适用于合成气制甲烷的Ni基催化剂

合成气(CO、H_2)甲烷化是合成天然气的有效途径,Ni基催化剂是目前最具有工业化应用潜力的甲烷化催化剂。在催化反应过程中,由于高CO浓度、反应温度,以及原料气中的含硫组分,所以催化剂易发生积碳、烧结和硫中毒,从而导致失活。如何提高Ni基催化剂的抗硫性能、抗烧结和抗积碳能力仍是一个挑战。本文分别从金属-载体相互作用、催化剂表界面性质调控以及限域效应这三个方面综述了近年来在提高Ni基催化剂抗积碳、抗烧结和抗硫中毒性能领域的最新研究进展,以期为Ni基甲烷化催化剂微观结构设计及反应性能调控提供理论依据。     

一步法合成吲哚用Ag／SiO2催化剂的失活及其抑制

 用简单浸渍法制备了Ag／SiO2催化剂．该催化剂对苯胺和乙二醇一步合成吲哚表现出很高的催化活性，但同时存在明显的失活．TG，XRD和TEM表征结果表明，催化剂失活的主要原因是反应过程中催化剂表面的积碳和银粒子的烧结．向反应体系中通入氢和水蒸气能够减少催化 剂表面的积碳；向催化剂体系加入ZnO助剂能较大程度地提高银的分散度，并能有效抑制反应过程中银粒子的烧结．     

水蒸汽对Ni/Ce-Zr-Al-Ox催化剂上CO2-CH4反应积碳的影响

采用水热合成-负载法制备了Ni/Ce-Zr-Al-Ox催化剂,进行了CO2重整CH4的反应,并采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、程序升温加氢(TPH)等方法表征了在反应过程中催化剂表面的积碳物种,考察了添加少量水蒸汽对积碳的影响以及水蒸汽和表面积碳物种的作用.TPH实验测得有两类碳物种,一类是在250～350℃出现的少量α-碳,应主要是活性高的CH4解离碎片;另一类是在700℃附近出现的β-碳,应是导致催化剂失活的趋于石墨化或已经石墨化的积碳.β-碳比α-碳更容易同水蒸汽作用,添加少量水蒸汽到反应气中能够明显抑制β-碳的生成.活性测试结果表明,Ni/Ce-Zr-Al-Ox催化剂显示了89%的CH4转化率和良好的稳定性,添加3.2%(ψ)的水蒸汽后活性提高到94%,由于对非活性积碳的抑制,可以预料其稳定性也将进一步提高.     

Ga2O3/HZSM-5催化剂在乙烷脱氢反应中的积碳行为和MgO的修饰作用

研究了Ga₂O₃/HZSM-5催化剂在乙烷脱氢反应中的积碳、再生以及MgO的修饰作用. 通过激光拉曼、TG-MS和NH₃-TPD等表征手段对反应过程的积碳种类和速率进行研究. 实验结果表明, 催化剂强酸中心上容易发生乙烷裂解生成甲烷的副反应并产生积碳, 其中石墨型积碳在反应过程中难以消除, 是导致催化剂失活的主要原因. MgO修饰可以减少催化剂强酸中心的量, 对乙烷裂解生成甲烷的副反应活性起到显著抑制作用, 并使积碳速率得到有效控制, 从而提高了催化剂的稳定性和乙烯的选择性. 催化剂再生时, 在空气气氛中加入水蒸气能够提高脱除石墨化碳的效率, 经420 ℃再生后催化剂的活性得到明显恢复.     

镍基气凝胶催化CH4-CO2重整制取合成气反应的研究Ⅱ.制备方法对Ni/CeO2-Al2O3催化剂反应性能的影响

采用浸渍法、溶胶 凝胶过程与普通干燥、超临界干燥过程相结合的方法制备了三种 82 3K焙烧的NiO CeO2 Al2 O3 体系催化剂 ,分别为浸渍型催化剂 (iNCA5 5 0 )、干凝胶催化剂 (xNCA5 5 0 )和气凝胶催化剂 (aNCA5 5 0 ) ,考察了它们在CH4 CO2 重整反应中的催化性能及反应的稳定性 ,采用TG、TEM、XPS等手段研究了反应前后催化剂的结构性质。研究结果表明 ,在 10 73K、CH4 CO2 =1∶1、180 0 0mL h·g的反应条件下 ,三种催化剂中aNCA5 5 0在CH4 CO2 重整反应过程中的积碳量较大 ,但却具有最好的反应稳定性 ;aNCA5 5 0具有较大积碳量与其表面酸量较大、酸性较强及较大镍分散度有关 ,然而由于它具有较大的积碳容量和很强的金属抗烧结能力 ,因此保持了较好的反应稳定性。催化剂积碳和金属镍烧结导致催化剂表面活性中心数目减少是催化剂失活的主要原因。     

流化床甲烷/丙烷临氧CO2重整制合成气反应研究

研究了流化床反应器中甲烷、丙烷临氧自热CO2重整制合成气反应中不同催化剂的性能及表面积碳行为，并用热重分析、激光拉曼及透射电镜研究了催化剂表面的积碳物种及积碳量。结果表明，贵金属Pd、Pt由于对烷烃有较强的裂解作用，镍基及贵金属修饰的镍基催化剂表面有大量的纤维状炭生成；碱土和稀土金属改性的镍基催化剂有较好的抗积碳性能，大量碱土金属CaO修饰微球硅胶后负载的镍基催化剂在同等的反应条件下没有发现积碳，碱土金属对催化剂表面碱性的增强是催化剂抗积碳性能提高的原因。     

在改进的Ni基催化剂上的甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应

 本文采用高温分解和焙烧硝酸盐的方法合成了一系列Ni基六铝酸盐催化剂BaNiyAl12-yO19-δ (y=0.1、0.3、0.6、0.9和1.0)，并对它们在甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应中的催化性能、催化剂表面积碳及活性组分Ni流失等情况进行了考察。结果表明，该催化剂对甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应具有较好的催化活性，在850 ℃，甲烷转化率和CO选择性分别可达92%和95%。并且催化剂BaNiyAl12-yO19-δ (y=0.3)在100小时的POM反应后，催化剂表面积碳很少，积碳量仅为样品净重的0.8%，特别是100小时反应后，催化剂表面活性组分Ni没有发生流失。这种低积碳量和无活性组分Ni流失与催化剂结构中Ni与相邻原子间的强相互作用有关。     

环状碳正离子-芳烃π相互作用及其对甲醇制烃类反应中催化剂失活的作用机制

<正>沸石分子筛催化甲醇制烃类反应(methanolto-hydrocarbon,MTH)可以生成低碳烯烃、芳烃以及汽油等重要化工原料和能源物质。由于甲醇来源广泛(可以从煤、天然气和生物质等转化得到),所以MTH过程提供一条替代石油资源生产重要大宗化学品和燃料的新路径,一直受到了世界各国尤其是我国的广泛关注。然而,在MTH反应过程中分子筛上的积碳会导致催化剂失活,直接影响工业生产。目前,人们一般认为反应过程中伴随烯烃产物生成的稠环芳烃为主要的积碳物种,     

甲烷部分氧化催化剂抗积碳性能的DFT研究

采用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的量子力学计算方法,研究比较了甲烷部分氧化反应制合成气过程中Ni(111),Pt(111),NiPt(111),NiIr(111)面上的积碳情况.计算了对积碳过程有影响的三个反应过程:CH的裂解,C的生长,CO的生成.研究发现Pt的掺杂对积碳的形成有一定的抑制作用;Pt的抗积碳性能很好,碳的产生和生长都比较困难;掺杂Ir后NiIr催化剂的抗积碳效果明显,CH容易活化解离,产生的C会及时生成CO,不易累积长大,从而更好地达到了抗积碳的目的.     

载体和助剂对Mo—Ni催化剂表面酸度分布及催化性能的影响

本文利用流动热重装置和加压连续微反装置,测定不同组成SiO_2-Al_2O_3载体和Mo-Ni/SiO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂及不同Ni含量的Mo-Ni/v-Al_2O_3催化剂的表面酸度、积碳性能和HDN(加氢脱氮)活性。研究结果表明,以不同硅铝比的SiO_2-Al_2O_3为载体的Mo-Ni催化剂的酸度变化规律与载体的酸度变化规律一致,但弱酸酸度明显下降,中、强酸酸度有所增加;催化剂的积碳性能决定于表面总酸度的大小,但酸位越强,越容易积碳,而HDN活性与中,强酸酸度有关。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.