基-4-苯基-2,5-环己二烯酮(A)的固相光化学反应,得 到与液相光化学反应不同的重排产物A~1和A~2.A~1的结构已确证为3-甲基-2-苯基酚,A~2为2-甲基-3-苯基酚.对A的固相光化学机理还进行了初步探讨.     

Shape‐Controlled Growth of Carbon Nanostructures: Yield and Mechanism

Carbon nanostructures with precisely controlled shapes are difficult materials to synthesize. A facet‐selective‐catalytic process was thus proposed to synthesize polymer‐linked carbon nanostructures with different shapes, covering straight carbon nanofiber, carbon nano Y‐junction, carbon nano‐hexapus, and carbon nano‐octopus. A thermal chemical vapor deposition process was applied to grow these multi‐branched carbon nanostructures at temperatures lower than 350 °C. Cu nanoparticles were utilized as the catalyst and acetylene as the reaction gas. The growth of those multi‐branched nanostructures was realized through the selective growth of polymer‐like sheets on certain indexed facets of Cu catalyst. The vapor–facet–solid (VFS) mechanism, a new growth mode, has been proposed to interpret such a growth in the steps of formation, diffusion, and coupling of carbon‐containing oligomers, as well as their final precipitation to form nanostructures on the selective Cu facets.     

漫反射付立叶红外光谱法研究二氧化碳的催化甲烷化

用漫反射付立叶红外光谱法（ＤＲＩＦＴ）研究了二氧化碳甲烷化催化剂Ｎｉ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３体系的表面物种及催化反应过程．结果表明：二氧化碳难以直接在催化剂表面发生吸附，而是通过与其它反应物的作用，生成含氧酸根类表面吸附物种，并以此为主要中间物进行下一步反应．含氧酸根类物种主要吸附于载体表面．一氧化碳不是反应的主要中间物，而仅作为一种副产物出现     

Production of Carbon Nanotubes over Pre‐reduced LaCoO3 by Using Fluidized‐bed Catalytic Reactor

A technique has been developed to grow carbon nanotubes by flowing acetylene over pre‐reduced LaCoO₃ catalyst in a fluidized‐bed catalytic reactor. Carbon nanotubes were characterized by means of SEM and TEM. The pre‐reduced LaCoO₃ catalyst was found to be effective in producing carbon nanotubes with even diameter. The effects of reduction temperature of LaCoO₃ on the growth of carbon nanotubes were investigated. This process can easily be scaled up.     

Trace carbon monoxide and hydrogen conversion prior to cryogenic distillation of air

Liquid Nitrogen is required in the semiconductor industry. This is generally produced by cryogenic distillation of air. However, trace levels of Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen need to be removed from Nitrogen prior to its use in the semiconductor industry. This may be accomplished by catalytic conversion of trace Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen to Carbon dioxide and Water, respectively. These impurities (Carbon dioxide and Water) are then removed by adsorption from air. The latest technology is to incorporate the catalytic conversion into adsorption based thermal swing pre-purification units, which are already used to remove Water and Carbon dioxide from air prior to its cryogenic distillation. Our experiments show that even though Hydrogen is converted to Water by a catalytic reaction, presence of Carbon dioxide in this stream significantly lowers the performance of the catalyst by as much as five-fold. Also, Hydrogen removal by the novel metal Pd catalyst does not follow a typical catalyst behavior but an adsorption breakthrough type behavior, i.e. for a constant inlet concentration the outlet concentration of Hydrogen breaks through at some time and then increases with time. On the other hand, Carbon monoxide conversion on a Hopcalite type catalyst follows typical catalyst behavior, i.e. for a constant inlet concentration the outlet concentration of Carbon monoxide is constant and does not change with time. Experimental data demonstrating these effects followed by a theoretical explanation are presented.     

Role of Co-catalyst components in carbon monoxide-assisted acetylene hydropolymerization

The carbon monoxide-assisted interaction of acetylene with hydrogen over cobalt catalysts was studied. The role of particular components of the catalyst was revealed. The influence of the compositions of both the initial gas and the catalytic system on the yield and composition of liquid hydrocarbons was studied. The mechanism of the process was investigated by IR-spectroscopy, pulse chromatography, and the radiochemical method. It was proposed that acetylene adsorbed on the support is polymerized with the participation of hydrogen, whereas acetylene adsorbed on the metal takes part in hydrogenation and hydrocracking processes. Carbon monoxide creates additional active sites for the growth of hydrocarbon chains.     

Synergistic effects of potassium promoter and carbon fibers on direct synthesis of isobutanol from syngas over Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts obtained from hydrotalcite-like compounds

The Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalysts (CuZnAl) can be utilized to directly synthesize higher alcohols from syngas under mild conditions. Carbon fibers (CFs) are widely used as a catalyst supporter, and potassium is usually used as a good electron assistant for charge transfer to the active phase of the catalyst. However, little is known about the combined effects of CFs and potassium on Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalysts. In this work, the CuZnAl catalysts supported on activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were prepared by a co-precipitation method, and then the catalysts were modified by potassium. The catalytic performances of K-modified CuZnAl and composites containing ACFs and CuZnAl were evaluated. Addition of ACFs and/or potassium increased CO conversion and selectivity for isobutanol compared with pure CuZnAl. All the samples were characterized by BET, XRD, SEM–EDS, CO–TPD, and Raman spectroscopy to further disclose the reason for better catalytic performance of the catalysts with ACFs and/or potassium. We found that addition of ACFs or potassium promotes moderate CO adsorption and formation of the active phase (CuO/ZnO solid solution) during alcohol synthesis, which facilitates synthesis of higher alcohols and CO conversion. As a result, ACFs and potassium exhibited synergistic effects on improvement of CO conversion and selectivity for isobutanol.     

Iron Oxide Supported on Al2O3 Catalyst for Methane Decomposition Reaction: Effect of MgO Additive and Calcination Temperature

Production of hydrogen is a challenging task and have significant impact in the recent scenario. The alumina supported iron oxide nanoparticle synthesized using non‐ionic surfactant Triton‐X was found very effective for steady production of hydrogen through methane decomposition reaction. The high surface area, easily reducible catalyst calcined at 500 °C and 800 °C temperature showed steady activity towards methane decomposition reaction. At a higher reaction temperature there was catalyst deactivation. The doping of MgO facilitated particle growth rendering the poor catalytic activity. The TPR study showed that reducibility of TPR was difficult in presence of MgO additive. The formation of Fe? Mg? Al solid solution confirmed by XRD study was found mainly responsible for the lower catalytic activity. The bamboo‐shaped carbon nanotube formed from 20 % Fe/Al₂O₃ catalyst which is mainly because of the poor wetting property of quasi‐liquid metal and carbon nanotube.     

气凝胶催化剂上甲烷裂解制备的碳纳米管结构特征

采用XRD、TGA、SEM、TEM、 Raman光谱等多种表征手段,考察了Al2O3气凝胶催化剂上甲烷裂解生长的碳纳米管的结构特征.制得的碳纳米管形态单一,为管径均匀、管壁光滑的中空纳米管,平均直径在10～20 nm.碳纳米管的比表面积较大,具有较强的抗氧化能力,其结构的长程有序度较石墨低.由碳纳米管的Raman光谱分析可知,碳纳米管存在碳层缺陷和无定形碳.当反应温度升高或甲烷浓度下降时,碳纳米管石墨化程度逐渐提高.     

四氯化碳液相催化加氢反应动力学的研究

氯氟烃的生产工艺中 ,甲烷氯化生产甲烷氯化物是其中重要的一步 ,因此必然伴有大量的四氯化碳生成。由于氯氟烃和四氯化碳的臭氧破坏系数(ＯＤＰ)值比较高[1] ,为了保护人类赖以生存的环境 ,根据“蒙特利尔公约”规定 ,我国目前已经禁止出口四氯化碳 ,对氯氟烃的出口也采取了许可证制度 ,并进行限制生产 ,准备逐步淘汰 ,因此对于大量四氯化碳和氯氟烃的处理成了人们普遍关注的一个重要问题。目前把大量的四氯化碳和氯氟烃转化为相应消耗臭氧指数较低的化合物则是比较现实的途径 ,选择性催化加氢脱氯就是其中一种有效的方法。四氯化碳催化加…