铜钨杂多酸—耐尔蓝离子缔合显色反应及其应用

在阿拉伯胶存在下铜钨多酸与耐尔蓝形成离子缔子缔合物，其最大吸收位于５８０ｎｍ；表观摩尔吸光度ε值为２．２２＊１０＾６Ｌ．ｃｍ ＾－１；铜量在０－２４μｇ／Ｌ范围内服从比耳定律；检测限（３σ）１．０μｇ／Ｌ（ｎ＝１０）；分析１６μｇ／Ｌ铜的ＲＳＤ＝１．５％（ｎ＝１１）；离子缔合物的摩尔比为Ｃｕ：Ｗ：ＮＢ＝１：１２：４。     

丁基锡炔基膦酸酯的合成

本文合成了１０个新的二（三）丁基锡炔基膦酸酯「（ｎ－（Ｃ４Ｈ９）ｎＳｎ」ｎ－１Ｏ２Ｐ（Ｏ）Ｃ≡ＣＲ（ｎ＝２,３;Ｒ＝ｎ－Ｃ５Ｈ１１,ｎ－Ｃ６Ｈ１３,Ｐｈ,ＣＨ２ＯＭｅ,ＣＨ２ＯＥｔ）通过元素分析,ＩＲ和＾１Ｈ ＮＭＲ确证了其结构。     

二丁基锡氮杂环羧酸酯的合成

合成了１０种二丁基锡氮杂环羧酸酯（ｎ－Ｃ４Ｈ９）２Ｓｎ（Ｃｌ）２－ｎ（Ｏ２ＣＲ）ｎ（ｎ＝１,２;Ｒ＝吡啶基,吲哚烷基）,利用元素分析,ＩＲ及＾Ｈ ＮＭＲ表征了它们的结构。     

苯二甲酰基桥联铁硫配合物［（μ－RS）Fe_2（CO）_6］_2（μ－OCC_6

通过由Ｆｅ３（ＣＯ）１２、ＲＳＨ和Ｅｔ３Ｎ所形成的［（μ－ＣＯ）（μ－ＲＳ）Ｆｅ２（ＣＯ）６］Ｅｔ３ＮＨ于室温下分别与对或间苯二甲酰氯的原位反应，首次合成６个结构新颖的苯二甲酰基桥联铁硫配合物［（μ－ＲＳ）·Ｆｅ２（ＣＯ）６］２（μ－ｐ－ＯＣＣ６Ｈ４ＣＯ－ｐ－μ）（Ｒ＝Ｅｔ，ｎ－Ｂｕ，ｔ－Ｂｕ）以及［（μ－ＲＳ）Ｆｅ２（ＣＯ）６］２（μ－ｍ－ＯＣＣ６Ｈ４ＣＯ－ｍ－μ）（Ｒ＝ｎ－Ｐｒ，ｎ－Ｂｕ，ｔ－Ｂｕ）。经元素分析、ＩＲ光谱及１ＨＮＭＲ表征了它们的结构，并讨论了产物的生成过程。此外，还提出了合成对苯二甲酰氯的一种新方法。     

系列同三核铬、锰、铁羧酸配合物的FAB-MS研究

进行了系列同三核羧酸配合物〔Ｍ３Ｏ（Ｏ２ＣＲ）６Ｐｙ３〕Ｘ（Ｍ＝Ｃｒ,Ｍｎ,Ｆｅ;Ｒ＝ＣＨ３,Ｃ２Ｈ５,Ｃ６Ｈ５;Ｘ＝Ｃｌ－,ＣｌＯ４－;Ｐｙ为吡啶）的快原子轰击质谱（ＦＡＢ－ＭＳ）研究。获得了包括配位吡啶在内的完整阳离子峰。在研究其断裂规律时,主要观察到４个系列碎片离子：Ⅰ．〔Ｍ３Ｏ（Ｏ２ＣＲ）ｎ〕＋,ｎ＝６～２;Ⅱ．〔Ｍ３Ｏ（Ｏ２ＣＲ）ｎＯ〕＋,ｎ＝５～１;Ⅲ．〔Ｍ２Ｏ（Ｏ２ＣＲ）ｎ〕＋,ｎ＝３～１;Ⅳ．〔Ｍ２（Ｏ２ＣＲ）ｎ〕＋,ｎ＝４～２。通过对该系列配合物质谱断裂过程的比较和分析,获得了配合物稳定性随金属离子及配体的变化如下：金属离子,Ｃｒ＞Ｍｎ＞Ｆｅ;桥配基,－ＣＨ３ＣＯ２＞－Ｃ２Ｈ５ＣＯ２＞－Ｃ６Ｈ５ＣＯ２;端配基,Ｐｙ＞Ｈ２Ｏ。本研究及先前的工作〔１,８〕还为某些三核铬,铁羧酸配合物在以乙炔加水或加氢为探针反应中存在活性物种：〔Ｃｒ３Ｏ（Ｏ２ＣＲ）３～４〕,〔Ｆｅ３Ｏ（Ｏ２ＣＲ）３〕和〔Ｆｅ３Ｏ－（Ｏ２ＣＲ）Ｏ〕～〔Ｆｅ３Ｏ４〕提供了佐证     

［n－C_nH_（2n＋1）NH_3］_2ZnBr_4层型配合物的拉曼光谱

研究了标题配合物（ｎ＝７～１２，１６）（简记为Ｃ＿（ｎ）ＺｎＸ，Ｘ＝Ｂｒ，Ｃ１）的拉曼光谱。对主要谱带进行了归属，讨论了光谱随烷烃链长和卤索配体的变化．表明卤素配体对Ｒ－ＮＨ阳离子层离子的内振动间接产生影响。Ｃ－Ｈ伸缩、Ｃ－变角、Ｃ一Ｃ伸缩和－ＮＨ＿３摇摆振动以及纵向声子模对此敏感，Ｃ＿（ｎ）ＺｎＢｒ配合物阳离子层的链间相互作用、链扩展程度和氢键强度均比Ｃ＿（ｎ）ＺｎＣｌ配合物的低．阴离子和阳离子层结构具有相关性．     

四中位（邻烷基）苯基卟啉及其高铁络合物的合成及光谱性质

合成了６种不同大小的烷基取代的四中位（邻烷基）苯基卟啉Ｔ＿（Ｏ－Ｒ）ＰＰＨ＿２及其高铁络合物Ｔ＿（Ｏ－Ｒ）ＰＰＦｅＣｌ（Ｒ＝ＣＨ＿３，Ｃ＿２Ｈ＿５，ｎ－Ｃ＿３Ｈ＿７，ｉ－Ｃ＿３Ｈ＿７，ｎ－Ｂｕ，ｔ－Ｂｕ），除Ｒ＝ＣＨ＿３外，其它５种是文献未曾报道过的新化合物。测定了它们的核磁共振谱、红外及电子光谱，并讨论了它们的结构与光谱性质的关系．     

苄基锡烯或炔基膦酸酯的合成

合成了具有通式为（ＰｈＣＨ２Ｓｎ）ｎ－１Ｏ２Ｐ（Ｏ）Ｒ（ｎ＝２，３；Ｒ＝－Ｃ＝ＣＰｈ，－Ｃ＝ＣＣ５ｈ１１－ｎ，－Ｃ＝ＣＣＨ２ＯＣＨ３，－ＣＨ＝ＣＣＩＰＨ）的８个苄基锡烯或炔基膦酸酯，并通过元素分析、ＩＲ和１ＨＮＭＲ对其进行了表征。     

烷氧钇及含双键的烷氧钇单体的合成及其结构表征

合成了十种含双键的烷氧钇单体Ｙ（ＯＲ）３－ｎ（ＣＯＯＣＨ＝ＣＨＣＯＯＲ）ｎ，（ｎ－１或２，Ｒ为烷基），并用钇含量分析、红外光谱、核磁共振谱对其结构进行了表征。     

N-亚水杨基亮氨酸3d金属配合物的合成及薄层色谱与紫外光谱研究

合成了亮氨酸水杨醛希夫碱及其与Ｍｎ（Ⅱ）,Ｃｏ（Ⅱ）,Ｎｉ（Ⅱ）,Ｃｕ（Ⅱ）,Ｚｎ（Ⅱ）的配合物。元素分析和摩尔电导测定的结果证明,亮氨酸水杨醛希夫碱３ｄ金属配合物配位比为１１,配合物在ＤＭＦ中为非电解质。在硅胶Ｇ板上,以乙酸乙酯－甲醇－丙酮－水－乙酸（４．４４３．３３２．２２０．２５０．１２,Ｖ／Ｖ）为流动相,研究了配合物的薄层色谱行为,各组分配合物的比移值Ｒｆ值相差较大,得到满意的分离,且Ｒｆ值按下列顺序递增Ｍｎ＜Ｚｎ＜Ｎｉ＜Ｃｕ＜Ｃｏ。讨论了系列配合物薄层色谱Ｒｆ与紫外光谱Ｒ带λｍａｘ变化关系的规律     

Validated spectrophotometric methods for the simultaneous determination of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and metronidazole in tablets

A binary mixture of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP) and metronidazole (MET) was determined by five simple and accurate methods, without prior separation. In the first method, CIP was determined by second derivative spectrophotometric method ((2)D) by measuring the amplitude at 282 nm (zero ordinate value of MET). On the other hand, the determination of MET was based on isosbestic point technique, where the total content of the mixture was determined at 294.5 nm (isosbestic point), then the content of MET could be calculated by subtraction. The second method was first derivative ratio spectrophotometric method ((1)DD) where the total amplitude at 261 and 285 nm and the amplitude at 295.5 nm were selected to simultaneously determine CIP and MET in binary mixture, respectively. The third method was based on dual wavelength analysis, in which two wavelengths were selected, at which the absorbances of the other component were the same. The fourth method depends on using Q-analysis method (absorbance ratio) which involves the formation of Q-absorbance equation using the respective absorptivity values at 294.5 nm (isosbestic point) and 281.5 nm (λ(max) of CIP). The fifth method is partial least-squares (PLS) chemometric technique for determination of CIP and MET. The developed methods were successfully applied to the analysis of CIP and MET in laboratory prepared mixtures and tablets with good recoveries and their validation was carried out following the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The results obtained were statistically compared with each other showing no significant difference with respect to accuracy and precision.     

Temperature dependence of inhomogeneous broadening: on the meaning of isosbestic points

An isosbestic point in the temperature dependence of an absorption spectrum is commonly viewed as a sign of interconverting chemical or structural species. Here I explore an alternative microscopic origin of temperature-independent absorbance in inhomogeneously broadened spectra: While the equilibrium probability of observing a particular frequency generally changes with the magnitude of thermal fluctuations, the weight of at least one frequency is insensitive to small changes in temperature. The range of temperature accessible to aqueous solutions at ambient pressure is sufficiently small that such insensitivity would appear in experiments as an isosbestic point. This mechanism depends only on the continuity of equilibrium distributions, not on the presence of multiple components. Even the simplest model of a single solute species in a fluctuating environment exhibits isosbestic points, van't Hoff behavior, and, with appropriate dependence of transition frequency on configuration, multiple absorption peaks.     

Quantitative analysis of the cholesterol-lowering drugs ezetimibe and simvastatin in pure powder, binary mixtures, and a combined dosage form by spectrophotometry, chemometry, and high-performance column liquid chromatography

Simple, accurate, sensitive, and precise UV spectrophotometric, chemometric, and HPLC methods were developed for simultaneous determination of a two-component drug mixture of ezetimibe (EZ) and simvastatin (SM) in laboratory-prepared mixtures and a combined tablet dosage form. Four spectrophotometric methods were developed, namely, ratio spectra derivative, ratio subtraction, isosbestic point, and mean centering of ratio spectra. The developed chemometric-assisted spectrophotometric method was the concentration residual augmented classical least-squares method; its prediction ability was assessed and compared to the conventional partial least-squares method. The developed HPLC method used an RP ZORBAX C18 column (5 microm particle size, 250 x 4.6 mm id) with isocratic elution. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-pH 3.5 phosphate buffer (40 + 60, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, with UV detection at 230 nm. The accuracy, precision, and linearity ranges of the developed methods were determined. The developed methods were successfully applied for determination of EZ and SM in bulk powder, laboratory-prepared mixtures, and a combined dosage form. The results obtained were compared statistically with each other and to those of a reported HPLC method; there was no significant difference between the proposed methods and the reported method regarding both accuracy and precision.     

Control of stepwise radial complexation in dendritic polyphenylazomethines

The fourth generation of a dendritic polyphenylazomethine (DPA G4) has 2, 4, 8, and 16 imine groups in the first, second, third, and fourth shells, respectively (total, 30 imine groups). DPA G4 can trap 30 equiv of SnCl(2) molecules, because the imine group is complexed with SnCl(2) at a ratio of 1:1. During addition of 30 equiv of SnCl(2) to DPA G4, four shifts in the isosbestic point were observed in the UV-vis spectra, and the amount of SnCl(2) added in each step is in agreement with the number of imine groups in each shell of DPA G4. This result shows that the complexation of the imine groups in DPA G4 with SnCl(2) occurs stepwise in the order of the first, second, third, and fourth shells. The unique stepwise complexation was also observed in DPA G2 and G3 as two and three shifts of the isosbestic point, respectively. The stepwise complexation was supported by TEM, NMR, and a novel shell-selective reduction (SSR) method for imines. An expansion in the molecular size of DPA G4 by the complexation was revealed by molecular modeling and TEM measurements. The stepwise complexation is caused by the different basicity of the imine groups between the shells, which was supported by the chemical shifts of the peaks attributed to the imine carbons in the (13)C NMR spectra. The gradients in the basicity were controlled by the introduction of electron-withdrawing or -releasing groups to the core of the dendrimers; the core imines were complexed last in DPAs having a 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro or 2,5-dichlorophenyl core due to the low basicity of the core imines. The different complexation pattern was also clearly confirmed by the SSR method.     

A long path length spectroelectrochemical behavior analysis of the coabsorption system

The coabsorption system in which both species Red and Ox absorb at the same wavelength was investigated by the long path length spectroelectrochemical technique. The variation of the system absorbance at the isosbestic point with time, which is strongly dependent upon the diffusion coefficients and their difference, was calculated by employing the method of digital simulation under semi-infinite condition. Simulated results indicated that each A(t)-t curve corresponded to definite values of D(R) and D(O) on the condition that D(R) is not equal to D(O). The species diffusion coefficients were evaluated by comparing the spectroelectrochemical experimental result at the isosbestic point with the simulated result, and experimentally verified by the study of electrooxidation of hydroquinone.     

Colorimetric determination of low pH with Malachite Green

A spectrophotometric method was developed for determination of concentration-based pH values from 0 to 2 with Malachite Green indicator. A quadratic model equation was based on the ratio of the absorbances of the peak at 618 nm and the isosbestic point at 518 nm. Normalization to the isosbestic point was used to stabilize the response because the color faded; the useful time interval was within 5 min after indicator addition. Model and verification sets agreed within +/-0.02 pH units between pH 0.3 and 1.8. This excellent precision makes the colorimetric method useful for acid determinations with a relative precision of > +/-5%. The presence of salts at a salt/acid equivalent ratio >0.1 caused a low pH bias.     

OBSERVATION OF THE PICOSECOND TIME-RESOLVED SPECTRUM OF SQUID BATHORHODOPSIN AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

Difference spectra between squid rhodopsin and its bathorhodopsin at room temperature were measured ca. 150 ps and ca. 500 ps after the excitation at 347.2 nm by a double-beam picosecond time-resolved spectrometer. The spectra measured showed a red shift of the isosbestic point between squid rhodopsin and its bathorhodopsin and a lower ΔA_max/ΔA_min value compared with those measured at low temperatures by conventional spectrophotometry.     

Photoreactivity of ethanolamine with octacyanomolybdate(IV) and octacyanotungstate(IV)

Irradiation of [M(CN)8]4– (M = Mo or W) in the ligand field band region causes the substitution of CN– by OH– in alkaline medium, resulting in the generation of [M(CN)7OH]4–. This species reacts with ethanolamine (EOA) in 1:1 stoichiometry. The rate constant has been determined spectrophotometrically at constant ionic strength. The rate constant and the quantum yield decrease with increasing complex concentration and increase with increasing EOA concentration and pH. The isosbestic point in the electronic spectra observed at later stages of irradiation signifies the formation of complexes in successive stages. An associative mechanism is proposed.     

A comparative study of molecular complexation of [60]- and [70]fullerenes with 1,3,5-tribromobenzene by UV-vis spectrophotometric method

By UV-vis spectrophotometric method it has been shown that 1,3,5-tribromobenzene (TBB) forms molecular complexes of 1:2 stoichiometry with [60]- and [70]fullerenes. An isosbestic point could be detected in case of the [70]fullerene complex. The formation constant of the [60]fullerene complex is higher than that of the [70]fullerene complex at each of the four temperatures under study. This is in opposite order of the electron affinities of the two fullerenes; moreover, no charge transfer band was observed in the spectra of either complex in solution. This indicates that van der Waals forces, rather than CT interactions, are responsible for complexation. The results reveal that the C-atoms at the pentagon vertices of [60]fullerene have greater polarizing power than those in [70]fullerene.     

Surface pressure driven supramolecular architectures from mixed H-aggregates of dye-capped azobenzene derivative

We demonstrate a soft chemical approach for the synthesis of dimensionally dictated functionalized mesostructures by continuous tuning of the surface molecular density of a photoreceptable molecule (E)-1-(3-chloro-4-(octyloxy)phenyl)-2-phenyldiazene (compound 1) with Rhodamine B (Rh B). Highly oriented cylindrical microtubules with a hollow center running the entire distance of the assembly in a parallel-packed configuration were formed at the air-water interface. The surface tension driven self-organized structures were evidenced from electronic absorption and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy in conjunction with optical, polarizing, and epifluorescence microscopy and microspectroscopy; the structural building blocks were identified to be mixed H-aggregates from compound 1 and Rh B of 1:1 stoichiometry, corroborated by a blue shift in the characteristic absorption features. The appearance of a crossover point (apparent isosbestic point) instead of a sharp defined isosbestic point in the absorption spectra signified the formation of mixed H-aggregates from trans-azobenzenes in ion-dipole interaction with the charged Rh B. Increasing the temperature induced an end-to-end self-assembly of the hollow tubules, and photoisomerization of compound 1 did not serve as a trigger to induce self-organization. A nonfluorescent planar crystalline morphology with irregular topology was observed for its isomer (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-(octyloxy)phenyl) diazene (compound 2).