近阈值下He原子的双电子电离实验中出射电子研究

利用适用于低能电子入射的反应显微成像谱仪，对电子入射He原子近阈值下的双电离过程进行了研究，实验测量了反应后3个粒子的全部动量，获得了出射电子间的关联信息.主要介绍近阈值下的双电离实验装置及实验技术，集中分析反应后出射电子的动量能量关系，对描述近阈值双电离的Wannier理论进行了检验，发现在入射电子能量为106eV时，实验结果具有Wannier理论预言的性质.     

Secondary electron emission from thin carbon films

For the purpose of investigating how secondary electrons are produced in carbon, the correlation between energy-loss events and secondary electrons was studied experimentally by using the coincidence method. If a secondary electron is detected in coincidence with an electron transmitted through a thin film which has lost an amount of energy E, then the process causing this energy loss results in the production of secondary electrons. We established the existence of these coincidences and have taken inelastic and coincidence spectra for films of different thickness. We found that in carbon secondary electrons are predominantly produced as a result of energy losses of about 20 eV, with an efficiency of about 5%. The escape depth of secondary electrons was also estimated to be approximately 30 Å.     

低能He~(2+)与He原子碰撞转移电离出射电子能谱研究

利用反应显微成像谱仪对70和100keV He2+与He原子碰撞转移电离(TI)过程中不同出射角度的电子能谱进行了测量,观测到出射电子能谱具有如下分布特征:出射电子速度分布介于0和入射离子速度vp之间;在不同出射角度电子能谱分布均有一极大值存在,随着出射角度的增大,能谱分布极大值逐渐减小;当电子出射角度等于45°时,多数电子集中在0eV附近。上述特征可由低能离子-原子碰撞"准分子"模型进行定性解释。在100keV He2+-He转移电离出射电子能谱中有靶电子被俘获至散射离子连续态(electron capture to continuum,简称ECC)电子的贡献,这可看做是动力学两步过程的作用。     

Multiphoton ionization and EM field gradient forces

Measurements are reported of the energy of electrons ejected by multiphoton ionization of N₂ and Ar. Electrons with energy > 160 eV were found and the angular distribution using plane polarized light was anisotropic, at least for low electron energies. The data is interpreted in terms of multiphoton ionization followed by acceleration of free electrons by an EM field gradient force.     

低能电子穿越绝缘体微孔膜动力学过程研究

采用二维位置灵敏的微通道板探测器对能量为1500 eV的低能电子束穿过孔径为400 nm、未经照射过的的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)微孔膜后的全角分布以及时间演化进行了测量,同时采用自制的积分式能谱测量装置测量了穿透电子的能量分布。实验结果表明:在充电阶段,当入射电子束束流较弱时,透射电子强度随充电时间逐渐上升;充电过程中,透射电子的角分布宽度由小变大,但是角分布中心基本不随膜的倾角移动。对出射电子达到平衡态时的电子能谱的测量表明,穿透电子的能量保持着入射时的能量。对于理解电子在绝缘体微孔中的传输给出了新的实验证据,给出了可能形成“导向效应”的微孔内部电场的条件。     

“Photoelectron” spectroscopy by electron impact coincidence measurements of scattered and ejected electrons in CO

The relative intensities for ionization to the lowest three electronic states of CO⁺ have been obtained by detecting forward scattered 3.5 keV electrons in coincidence with electrons ejected at 90°. Data are reported for energy losses of the projectile electron in the range of 18–50 eV. A simple relation is derived between our data, photoelectron intensities and the angular anisotropy parameter β. This relation appears to be fulfilled satisfactorily for a (photon) energy of 21.2 eV, for which photoelectron intensities and β are available.     

The angular distribution of the 3p electrons and the partial cross section of the 3s electrons of argon from threshold to 70 eV

The angular distribution parameter β has been measured for the argon 3p electrons in the energy range 0–70 eV above threshold using a synchrotron light source. The absolute photoionization cross section of argon 3s electrons has also been determined in the 0–60 eV region above threshold. Both sets of data are compared with recent theoretical calculations which include electron correlation effects.     

Eine Gegenfeldanordnung zur Messung von Energie- und Winkelverteilungen gestreuter Elektronen

In a previous paper direct electron-intensity measurements in Debye-Scherrer diagrams of aluminium have been described. A retarding field apparatus was used for investigations into the influence of crystal size and electron energy (15 to 50 keV) on the elastic diffraction intensities. The validity range of the kinematical theory could be determined. By means of a retarding field the inelastically scattered electrons were separated from the elastically scattered electrons (energy loss below 2 eV). In this paper the retarding field apparatus by which scattering intensities can be measured with good accuracy (≈ 2%) is described in detail. It is compared with other arrangements for the measurements of angular and energy distributions of scattered electrons.     

Measurements of double differential cross sections in electron impact ionization of helium and argon

Double differential cross sections (angular distributions and energy loss spectra) have been measured of electrons after ionizing electron collisions with helium at primary energiesE ₀ between 25 eV and about 260 eV and with argon atE ₀=75, 150 and 200 eV. The spectra have been measured with an energy analyzing collector system of constant transmission. It was found that for high collision energies (E ₀≧ 80 eV) the outgoing electrons belong to one of the two energetically well separated groups, either thefast electrons, which are scattered mainly in forward direction or theslow electrons which are distributed isotropically into all angles. At low primary energiesE ₀ no separation into groups is possible. Several findings indicate the qualitative applicability of the binary collision model.     

Separation of angular and energy relaxations of nonequilibrium electrons in a solid

We demonstrate that the collision integral of the kinetic equation for the interaction of hot electrons with phonons can be split into substantially different parts that correspond to elastic and inelastic collisions. In particular, this applies to electrons with energies of about 1 eV that propagate in semiconductors. The difference in the characteristic energy and momentum relaxation times makes it possible to separate the angular and energy relaxation processes. If the differential cross section of elastic scattering depends, not on the scattering angle, but on the directions of incident and scattered electrons (which is observed, e.g., for the interaction of an electron with piezoelectric lattice vibrations in A^IIIB^V compounds), the Laplacian in the equation that describes the spatial and energy distributions of electrons can be replaced by an elliptical operator; i.e., the electron diffusion turns out to be anisotropic.     

Probing the electronic structure of ZnO nanowires by valence electron energy loss spectroscopy

Valence electron energy loss spectroscopy in a transmission electron microscope is employed to investigate the electronic structure of ZnO nanowires with diameter ranging from 20 to 100 nm. Its excellent spatial resolution enables this technique to explore the electronic states of a single nanowire. We found that all of the basic electronic structure characteristics of the ZnO nanowires, including the 3.3 eV band gap, the single electron interband transitions at approximately = 9.5, approximately = 13.5,and approximately = 21.8 eV, and the bulk plasmon oscillation at approximately 18.8 eV, resemble those of the bulk ZnO. Momentum transfer resolved energy loss spectra suggest that the 13.5 eV excitation is actually consisted of two weak excitations at approximately = 12.8 and approximately = 14.8 eV, which originate from transitions of two groups of the Zn 3d electrons to the empty density of states in the conduction band, with a dipole-forbidden nature. The energy loss spectra taken from single nanowires of different diameters show several size-dependent features, including an increase in the oscillator strength of the surface plasmon resonance at approximately = 11.5 eV, a broadening of the bulk plasmon peak, and splitting of the O 2s transition at approximately = 21.8 eV into two peaks, which coincides with a redshift of the bulk plasmon peak, when the nanowire diameter decreases. All these observations can be well explained by the increased surface/volume ratio in nanowires of small diameter.     

Electron distribution function relaxation in monatomic gases

The authors discuss an analytic solution of the Boltzmann equation which describes the relaxation in time of the electron distribution function for electrons in a plasma derived from the monatomic gases He, Ne, Ar, and Xe. It is assumed that there are no perturbing forces on the electrons and that at t=0 they have a Maxwellian distribution function corresponding to an average energy of 2 eV. The electrons then lose energy through elastic collisions with neutrals and eventually energy-equilibrate with the neutrals, which are assumed to be cold. The evolution of the electron distribution function in time and velocity space is calculated for each gas. This model is approximately correct for the afterglow period of an electrical discharge in a monatomic gas. It is possible to calculate a time which is a measure of the decay time of the electron energy in an afterglow plasma     

Single photon double ionization of \mbox{\sffamily\bfseries H}_{\hbox{\sffamily\bfseries\fontsize{10}{12}\selectfont 2}} by circularly polarized photons at a photon energy of 160 eV

We report on fully differential cross sections for double ionization of H₂ by a single circularly polarized photon of 160 eV energy. For an unequal sharing of the energy between the two electrons and a particular geometry where the influence of electron/electron interaction is constant, we find a four-lobe structure in the molecular frame angular distribution of the faster electron. This structure is interpreted to be due to a coherent emission of the electron from the two atomic centers of the molecule. This Young-type interference pattern is lost for other geometries, where electron-electron interaction plays a major role. Furthermore, we show that the interference structure depends strongly on the internuclear distance.     

Correlation effects in two electron photoemission

Many-body effects in solids are ultimately related to the correlation among electrons, which can be probed by double photoelectron emission. We have investigated the electron pair emission from a Cu(111) surface upon photon absorption. We are able to observe for the first time the full extension and shape of a depletion zone around the fixed emission direction of one electron. It has an angular extension of approximately 1.2 rad, which is independent of the electron energy.     

Ion-induced secondary electron and negative ion emission from Mo/O

Absolute yields of secondary electrons and negative ions resulting from collisions of Na⁺ with Mo(100) and a polycrystalline molybdenum surface have been measured as a function of the oxygen coverage of the surface for impact energies below 500 eV. The sputtered negative ions have been identified with mass spectroscopy, and O⁻ is found to be the dominant sputtered negative ion for the surfaces at all oxygen coverages and impact energies. Both the electron and O⁻ yields have an impact energy threshold at about 50 eV and exhibit a strong dependence on oxygen coverage. The kinetic energy distributions of the secondary electrons and sputtered O⁻ were determined as functions of the oxygen coverage and impact energy. The distributions for O⁻ are characterized by a narrow low-energy peak (at 1–2 eV) followed by a low-level high-energy tail. The secondary electrons have a narrow (FWHM 1–2 eV) kinetic energy distribution, centered approximately at 1–2 eV. The shapes of the distributions and their most probable energies are essentially invariant with impact energy, oxygen coverage and the nature of the Mo surface. The emission is explained and analyzed in terms of a simple model which involves a collision-induced electronic excitation of the MoO⁻ surface state. The decay of this excited state leads to the production of both secondary electrons and O⁻ with energy distributions and yields comparable to those observed.     

Doubly-differential ionization cross sections of positron impact on argon

We report the first measurement of doubly-differential ionization cross sections for positron impact on argon atoms. Energy- and angle-resolved measurements of ejected electrons in time correlation with the produced and detected ions have been performed. Corresponding measurements with incident electrons were made for comparison. With positrons and electrons as primary particles of 100 eV energy and ejected electrons of 15 eV, our measurements were extended over electron-emission angles from 0 to 90. Lacking theoretical predictions for the doubly-differential ionization of argon, we compare our measured data with the theoretical doubly-differential ionization cross sections, calculated for positron and electron impact on hydrogen by Klar and Berakdar (Freiburg) [1]. The angular dependence of positron and electron cross sections for argon agrees well with the theory for hydrogen. In particular, we found that for small angles of electron ejection the cross section for positron impact ionization exceeds that for electron impact by an order of magnitude in accordance with the predictions of Klar and Berakdar.     

Design of an Auger Electron Mössbauer Spectrometer (AEMS) using a modified cylindrical mirror analyzer

We have designed and built an Auger Electron Mössbauer Spectrometer (AEMS) for the detection of resonant ⁵⁷Fe Auger electrons using a modified commercial cylindrical mirror analyzer (CMA). The CMA final aperture was modified intentionally in order to increase electron transmission at the expense of reducing its energy resolution, from an original value of 0.5 % to a value of 11 % after the modification. The Channeltron detector electronics and the pre-amplifier were also modified in order to increase the counting efficiency. The electron energy analyzer is selective in energy in the 30 eV–3000 eV range, so the spectrometer can be used to detect MNN (45 eV) and LMM (600–700 eV) Fe Auger signals, what gives it a high surface sensitivity for Fe containing samples. We have used it to acquire the Fe LMM Auger signals generated from the de-excitation process after γ-Ray resonant nuclear absorption. The spectrometer can be used to study samples non-enriched in ⁵⁷Fe, with acquisition times from 5 to 7 days, what is a big advantage. From electron trajectory Monte Carlo simulations in metallic iron, the mean-escape-depth of the detected Auger signals has been estimated in approximately 1 nm. Fe K conversion electrons and KLL Auger electrons with mean escape depths of 129 nm and 78 nm respectively also contribute to the detected signal although in a lesser proportion.     

Energy spectrum of ejected electrons in ionization of hydrogen atoms by electrons

Energy spectrum of ejected electrons in ionization of hydrogen atoms has been calculated following a multiple scattering theory of Das and Seal [15]. The results show peaks around two to three Rydbergs of energies of the ejected electrons, for incident electron energy of 250 eV and 500 eV, considered here, and for different combinations of the angular variables of the scattered and the ejected electrons, for scattering in a plane. The peaks are very similar to those observed in relativistic K-shell ionization of Ag atoms by electrons at 500 KeV energy [6]. The physical origin of these peaks may be traced to the second order scatterings, scattering first by the atomic nucleus (or the atomic electron) and then a second time by the atomic electron. These peaks are, however, absent in the first Born results. Experimental verification of the present results and theoretical calculation by some other well-known methods will be interesting.     

Fully differential cross sections for photo-double-ionization of D2

We report the first kinematically complete study of the four-body fragmentation of the D2 molecule following absorption of a single photon. For equal energy sharing of the two electrons and a photon energy of 75.5 eV, we observed the relaxation of one of the selection rules valid for He photo-double-ionization and a strong dependence of the electron angular distribution on the orientation of the molecular axis. This effect is reproduced by a model in which a pair of photoionization amplitudes is introduced for the light polarization parallel and perpendicular to the molecular axis.     

Winkelverteilung von elastisch und mit 6,7 eV-Energieverlust an freien Hg-Atomen gestreuten Elektronen

The angular dependence of electrons scattered elastically and inelastically at free mercury atoms have been measured for electron energies between 20 and 300 eV (angular range from 20 to 155°).