金属材料分析方法的选择和施行第六讲金属材料中稀土元素的测定(续)

2.1.5草酸稀土沉淀的灼烧与称量草酸沉淀重量法测定稀土总量的最后一步操作是将草酸稀土沉淀在高温炉中灼烧成氧化稀土并冷却至室温后称得其质量,据此计算成试样中氧化稀土总量或稀土总量的质量分数(w,%)。在稀土元素中,在6种元素的离子呈现两种价态,铈、镨、铽有三价及四价状态,钐、铕及镱有二价及三价状态。因此,混合稀土的草酸盐经灼烧后所得的稀土氧化物的组成并不一致。Wendland曾研究了草酸稀土在空气中灼烧成氧化物的过程及要求的温度,结果如表5所示[9]。由此可知草酸稀土灼烧成氧化物不仅其组成不完全符合RE2O3的分子式,而且转变…     

金属材料分析方法的选择和施行第六讲金属材料中稀土元素的测定(续)

第三次沉淀是草酸沉淀,经过前两次分离,干扰稀土（Ⅲ）最终以草酸盐沉淀的共存元素已经除去。这次沉淀是以草酸盐的形式得到稀土的沉淀并最终得到符合化学计量要求的稀土氧化物。应予说明,试样如含有钇及钪,在整个分离过程中均与稀土元素在一起,故最终也包括在总稀土的含量之中。     

金属材料分析方法的选择和施行——第六讲金属材料中稀土元素的测定（续）

用20 g·L-1焦磷酸钠溶液也可作为钇组稀土的掩蔽剂,但对铈组稀土(Ⅲ)与CPA-mN试剂的配合物的形成也有一定的抑制作用,约使其吸光度下降约10%.比较而言,用草酸溶液作掩蔽剂效果较好.     

草酸共沉淀法制备YBCO粉体的热力学分析

采用草酸共沉淀法制备YBCO粉末,计算了不同pH值下草酸盐共沉淀粉末的沉淀率,并对制取YBCO前驱体粉末过程中的Ba(NO3)2-Y(NO3)3-Cu(NO3)2-H2C2O4-H2O体系进行热力学分析,采用XRD对制备的YBCO进行了分析计算。结果表明:溶液中不同草酸根离子浓度下各离子沉淀完全的最佳pH范围不同,当草酸浓度为0.1 mol·L-1,pH为2~6时,溶液中离子的沉淀率达到99%以上。随着草酸根离子浓度增大,完全沉淀时,共沉淀液中各金属离子所需的pH值范围增大。热力学计算与试验结果吻合。草酸共沉淀法制备的YBCO粉末物相纯度高,杂质少,颗粒细小,平均粒径为35.4 nm。     

金属材料分析方法的选择和施行第六讲金属材料中稀土元素的测定(续)

④萃取稀土时试样的分取量应予考虑。按方法的测定范围及检量线的稀土量范围估算,试样分取量宜控制在20～100mg之间,即相当于从试样母液中分取2～10mL试液。如试样为镍基合金,分取100mg试样,其中镍（Ⅱ）的共存量可达80mg左右,为使镍（Ⅱ）不进入有机相,宜使硫氰酸铵在溶液中的浓度提高至15％,磺基水杨酸的浓度不超过6％。     

稀土草酸盐的福里埃红外光谱

稀土草酸盐的红处光谱研究至今还很少,为此我们研究了钷以外的镧系元素和钇的远、中红外光谱,对草酸钕做了简正座标分析,对稀土草酸盐的主要谱带进行了指认。将纯度>99.9％的稀土氧化物溶于硝酸,在热硝酸稀土溶液中加草酸溶液以结晶出稀土草酸盐,晶体经过滤后用稀草酸溶液洗涤三次,在60℃下真空干燥两周。经分析,稀土草酸盐的组成为RE_2(C_2O_4)_3·nH_2O,各稀土元素对应的n值由表1可知。结晶样品分别     

NdCl3-AlCl3-H2C2O4体系稀土沉淀热力学研究

稀土矿在浸出过程中杂质离子将随稀土离子一同浸出进入稀土料液中,针对稀土料液中Al³⁺离子杂质对后续萃取过程乃至最终稀土纯度造成不利影响的问题,根据同时平衡原理,对Nd Cl₃-Al Cl₃-H₂C₂O₄体系进行热力学平衡计算,绘制出该体系中各离子lgc-p H图,对其中的计算过程思路与依据进行解释说明,分析了边界条件变化以及各沉淀稳定区形成原因。通过改变草酸浓度,对体系中总钕与总铝含量以及沉淀稳定区域随p H变化的情况进行讨论与分析。研究结果表明,理论上1

11.74条件下均能保证钕沉淀而铝不沉淀析出,结合实际生产情况,着重考察高酸度条件下Nd₂(C₂O₄)₃的沉淀稳定区。草酸浓度超过与钕离子完全结合生成草酸钕沉淀所需浓度时,Nd₂(C₂O₄)₃     

亚硒酸鉭沉淀组成的研究

自硫酸-硝酸-酒石酸-草酸溶液中用亚硒酸可定量沉淀钽。沉淀用合亚硒酸的硝酸再用乙醇洗滌后,可溶解在盐酸-草酸溶液中。溶液中的亚硒酸可用硫代硫酸鈉滴定。在110°烘干后,沉淀的組成很接近于Ta_2O_5·SeO_2·2H_2O。这一沉淀可作钽的容量测定法及重量法称衡形式的基础。     

金属材料分析方法的选择和施行第六讲金属材料中稀土元素的测定(续)

2.3.2 EDTA与稀土离子的螯合物的稳定性根据软硬酸碱的概念,稀土离子属硬酸,EDTA分子中的羧基属硬碱,其所含的氨基属中间碱,因此它们之间可形成稳定或较稳定的螯合物,在螯合反应中,三价稀土离子与EDTA分子中的氧原子和氮原子相键合,生成多个五员环结构。螯合物的组成比都是1∶1。由于在日常分析中都用EDTA的二钠盐(Na2H2Y·2H2O)配制滴定剂溶液,溶解度较酸式的EDTA大,在22℃时,每100 mL水中可溶解11.1 g固体,此溶液的浓度约为0.3 mol·L-1,酸度约为pH4.7。因此,在写反应式时也可用H2Y2-代表EDTA,它与稀土离子的反应式可写作:R…     

电解氧化分解稀土沉淀废水中草酸的研究

为有效去除稀土草酸沉淀废水中残留的草酸,采用电解氧化探索氧化分解废水中草酸的可行性。考察不同阳极、反应温度、反应时间、废水初始酸度等因素对氧化效果的影响。草酸的氧化速度随反应温度、电流和反应时间的增加而升高,随初始酸度的增加反而降低,确定了优化工艺条件。[C_2O_4~(2-)]=1.84 g·L~(-1),[H~+]=0.90 mol·L~(-1)的Eu草酸沉淀废水,在反应温度30℃,电流1.5 A,反应时间5 h,草酸的氧化率可达99%,废水中残留的草酸质量浓度仅为0.01 g·L~(-1),处理后的废水可直接返回稀土萃取分离,实现了工艺流程的闭路循环。     

Generation and detection of levuglandins and isolevuglandins in vitro and in vivo

Levuglandins (LGs) and isolevuglandins (isoLGs), formed by rearrangement of endoperoxide intermediates generated through the cyclooxygenase and free radical induced oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), are extraordinarily reactive, forming covalent adducts incorporating protein lysyl ε-amino groups. Because they accumulate, these adducts provide a dosimeter of oxidative injury. This review provides an updated and comprehensive overview of the generation of LG/isoLG in vitro and in vivo and the detection methods for the adducts of LG/isoLG and biological molecules in vivo.     

Enthalpies of solution of purine and adenine in water and in dimethylsulfoxide

Journal of Solution Chemistry - Enthalpies of solution of purine and adenine in water and in demethylsulfoxide were measured calorimetrically in the temperature range 25–40°C. ΔH s...     

Coassembly of Nanorods and Nanospheres in Suspensions and in Stratified Films

The entropically driven coassembly of nanorods (cellulose nanocrystals, CNCs) and nanospheres (dye‐labeled spherical latex nanoparticles, NPs) was studied in aqueous suspensions and in solid films. In mixed CNC‐latex suspensions, phase separation into an isotropic latex‐NP‐rich and a chiral nematic CNC‐rich phase took place; the latter contained a significant amount of latex NPs. Drying the mixed suspension resulted in CNC‐latex films with planar disordered layers of latex NPs, which alternated with chiral nematic CNC‐rich regions. In addition, fluorescent latex NPs were embedded in the chiral nematic domains. The stratified morphology of the films, together with a random distribution of latex NPs in the anisotropic phase, led to the films having close‐to‐uniform fluorescence, birefringence, and circular dichroism properties.     

Determination of diazepam and nordazepam in milk and plasma in the presence of oxazepam and temazepam

For studies on the excretion of drugs into milk a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay was developed to quantitate diazepam and nordazepam in the milk and plasma of humans and rabbits in the presence of their major metabolites, oxazepam and temazepam. Flurazepam was used as an internal standard. The assay involves extractions with diethyl ether and an additional acid clean-up step. Chromatographic separation was achieved by a LiChrospher 60 RP-select B (5 microns) column and KH2PO4- acetonitrile (69:31, v/v) adjusted to pH 2.80 as a mobile phase. The same extraction and chromatographic conditions were suited to both types of samples, milk and plasma. The limits of determination using ultraviolet detection at 241 nm was for diazepam 20 ng/ml and for nordazepam 15 ng/ml. The absolute recoveries of diazepam, nordazepam and flurazepam in human milk were 84, 86 and 92% and in human plasma 97, 89 and 94%, respectively. The within- and between-day accuracy and precision for diazepam and nordazepam in milk and plasma at all concentrations tested (20-1500 ng/ml) were better than 8%. The high fat content which occurs in rabbit milk presented no limitation for the extraction of lipophilic diazepam: the method was successfully used to monitor milk and plasma concentrations of diazepam and nordazepam in lactating New Zealand White rabbits during 26-h infusions of diazepam (1.4 mg/h).     

Comparison and correlation of in vitro, in vivo and in silico evaluations of alpha, beta and gamma cyclodextrin complexes of curcumin

In the present study investigated the effect of curcumin (CUR) alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ) cyclodextrin (CD) complexes on its solubility and bioavailability. CUR the active principle of turmeric is a natural antioxidant agent with potent anti-inflammatory activity along with chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive properties. Poor solubility and poor oral bioavailability are the main reasons which preclude CUR use in therapy. Extent of complexation was β-CD complex (82 %) > γ-CD (71 %) > α-CD (65 %). Pulverization method resulted in significant enhancement of CUR (0.002 mg/ml) solubility with CUR α-CD complex (0.364 mg/ml) > CUR β-CD complex (0.186 mg/ml) > CUR γ-CD complex (0.068 mg/ml). Gibbs-free energy and in silico molecular docking studies favour formation of α-CD complex > β-CD complex > γ-CD complex. With reference to CUR, relative bioavailability of CUR α-CD, CUR β-CD and CUR γ-CD complexes were 460, 365 and 99 % respectively. CUR–CD complexes exhibited increased bioavailability with an increase in t_½, tmax, Cmax, AUC, Ka, and MRT; and a decrease in Ke, clearance and Vd values. AUC increase was CUR α-CD complex > CUR β-CD complex > CUR γ-CD complex. Significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between CUR α-CD complex and CUR γ-CD complex by one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s post hoc test for multiple comparison analysis. Correlation observed between in vitro, in vivo and in silico methods indicates potential of in silico and in vitro methods in CD selection.     

Electrochemical Fluorination of Benzamide and Acetanilide in Anhydrous HF and in Acetonitrile

Electrochemical fluorination of benzamide in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride does not involve the amide group but occurs exclusively at the aromatic ring, yielding isomeric fluoro- and difluorobenzamides and 3,3,6,6-tetrafluoro-1,4-cyclohexadienecarboxamide. Electrochemical fluorination of benzamide in acetonitrile as solvent gives the same products, as well as benzonitrile and its fluorinated derivatives and products of hydrolysis and fluorination of acetonitrile. Electrochemical fluorination of acetanilide in anhydrous HF leads to complete tarring of the reaction mixture, while its fluorination in acetonitrile results in selective formation of m-fluoroacetanilide.     

Structure of dimethoxyamine in the crystalline and gaseous phases and in solution

Conclusions It has been established by the methods of x-ray diffraction analysis and electron diffraction analysis and measurements of the dipole moments and the birefringence that in the crystalline and gaseous phases, as well as in solution, N,N-dimethoxyamine has a gauche-gauche conformation, which is stipulated by a stabilizing nO-N-O* orbital interaction. The geometric parameters of the molecule have been determined.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 2235–2242, October, 1986.