On the relation between momentum and velocity for elementary systems

We investigate how the quantum mechanical position operator can be defined for elementary systems so that the connection, postulated by the special theory of relatively, between velocity (the time derivative of the position) and momentum remains valid.     

On the momentum distribution in Bose fluids

We comment on some properties of the momentum distribution in an interacting Bose fluid and its relation to the average kinetic energy per particle within the hypernetted chain approach.     

On the connection between energy velocity, reverberation time and angular momentum

The decay of a steady acoustic field in an enclosure is studied both theoretically and experimentally. Our main result is that the initial part of any local sound decay is driven by an exponential function of time whose rate constant is equal in modulus to the inverse of the mean energy velocity divergence. This is empirically demonstrated by experimental analysis of both 1-D and 3-D case studies, thus showing that the reverberation time is strictly connected with the sound energy velocity field and can be determined from its differential properties. A further property of the mean energy velocity is found: it is related not only with the reverberation time, but also with the angular momentum density and with the non-uniform distribution of energy.     

Direct measurement of the barycentric velocity of a plasma by time of flight

A simple apparatus is described which, when coupled to a mass spectrometer, enables measurement of the barycentric velocity of a plasma by time of flight. The results are discussed from experimental and theoretical standpoints and the absence of perturbation is proved.     

On dynamics of velocity vector potential in incompressible fluids

An elegant quaternionic formulation is given for the Lagrangian advection equation for velocity vector potential in fluid dynamics. At first we study the topological significance of a restricted conserved quantity viz., stream-helicity and later more realistic configuration of open streamlines is figured out. Also, using Clebsch parameterisation of the velocity vector potential yet another physical significance for the stream-helicity is provided. Finally we give a Nambu-Poisson formalism of the Lagrangian advection equation for velocity vector potential.     

Fluctuating velocity and momentum transfer in dense granular flows

We show experimentally that in a free-surface granular flow the fluctuating velocity brings about momentum transfer at a considerable rate only very close to the free surface. Away from the free surface, where the flow is dense and stratified (or laminar), the fluctuating velocity plays no prominent dynamic role and stems passively from a kinematic constraint: The strata of particles must shake laterally as they slip past one another in the direction of the mean flow. Based on this insight, we formulate a simple model for the fluctuating velocity of dense granular flows. The predictions of the model agree well with our experimental measurements.     

Light scattering from fluids. A semi-phenomenological calculation of the coupling constants between the orientational and translational motion

The coupling parameters X and Z between translational and orientational motions, which determine the lineshapes of the VH and HH depolarized light scattering spectra respectively, are calculated. By using a simple model that explains the connection between rotational and translational motions, it is shown that X and Z are proportional to k²η_r/ρ. The correct order of magnitude of the proportionality coefficient is obtained.     

关于“滴状冷凝中液滴内外压强差及临界半径”的评注

从力学和热力学角度简要证明了滴状冷凝时壁面球冠形液滴内外压强差不同于冷凝器内部球 形液滴的内外压强差，并指出有关文献对壁面自由能增量的理解存在概念上的混乱。 关键词： 滴状冷凝 压差 自由能     

Sonic velocity in holographic fluids and its applications

Gravity/fluid correspondence acts as an important tool in investigating the strongly correlated fluids.We carefully investigate the holographic fluids at the finite cutoff surface by considering different boundary conditions in the scenario of gravity/fluid correspondence. We find that the sonic velocity of the boundary fluids at the finite cutoff surface is critical in clarifying the superficial similarity between the bulk viscosity and perturbation of the pressure for the holographic fluid, where we set a special boundary condition at the finite cutoff surface to explicitly express this superficial similarity. Moreover, we further take the sonic velocity into account to investigate a case with a more general boundary condition. In this more genaral case, although two parameters in the first order stress tensor of holographic fluid cannot be fixed, one can still extract the information about the transport coefficients by considering the sonic velocity seriously.     

On the momentum of quasi-monochromatic waves in a plasma

The formulae for the momentum of quasi-monochromatic wave packets of transverse and longitudinal waves in a plasma without a magnetic field are derived including the terms of the second order in the amplitude of the electromagnetic field. The well-known increase of the momentum of the transverse wave penetrating into the plasma is given by the momentum (transported with the group velocity of the wave) of the averaged motion of the plasma. The laws of energy and momentum conservation lead simply to some results of the theory of the wave decay.Nademlýnská 600, Praha 9, Czechoslovakia.The authors thank K. Jungwirth for valuable discussions.     

灵敏电流计线圈运动时电磁动量与机械动量的转化

依照场的观点,分析灵敏电流计线圈在临界阻尼、过阻尼和欠阻尼三种运动中电磁动量与机械动量的转化情况.由于电磁动量正比于线圈偏转时的角位移,使难以测量的电磁动量成为宏观上的可测量.     

On the difference between proton and neutron spin-orbit splittings in nuclei

The latest experimental data on nuclei at ¹³²Sn permit us for the first time to determine the spin-orbit splittings of neutrons and protons in identical orbits in this neutron-rich doubly magic region and compare the case to that of ²⁰⁸Pb. Using the new results, which are now consistent for the two neutron-rich doubly magic regions, a theoretical analysis defines the isotopic dependence of the mean-field spin-orbit potential and leads to a simple explicit expression for the difference between the spin-orbit splittings of neutrons and protons. The isotopic dependence is explained in the framework of different theoretical approaches. Received: 13 February 2002 / Accepted: 20 February 2002     

On the possible connection between renormalization-groups and nonlinear semi-groups

Some algebraic properties of the renormalization-group (RNG) are studied using the nonlinear semi-group theory. The RNG is defined in an axiomatic manner as a bounded nonlinear semi-group on an abstract Banach space. Perturbations of the fixed point of RNG and the problem of marginality are investigated using a hierarchy of nonlinear semi-groups.     

Effect of the translational velocity of active particles on the properties of a photon echo

The photon echo method was used to detect an increase in the relaxation rate in the vibrational-rotational transition of fluoromethane in ¹³CH₃F gas and a ¹³CH₃F-argon mixture upon an increase in the velocity of active particles. For a photon echo in the 0–1 transition in a Yb + Xe mixture, the dependence of the relaxation parameters on the direction of the translational velocity of Yb leads to qualitative changes and a collision photon echo arises.     

Difference between a photon's momentum and an atom's recoil

When an atom absorbs a photon from a laser beam that is not an infinite plane wave, the atom's recoil is less than variant Planck's k in the propagation direction. We show that the recoils in the transverse directions produce a lensing of the atomic wave functions, which leads to a frequency shift that is not discrete but varies linearly with the field amplitude and strongly depends on the atomic state detection. The same lensing effect is also important for microwave atomic clocks. The frequency shifts are of the order of the naive recoil shift for the transverse wave vector of the photons.