Local Least-squares Photoelastic Solutions at Stress Concentrations—Part I

Experimental Techniques -     

一种光弹性法确定应力强度因子的简便方法

在考虑远场非奇异应力σａｘ影响的基础上,建立了Ⅰ－Ⅱ混合型裂纹问题应力强度因子Ｋ１、ＫⅡ与等差线条纹图上点的极坐标间的非线性方程,为确定ＫⅠ、ＫⅡ及σａ,本文将θ＝０及θ＝π／２两级轴与两级不同条纹交点的坐标代入方程,从而得到了一种光强弹性法确定Ⅰ－Ⅱ混合型裂纹问题应力强度因子的简便方法。作为实例,本文一了环树脂及聚碳酸脂材料在不同载荷、不同裂纹条件下的应力强度因子,并将所得结果与相应的理论计算值     

光弹性五参数法确定Ⅰ-Ⅱ混合型裂纹应力强度因子

在考虑远场非奇异应力σax、σoy、τ0影响的基础上,建立了Ⅰ-Ⅱ混合型裂纹应力强度因子与等差线条纹上点的极坐标间的非线性方程,为通过该方程确定应力强度因子,将θ=0及θ=π/2两极轴与三等差线条纹交点的坐标先后代入方程,并利用差分法得到了一种光弹性法确定Ⅰ-Ⅱ混合型裂纹应力强度因子的五参数法。作为实例,本文测定了环氧树脂及聚碳酸酯在不同载荷、不同裂纹条件下的应力强度因子,并将所得结果与相应的理论计算值及三参数法的结果进行了比较,发现本文提出的五参数法确定Ⅰ-Ⅱ混合型裂纹应力强度因子的方法,充分反映了远场非奇异应力的影响,所得结果精度较高。     

复合弹模光弹模型中粘结约束应力的消除方法

本文对变弹性模量三维光弹地质体模型中的粘结约束应力进行了分析和讨论。同时,提出了两种消除变弹模光弹模型中粘结约束应力的方法。本文对变弹性模量三维光弹性实验的应用和发展具有一定的参考价值。     

颅脑受撞击时的动态光弹性应力分析

对模拟人颅脑的矢状面、冠状面光弹性模型，在５个不同位置分别施加相同的撞击载荷，获得了应力波在其中的传播和分布规律，给出了应力集中的部位及其数值，为分析颅脑损伤机理提供了若干实验依据。     

用光弹性方法研究厚壁压力容器内表面裂纹的应力强度因子

本文针对三维裂纹纹尖的应力状态及裂纹表面均匀受压的情况，用应力函数法导出了纹尖近区域应力级数解；用光弹性方法测定厚壁压力容器内表面沿９０°（纵方向），５７°，４１°，２７°，０°（横方向）布置的圆形裂纹应力强度因子Ｋ１，ＫⅡ和ＫⅢ的分布，在光弹分析中引入了二阶非奇异项，并在数据处理中采用了阻尼最小二乘法以获得精度较高的解。     

边界元法与光弹性实验相结合的应力分析法

本文介绍了边界无法与光弹性实验相结合进行应力分析的方法。叙述了用边界无法求解主应力的基本原理。结合光弹性实验等差线条纹图,可分离出主应力。     

Stress intensity factors for two offset parallel circular cracks: Part II — Semi-infinite solid

With the aid of the formulation in [1] (R. Muki, Progress in Solid Mechanics (North-Holland, 1961)) for general three-dimensional asymmetric problems and the superposition principle, Part II of this work makes use of the method in Part I (G.A.C. Graham and Q. Lan, J. Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech. 20, 207–225 (1994) [2]) to examine the interaction of arbitrarily located penny-shaped cracks in an infinite elastic solid to the case of a semi-infinite solid. As in Part I for the infinite body, the problem of a semi-infinite solid containing two penny-shaped cracks is reduced to a system of Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. These integral equations are then solved for some special cases when cracks are far apart and far away from the boundary. Some asymptotic solutions are presented and comparisons are made with the results for the special case where there is only one crack under axisymmetric loading.     

Time-Averaged Photoelastic Stress Analysis of the Ultrasonic Wave in a Strip

In this paper, a digital photoelastic system was employed to observe the stress distribution generated by an ultrasonic wave impinged at the edge of a strip. According to the classical photoelastic theory, gray level distribution of the photoelastic fringe patterns was formulated and expressed in the form of , where J₀ is the zeroth-order Bessel function. This new technique is called the time-averaged photoelastic method. To verify the proposed method, the distribution of was superimposed onto the distribution of gray level of the experimentally obtained photoelastic fringe pattern caused by standing wave only. Except regions near the center of fringes, well-matched results were found.     

贴片光弹性应力分离的一种新方法

本文介绍了在贴片光弹测试中分离主应力的一种新方法.它是借助于一种电容传感器,通过测定主应变之和从而达到分离主应力的目的.     

Photoelastic Analysis of the Effects of Tooth Position on Apical Stress

The anatomical form of the teeth and the density of the base bone differ greatly at different tooth positions. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the effect of tooth position variation on the apical occlusal stress because it would be helpful to understand the mechanism of occusal force transduction along the mandible. Epoxy resin models of seven different occlusal types set up with identical plastic teeth were employed to determine the stress directions and magnitudes in the apical area under 2.0 Kg of vertical load. Both the values and directions of the main stress were measured. Our results indicated that variation of the tooth position had no effect on the directions of principle stress around the apex area in the symmetrical occlusal type. For the asymmetrical occlusal type, the mesio-distal and the lingual-buccal directions of anterior teeth were found to be affected by variations in tooth position. The magnitude of the apical main stress was also apparently altered with changes of tooth position, but the differences were insignificant with occlusal types. Therefore, we conclude that variation in the tooth position could affect the direction of the main apical stress when the symmetry of the occlusion type was also involved. In contrast, the apical stress magnitude was much more related to tooth position than to occlusal symmetry.     

Photoelastic Stress Analysis by Use of Hybrid Technique and Fringe Phase Shifting Method

0Introduction Photoelasticityisanopticalmeasurementmethodforstressanalysis.Itcanperformwhole field measurementduetotwo dimensionalsignalprocessingoflight.Alsoitcanperformnon contact measurementbecauseoftransmissionorreflectionoflightonaspecimen.Photoelast…     

扁挤压筒的挤压力及应力场的光弹性分析

扁挤压筒是挤压大型铝壁板的重要工具，也是关键技术之一。与圆挤压筒相比，由于扁挤压筒型腔的线型特殊，理论计算相当困难，很难有精确的理论解。同时，非中心对称的型腔使挤压力的分布也不均匀，使得以均匀分布挤压力作为边界条件的数值计算产生了相应的误差，也使理论计算更加困难。本文制作了1：18的环氧树脂扁挤压筒整体模型，用低弹模的环氧树脂材料作挤压材料模拟挤压工况并将应力加以“冻结”，然后通过光弹性实验研究分析了挤压筒挤压时挤压力的分布特点以及筒体内部的应力场情况。结果分析得出：挤压力沿型腔高度大体上是均匀分布的，但沿型腔周向有着明显的变化；并在型腔的长轴位置出现应力集中。该实验结果为扁挤压筒的强度计算及结构设计提供了参考依据，也与数值分析解起到相互佐证的作用。如果把扁挤压筒的受力模型简化成中间带椭圆孔的无限大平面的弹性力学模型，理论最大应力值与实验结果比较接近。     

Phase-Multiplied Photoelastic and Series Interferometer Arrangement for Full-Field Stress Measurement in Single Crystals

A compact, phase-multiplied, circular polariscope and series interferometer arrangement is developed for high-resolution, full-field stress measurement in single crystals with weak piezo-optical coefficients. We present a general stress-optic law, derived from anisotropic piezo-optical constitutive relations, which provides the theoretical framework for obtaining stress field components from measured optical isoclinic, isochromatic and isopachic phase maps. A new phase image processing technique is also developed, which combines data obtained from different interference configurations for the successful removal of low-modulation zones within isoclinic and isopachic phase maps. The validity and accuracy of the proposed interferometer arrangement and stress measurement methodology are demonstrated through a compression test of a c-cut single crystal sapphire plate loaded by a cylindrical indenter.     

裂纹尖端应变能密度因子的光测方法研究

断裂力学中的应变能密度因子理论正确地表述Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型和混合型的断裂问题,可以用来判断裂纹开裂和开裂方向.本文利用普通光弹性和全息光弹性的方法测取了裂纹尖端处的应变能密度因子和裂纹将要开裂时的方向.测取的开裂方向与实验的结果相符.     

Breakage mechanics—Part II: Modelling granular materials

The compression of granular materials has been traditionally modelled with the limitations of classical elasto-plasticity. The energy was implicitly assumed to dissipate from the frictional interaction of particles. However, the fact that brittle granular materials crush suggests that energy must also be dissipated from the fracturing of the grains, as in fracture mechanics. The concept of breakage as a thermomechanical internal variable was introduced in Part I [Einav, I., 2006. Breakage mechanics—Part I: theory. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 00,000-000] to describe the fracturing mechanisms. The theory allows to treat ideal theoretical materials that undergo dissipation purely from breakage with no other mechanism allowed for the energy consumption. However, as accounted for in elasto-plasticity, dissipation must also occur from the frictional rearrangement of grains. The combination of the two dissipative mechanisms of breakage and plasticity must therefore be investigated, as we do in this paper. Those two mechanisms are generally coupled, in the sense that one inevitably appears when the other develops. Plastic dissipation emerges as a by-product of breakage dissipation because after grains crush, local rearrangement must occur. This scenario may be termed an ‘active breakage mechanism’, and typifies compression deformations. In shear the plastic dissipation is dominant but breakage appears inevitably from grains abrasion. This scenario may be called a ‘passive breakage mechanism’. Based on the coupling assumption, models are developed for granular materials. In particular, we show that in compression isotropic hardening of sands may appear without involving plastic strains, i.e., independent of frictional dissipation. This interpretation of hardening is different from the one used in classical critical state soil mechanics. However, frictional dissipation leads to plastic straining that are necessary for the models to be predictive in unloading.     

应力偶流体的精确解

应力偶流体是一种粘性介质,其中悬浮着刚性的、随机排列的粒子,在科学和工程技术、医疗临床中具有广泛的应用背景和现实意义.本文采用逆方法研究并获得了应力偶流体的定常和非定常精确解.所得结果表明应力偶流体运动特性不仅依赖于物质粘性常数,而且强烈地依赖于应力偶流体特有的与固体颗粒尺度有关的物性常数.这些精确解为实验,数值以及渐近解的检验提供了借鉴和参考.     

斜拉桥塔锚固区光弹性应力分析与等倾线图像处理

本文采用光弹性冻结应力法，对独塔斜拉桥塔锚固区进行了应力分析，给出了有关截面的边界应力分布及主应力迹线，从而为优化工程设计提供了重要的参考依据。本文还提出了一种新的提取等倾线的方法──图像对数增强相减法，实现了等倾线与等差线条纹的分离，同时使条纹得到了细化，提高了处理等倾线的速度与准确度。编制了自动绘制主应力迹线的程序，利用它绘制了桥塔截面的次主应力迹线。