超细粉体制备Nd:Y2O3透明陶瓷

采用碳酸氢铵为沉淀剂合成了碱式碳酸钇沉淀前驱体,研究了的前躯体的煅烧工艺对氧化钇粉体性能及烧结氧化钇陶瓷组织、致密化行为以及透光率的影响。在1000℃煅烧6 h获得的超细粉体,经过在氢气介质中1750℃保温3 h烧结后,获得组织均匀,无残余气孔,透光率高的氧化钇陶瓷。     

制备工艺对超细氧化钪透明陶瓷粉体性能的影响

以六次甲基四胺为沉淀剂,研究了不同液相反应温度、陈化时间、洗涤方式及煅烧温度对超细氧化钪粉体性能的影响。在液相反应温度为20和80℃均合成出絮状的前驱沉淀物,前躯体的晶化程度和煅烧产物的粒度均随着反应温度的提高而增加。在陈化溶液环境中,随着陈化时间的增加,粒子逐渐均匀长大。只用水洗涤的粉体产生了轻微团聚的现象,经水-无水乙醇洗涤的粉体分散性得到改善,而用水-无水乙醇-丙酮洗涤的颗粒分散更好。煅烧产物的尺寸随着煅烧温度的提高而增加。     

低温烧成YAG用前驱体碳酸钇铝铵的合成

以Al(NO_3)_3,Y(NO_3)_3为原料,NH_4HCO_3为沉淀剂,利用共沉淀法制备了能够在较低煅烧温度下形成纯YAG相的前驱体碳酸钇铝铵粉体。采用红外光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电镜等技术对不同沉淀条件下所得沉淀的组成和过滤性能以及烧成YAG粉体的相纯度和颗粒特征进行了表征。研究了温度、加料方式、陈化和搅拌时间等条件对过滤效率和颗粒表面电位的影响。结果表明:采用简单的将钇铝混合硝酸盐溶液加入到NH_4HCO_3溶液中的反向沉淀法,可以获得易于过滤的碳酸钇铝铵无定型沉淀。这种无定型碳酸钇铝铵前驱体在高温煅烧下形成纯YAG相所需的温度比陈化后的结晶碳酸钇铝前驱体要低200℃。在1100℃下煅烧2 h所得产物为直径在60 nm左右的类球形均匀颗粒。     

液相共沉淀法制备Y3Fe5O12(YIG)超细粉体

以高纯Y2O3,FeCl2·4H2O为原料,用NH3·H2O为沉淀剂,利用液相共沉淀法制备了超细YIG前驱体,经过洗涤、干燥,前驱体在1100 ℃煅烧得到了高纯、颗粒分布均匀的纳米级YIG超细粉体,并就影响粉体性能的诸因素: 滴定终点的pH值,煅烧温度,保温时间等进行了讨论.通过TG-DTA,XRD,SEM等分析手段进行分析,找到了制备具有良好烧结性的YIG超细粉体的最佳工艺条件.     

碳酸氢铵沉淀法制备氧化钇粉体时反应条件对产物粒度的影响

研究了碳酸氢铵沉淀法的反应条件对氧化钇粒度的影响,探讨了粒度变化规律。发现在沉淀反应中,晶型碳酸钇铵的形成与否是影响氧化钇粒度的关键因素。在较低的反应温度下,当碳酸氢铵和氯化钇的浓度大于0.25mol·L-1,摩尔比大于5,陈化时间大于60min时得到碳酸钇铵沉淀,经煅烧可获得粒度(D50)大于1μm的氧化钇。当反应物浓度较低、摩尔比小,陈化时间较短时得到无定型碳酸钇沉淀,煅烧沉淀可获得粒度(D50)小于0.5μm的氧化钇。实验证明选择适当的沉淀反应条件,可制备D50在0.3～10μm范围内的不同粒度级别的氧化钇粉体。     

Lu2O3和Lu2O3:Eu3+单分散球形粉体合成及其荧光性能研究

以Lu(NO3)3和尿素为原料,采用均相沉淀法合成镥盐前驱体,研究Lu3+浓度、尿素/Lu3+摩尔比R对前驱体形貌的影响。结果表明,在反应温度为95℃时,低Lu3+浓度有利于单分散球形粉体的合成,并且适当的调整R值可将单分散球形颗粒尺寸控制在180～270 nm之间。在此基础之上,研究Eu3+掺杂Lu2O3单分散球形荧光粉体的合成,探讨了Eu3+的掺杂量(1%,3%,5%,7%,9%(原子分数))及煅烧温度(600～1200℃)对颗粒形貌及其荧光性能的影响。结果表明,Eu3+的掺杂使所得(Lu,Eu)盐前驱体颗粒尺寸远小于单纯的Lu盐前驱体,且Eu含量对荧光粉的荧光强度有着显著的影响,荧光淬灭浓度为5%。在考察的煅烧温度范围内,荧光粉的荧光强度随煅烧温度的提升而增强。     

共沉淀法制备YAG粉体影响因素研究

采用共沉淀法制备出性能良好的YAG(Y3A12(A1O4)3)纳米粉,对前驱体及不同温度下煅烧后的粉体进行差热、红外光谱、X射线衍射、比表面积和透射电镜等分析。结果表明:YAG粉体大小均匀,近似球形,且随着煅烧温度的升高,其颗粒逐渐变大,当温度达到1000℃时粉体全部为纯YAG立方相。随着母盐溶液(Y(NO3)3+Al(NO3)3)浓度的降低颗粒逐渐减少,并且粉体中YAM(Y4A12O9),Y2O3等相转化为纯YAG立方相。     

碳酸氢氨沉淀法制备超细球化二氧化铈粉体

用碳酸氢氨均匀沉淀制备超细球化二氧化铈粉体。当烧结温度在400～700℃时用XRD分析，CeO2粉体尺寸为lO～100nm；用颗粒仪测得团聚体尺寸约为300nm；用SEM，TG—DTA和Zeta分析仪分析研究了CeO2晶体及形成过程，在沉淀法制取球化CeO2粉体过程中，NH4NO3起到球化剂的作用。     

Sr(Ce_(0.6)Zr_(0.4))_(1-x)Y_xO_3质子电解质的合成研究

采用Pechini法合成了Sr(Ce_(0.6)Zr_(0.4))_(1-x)Y_xO_3(SCZY,x=0.10, 0.15, 0.20)电解质粉体,将所制粉体模压成型后在1450℃煅烧10 h得到固体电解质。采用XRD研究掺杂量和煅烧温度对粉体相纯度的影响,通过SEM观察粉体和电解质的微观结构,用电化学阻抗谱法测量电解质的电性能。结果表明:1000℃煅烧后的SCZY粉体(x=0.15)为纯的钙钛矿相,粉体晶粒尺寸随煅烧温度升高而明显长大。高速球磨能有效改善粉体的团聚情况,得到亚微米粉体,由此压制的质子电解质更加致密,没有微孔等缺陷, 800℃的电导率为7.94×10~(-3) S·cm~(-1)。     

Nd:GSAG纳米粉体的合成、晶体结构及光谱

采用共沉淀法,以NH4OH为沉淀剂制备了1％(原子分数)Nd3+:Gd3 Se2 Al3 O12前驱体,并在不同的温度下对前驱体进行煅烧.用X射线衍射(XRD)和红外光谱(FT-IR)技术对前驱体及煅烧后粉体的结构、微观形貌进行了研究.结果表明,前驱体在1000℃下煅烧n获得纯GSAG多晶相粉体.用X射线衍射宽化法估算粉体的平均晶粒尺寸为25 nm.通过X射线粉末衍射,用Rietveld全谱拟合方法对晶体结构进行了精修,得到1000℃下煅烧所得Nd:GSAG粉体的晶胞参数为a=b=c=1.24164(5)nm,α=β=y=90°.在室温下,测定了激发波长为808m的发射谱和检测波长为942 nm的激发谱.另外,测定了 942和1064 nm处的荧光衰减曲线,并用单指数函数进行了拟合,得到对应的荧光寿命分别为0.529和0.512 ms.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。