Transmission of terahertz radiation using a microstructured polymer optical fiber

A hollow-core microstructured polymer optical fiber was analyzed in the terahertz (THz) region. Spectral analysis of time domain data shows propagation of THz waves in both the hollow-core and the microstructured cladding with a time delay of approximately 20 ps. The frequency range and shift of the transmission bands between different sized waveguides suggested photonic bandgap or resonant guidance. Finite-difference time domain calculations agree relatively well to the experimental transmission results. Propagation losses were estimated to be as low as 0.9 dB/cm.     

一种菁染料－聚合物薄膜的光存存储性能

用旋涂法制备了一种菁染料－聚合物薄膜，并研究了该染料－聚合物薄膜的光谱性质和光存储性能。该染料薄膜在６６０～８３０ｎｍ波段有较强的吸收和２０％以上的反射率。在最佳实验条件下，获得了５８ｄＢ的信噪比。信噪比（ＣＮＲ）、载波信号强度（Ｃ）和薄膜反射率变化（ΔＲ）的对数（ｌｇΔＲ）成正比     

Influence of morphology on the emissive properties of dye-doped PVP nanofibers produced by electrospinning

Dye-doped polymer micro- and nanofibers with tailored light emission properties have great potential for applications in optical, optoelectronic, or photonic devices. In this study, these types of structures were obtained by electrospinning rhodamine 6 G-doped polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) using a polymer solution of 10% (mass) concentration in ethanol. Polymer nanofibers with different morphologies (smooth and beaded) and diameters of about 500 nm were obtained using different electrospinning conditions with the same solutions. Fluorescence optical microscopy observations showed that the dye was distributed uniformly in the doped PVP nanofibers. Different shifts were observed when we compared the wavelength of the dye emission band peak of the smooth nanofibers (566 nm) and the wavelength of the dye emission band peak of the beaded fibers (561.5 nm) produced by electrospinning in different conditions with the wavelength of the emission band peak for transparent thin films produced by spin coating (558 nm) using the same polymer solution. This demonstrates that it is possible to tune the optical properties of electrospun dye-doped polymer nanofibers simply by modifying the morphology of the material, i.e., the parameters of the electrospinning process.     

Optical properties and photonic bands of GaAs photonic crystal waveguides with tilted square lattice

Reflectance measurements at variable angle of incidence are performed on GaAs photonic crystal waveguides with unconventional square lattices. The technique yields the dispersion of photonic bands for the investigated lattices, as first shown by Astratov et al. [Phys. Rev. B 60, R16225 (1999)]. A sample with a square lattice of air rings and small air fraction yields narrow resonant structures and a dispersion of photonic modes close to that of free photons. Another sample with a square lattice of dielectric squares and large air fraction leads to broader structures and to a dispersion of photonic modes which differs strongly for the two polarizations of light: this sample has a pseudo-gap around 1 micron wavelength. The experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical calculations of the reflectance and of the photonic mode dispersion in the photonic crystal slabs. Received 16 January 2002     

Enhanced broadband optical transmission in metallized woodpiles

We present an optimized isotropic metal deposition technique used for covering three-dimensional polymer structures with a 50 nm smooth silver layer. The technology allows fast and isotropic coating of complex 3D dielectric structures with thin silver layers. Transmission measurements of 3D metallized woodpiles reveal a new phenomenon of enhanced optical transmission in broadband range (up to 300 nm) in the near IR.     

MAPLE-deposited polymer films for improved organic device performance

Matrix-assisted pulsed-laser evaporation (MAPLE) provides a mechanism for layer-by-layer growth to control the polymer–dielectric interface in organic metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) diodes and field-effect transistors (FETs). MAPLE-deposited copolymers of polyfluorene (PF) and polythiophene maintain their structural and optical properties, as determined by Raman spectroscopy, absorption, and photoluminescence. These films are further utilized in MIS and FET structures with SiO₂ and other polymer dielectrics. Since common polymer dielectrics prevent spin coating of solution processable polymers due to solubility effects, MAPLE is one of the only deposition techniques for investigating all polymer semiconductor-insulator interfaces. In this paper we present optical and electrical studies of MAPLE-deposited PF and polythiophene films in FETs and MIS structures. The FET carrier mobilities of these devices compare well with spin-coated devices. Capacitance–voltage and conductance–voltage from MIS structures with MAPLE-deposited PF copolymer films yield interface trap densities in the low 10¹² eV⁻¹ cm⁻² range.     

Optical and photoluminescent properties of plasma polymer films used in electroluminescent display structures

The optical and photoluminescent properties of plasma polymer layers synthesized from hexamethyldisiloxane are examined. The value of the polymer layer transparence is in the limits from 55% at 400 nm to 88% at 800 nm. Photoluminescence is stimulated by using the spectral line λ=365 nm emitted by a Hg spectral lamp.The organosilicon plasma polymers are included as protective and capsulating layers in electroluminescent (EL) structures. The structure obtained is characterized by a significant increase in emission brightness, compared to inorganic protective layers. For EL structures with a chalcogenide protective layer the increase is more than 6 times and for structures with heterogeneous matrix on the base of TiO₂ it is more than 20 times. As a stable covering the organosilicon plasma polymer increases the lifetime of the EL structures too.     

Antireflective structures via spin casting of polymer latex

Introducing nanosized pores can greatly reduce the refractive index of thin films. Thus antireflective structures can be fabricated by controlled assembly of nanoparticles to form a nanoporous layer. We report what we believe to be the first example of preparing antireflective coatings on glass slides by spin casting polymer latex. Optical transmittances at 550 nm of 95.7% for a single-sided coating and 99.5% for a double-sided coating were achieved. Structure investigations with atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the antireflective coatings were highly porous and affected by spin speed and by the concentration and particle size of PMMA latex. Spin coating may be a better method for mass production, because of its convenience, low cost, and good reproducibility.     

二氧化硅胶体球自组装光子晶体的研究

光子晶体由于具有光子带隙和光子局域等一系列优异的光学特性而受到了人们广泛的关注。由于采用胶体颗粒自组装法制备光子晶体制备工艺简单,所需要的费用也较低,因此已成为制备可见光至红外波段三维光子晶体的一种简便有效的方法。采用垂直沉积法制得了三维光子晶体薄膜,并用扫描电子显微镜和紫外-可见光-近红外分光光度计对其显微结构和光学特性进行了详细的研究。结果表明,自组装薄膜在三维方向上都具有有序结构,其密排面平行于载波片的表面。制备的光子晶体薄膜具有明显的光子带隙特性,带隙中心波长为956nm。研究了带隙中心波长同入射线与密排面法线夹角之间的变化关系,其结果与理论值吻合得很好。     

利用P—偏振光双面反射法测量多层膜的光学参数

利用Ｐ－偏振光双面反射法测量了浸泡提拉法制备了“有机硅树脂－二氧化硅－有机硅树脂”三层膜样品两面Ｐ－偏振光反射强比γ与入射角θ关系曲线，经过数据拟合，确定了这三层薄膜的光学参数，同时研究了薄膜间的相互作用层的光学参数，测量结果表明此方法可能成为研究薄膜和膜层之间的相互作用的一种新手段。     

Si-based two-dimensional photonic crystals coupled to one-dimensional Bragg mirrors

Planar two-dimensional photonic crystals can be combined with a one-dimensional Bragg mirror to control the quality factor and out-of-plane coupling of optical Bloch modes. We have investigated the optical properties of such structures fabricated on silicon. The photonic crystals are fabricated in the upper Si layer deposited on top of quarter-wave thick SiO₂-polycrystalline Si layers. The optical properties are probed by the room-temperature photoluminescence of Ge/Si self-assembled islands as an internal source. We show that an enhancement of the quality factor can be obtained by controlling the thickness of the silicon upper layer in which the two-dimensional photonic crystal is etched and by controlling the air filling factor of the photonic crystal. Quality factors of 2200 around 1100 nm are obtained by this method for defect-free photonic crystals with a square lattice pattern. The experimental results are supported by three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations of the radiated modes for the investigated structures.     

Li-impurity effect in optical spectra of KTaO<Subscript>3</Subscript>:Er<Superscript>3+</Superscript> crystals

The optical properties of one-dimensional photonic crystals based on porous anodic aluminum oxide films have been studied by measuring transmittance and specular reflectance spectra in the visible and UV spectral regions. Angular dependences of the spectral positions of optical stop bands are obtained. It is shown that the reflectance within the first stop band varies from point to point on the sample surface, reaching a level of 98–99% at some points. The dispersion relation for electromagnetic waves in the model of infinite periodic structure is calculated for the samples under study. The possibility of using models with an infinite or finite number of layers to calculate reflectance spectra near the first optical stop band is discussed.     

Optical properties of Cantor nanostructures made from porous silicon: A sensing application

The fabrication and characterization of pSi based triadic Cantor multilayer structures is reported. Transfer matrix method was used to calculate the corresponding reflectivity spectrum and was compared with the experimental data. A good agreement between the theoretical and experimental reflectivity spectra is reported for the wavelengths corresponding to the non-absorbing region for silicon. The reduction in the quality of the transmission modes has been attributed to the dispersion and backscattering from the interfaces of the complete structure. As the optical response of pSi based sensor depends on the characteristics of the multilayered photonic structure, a comparison of sensitivity of 3rd order Cantor structure with a regular microcavity structure of similar optical thickness resulted in an optical response dependent on the choice of the refractive indices. An optimal choice of the refractive indices for the Cantor structures resulted in an increased red-shift (due to the enhancement of the refractive indices of the corresponding layers), after the surface modification of the photonic device. Such structures offer the possibility to improve the sensing response of the pSi-based photonic structures.     

一维电介质-金属光子晶体的光学特性研究

利用传输矩阵方法,研究了一维电介质-金属光子晶体的光学特性,该光子晶体通过在Si/SiO₂组成的电介质型光子晶体中插入一定厚度Al层形成。计算结果表明,金属层的引入可以有效提高反射效率,[Si(46 nm)/SiO₂(60 nm)/Al(10 nm)/SiO₂(60 nm)]5结构的单位周期传输衰减从[Si(46 nm)/SiO₂(120 nm)]5的7.2 dB增大到了20 dB;可以得到更宽频率范围的全方向反射带隙,例如[Si(46 nm)/SiO₂(60 nm)/Al(30 nm)/SiO₂(60 nm)]5结构即可提供550 nm带宽的全方向反射;同时讨论了金属吸收、金属层厚度及插入位置对其光学特性的影响。这种电介质-金属光子晶体有望作为性能优异的光学反射镜得到应用。     

Spectral narrowing and lasing threshold in self-assembled active photonic crystal

Laser-induced emission from rhodamine-B dye embedded in pseudo band gap opaline photonic crystals is discussed. The photonic crystals are fabricated using rhodamine-B doped polystyrene colloids and show 65% reflectance at the stop band centered at 604 nm. The reflectance of the crystal is increased to 74% by coating with a thin layer of gold. Both spontaneous and stimulated emissions of the dye are observed in the photonic stop band environment by exciting the crystal with the second harmonic (532 nm) of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The thin layer of gold functioned as a high reflecting end mirror to the dye-doped cavity when the crystal is pumped from the substrate side. Angle-dependent suppression at the stop band wavelength is observed in the spontaneous emission of the dye. Spectrally narrow stimulated emission and lasing is achieved in the gold coated dyed PhC at a threshold pump power of 60 mW in a selective direction of 22° from the direction of excitation. By studying emission from several photonic crystals with different number of layers, it is concluded that a sharp threshold for lasing is not observed in uncoated photonic crystals when they contained fewer than 30 ordered layers and lesser than 70% reflectance.     

A siloxane polymer lightwave circuit on ceramic substrate applicable to ultrafast optoelectronic multi-chip-modules

Technique for integrating optical waveguide circuits on electrical circuits is developed toward the application to opto-electronic multi-chip modules (O/E-MCM), which enables one to handle ultrafast lightwave pulses and electrical signals on a common circuit board. We use ceramic material as the substrate of O/E-MCM having a multi-layer structure. A siloxane polymer is utilized to form low loss optical waveguides on ceramic substrates by low temperature processes. The waveguide has shown high transparency around 1310 nm. The group velocity dispersion has been measured and shown to become almost zero at wavelength of 1310 nm and about 0.4 fs/cm nm at 1550 nm. An optical circuit has been formed on simple electrical circuit consisting of a thermometer film resistance layer. A Mach–Zehnder interferometer optical switch exhibiting the waveguide extinction ratio of 30 dB, control power of 5 mW, and switching speed of 6 ms has been demonstrated. Thermal management characteristics also have been demonstrated successfully. This single-mode optical waveguide can thus be formed readily on ceramic substrates involving electrical circuit layers; this result confirms its applicability to O/E-MCM.     

Broad multilayer antireflection coating by apodized and chirped photonic crystal

In this work, a new examination had been carried out to create a multilayer which acts as an antireflection coating. It has been shown that applying an apodization to a one dimensional photonic crystal can significantly enhance the total optical transmission in the structure. The transmission characteristics of the apodized grating are analyzed. So, in order to achieve a wideband of total transmission, the number of layers and the apodization profile should be optimized. Then, chirping was introduced to the apodized structure to improve the system transmission. The structure was investigated numerically according to its number of layers. Through accurate control of the design parameters, reflectance can achieve a value less than 0.05% across a large range of wavelengths. The enhancement of optical transmission in this structure is very important since the performance of a number of optical devices could be improved.     

Whispering gallery mode microlasers and refractive index sensing based on single polymer fiber

The realization of whispering gallery mode (WGM) lasing in polymer fibers is hindered by an appropriate method to dissolve the polymer and the gain material. In this work, microfibers fabricated by directly drawing from a dye doped polymer solution are exhibited as high quality microlasers and microsensors. Multi‐mode and even single‐mode lasing is observed from the fiber under optical pumping at room temperature. The linewidth of lasing mode is narrower than 0.09 nm. The lasing mechanism is unambiguously verified by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis and ascribed to WGMs. Diameter‐ and polarization‐dependent lasing characteristics are systematically investigated, showing good agreement with the theoretical calculation. Particularly, application of the fiber laser for refractive index sensing based on resonant shift of lasing mode is demonstrated and the sensitivity up to about 300 nm/RIU is achieved. The promising potential of high quality polymer microfibers as optical sensors and multi‐function components for flexible photonic integrated systems is highly expected.     

Approximate optical cloaking in an axisymmetric silicon photonic crystal structure.

Axisymmetric photonic crystal structures may be designed to possess interesting optical properties, particularly when the photonic band structure of the material is highly anisotropic. We use finite element calculations to demonstrate an approximate electromagnetic cloaking effect imparted by a structure consisting of concentric silicon photonic crystal layers. The results show that it is possible to bend light around an object by simply using anisotropy. The calculations show that the cloaking mechanism is fundamentally different from Pendry's approach. This design may work as a practical solution for optical cloaking.     

修饰阴极界面提高聚合物白光二极管发光效率

利用聚合物的不同溶解性,研究用旋涂方法制备双层高分子白光二极管(WPLED),采用器件结构为：ITO/PEDOT(50nm)/PVK:PFO-BT: PFO-DBT(40nm)/PFO(40nm)/Ba(4nm) /Al(120nm),当相对比例为PVK: PFO-BT:PFO-DBT=1∶4%：3%时,得到标准白光,最大电流效率为2.4 cd/A,最大亮度为3215 cd/m²,色坐标为(0.33,0.34).用水溶性的聚电介质层修饰阴极界面,器件效率可以进一步提高到5.28 cd 关键词： 聚合物发光二极管 白光 双发光层结构