Unburned carbon as a low-cost adsorbent for treatment of methylene blue-containing wastewater

Fly ash, natural zeolite, and unburned carbon separated from fly ash have been employed as low-cost adsorbents for dye adsorption in methylene blue-containing wastewater. It is found that the unburned carbon exhibits a much higher adsorption capacity than raw fly ash and natural zeolite. The adsorption capacities of fly ash, natural zeolite, and unburned carbon for methylene blue are 2 x 10(-5), 5 x 10(-5), and 2.5 x 10(-4) mol/g, respectively. Investigation also indicates that adsorption is influenced by initial dye concentration, particle size, dye solution pH, and adsorption temperature. Adsorption on unburned carbon increases with the initial dye concentration, solution pH, and temperature, but reduces with the increasing particle size. Kinetic studies show that adsorption of methylene blue on fly ash, natural zeolite, and unburned carbon can be best described by the pseudo-second-order adsorption model and that adsorption is a two-step diffusion process. The apparent activation energies for methylene blue adsorption on unburned carbon in the first and second diffusion processes are 12.4 and 39.3 kJ/mol, respectively.     

Removal of Phenolic and Lignin Compounds from Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent by Fly Ash and Sepiolite

This study aimed to remove phenolic and lignin compounds from paper mill industry (4500 m³/h) wastewaters, which is discharged to sea from a plant located in the western Turkey. As adsorbent, fly ash, raw sepiolite and heat-activated sepiolite were used. The effect of factors such as, particle size, temperature and pH on adsorption process was investigated. From kinetic studies, equilibrium time was found as 1 h for both. The kinetic data supports pseudo-second order model but shows very poor fit for pseudo-first order model. Intraparticle model also shows that there are two separate stages in sorption process, namely, external diffusion and pore diffusion. Adsorption isotherms for fly ash and activated sepiolite were obtained at two different temperatures. From experiments carried out at different pHs, it was observed that pH plays an important role in the adsorption process in removing of both lignin and phenolic compounds, providing both ionizating the compounds and modifying sorbent surfaces. It was also observed that heat-activated sepiolite is more effective than raw sepiolite and fly ash to remove these compounds. Adsorption of lignin and phenolic compounds increases with decreasing particle size. In addition, the efficiency of adsorption decreases with increasing adsorption temperature for both fly ash and untreated sepiolite.     

FTIR investigation of 2-chlorophenol chemisorption on a silica surface from 200 to 500 degrees C

The time-dependent chemisorption of 2-chlorophenol on a fumed silica surface was studied in situ from 200 to 500 degrees C using a temperature-controlled dosing cell and FTIR absorption spectroscopy. 2-Chlorophenol was found to chemisorb at isolated and geminal surface hydroxyl sites. 2-Chlorophenol chemisorption and subsequent surface oxidation resulted in a mixture of chlorophenolate and partial oxidation products, such as formates and acetates. The rates of chemisorption were measured, and the activation energy of adsorption was found to be 15 +/- 4 kJ mol(-1) for a fast, initial reaction and 22 +/- 2 kJ mol(-1) for a slower reaction at higher surface coverage. This work was motivated by the observation that combustion-generated fly ash mediates the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) at temperatures between 250 and 450 degrees C. Although transition metals such as copper are known to catalyze or mediate this reaction, silica is the major component of fly ash and chemisorption at higher concentration surface sites of silica must have a significant impact on the surface-mediated PCDD/F formation on fly ash surfaces.     

A New Organophosphorus Insecticides Removal Process Using Fly ASH

Abstract

Fly ash and soil mixtures with a range of fly ash content from 1 to 100% were used to study adsorption and desorption of four organophosphorus insecticides, ethyl parathion, methyl parathion, fenitrothion and fenthion, in batch experiments. The object of the study was to develop a treatment process using fly ash as sorbent material to isolate/immobilize organic contaminants from aqueous solutions. The adsorption isotherms fit the Freundlich equation x/m=K_dC^1/n. The K_d values increase with the increase of the fly ash content. The isotherms seem to fit the S type, in mixtures of soil with a fly ash content from 0 to 10%, which implies that adsorption becomes easier as the concentration in the liquid phase increases. In mixtures of soil with a fly ash content from 25 to 50% the isotherms become L type and correspond to a decrease of site availability as the solution concentration increases. Finally in mixtures of soil with a fly ash content over 50%, C type adsorption was observed which correspond to a constant partition of the insecticides between the bulk solution and the adsorbent. Mass balance estimations show that the mean percent amounts of insecticides for a range of concentration 0.5–15 mg/l, removed by adsorption in the soil sample are 81.56 % for ethyl parathion, 48.97 % for methyl parathion, 67.06 % for fenitrothion and 86.65 % for fenthion. The adsorption increases as the fly ash content increased and reach the 100% in the “pure” fly ash. The adsorbed amounts of insecticides in mixtures of soils with >50% fly ash content, are up to 99%. In contrast, the amounts of desorption in water decrease as the fly ash content increase.

The results of this research demonstrate that the fly ash shows a significant capacity for adsorption of organophosphorus compounds from aqueous solution and can be used for pesticide removal process.     

粉煤灰物化性质对单质汞吸附性能的影响

在固定床实验台上考察了三种不同来源粉煤灰对单质汞的吸附性能,采用X射线荧光光谱仪、X射线光电子能谱仪、激光粒度分析仪、扫描电子显微镜等对不同粉煤灰的物化性质进行了表征,并探讨了物化性质对汞吸附性能的影响。结果表明,粉煤灰对汞的吸附包括物理吸附和化学吸附;粉煤灰中未燃尽碳是影响粉煤灰汞吸附性能的重要因素之一,其中,表面C元素与Ti、Si等元素(M)相互作用形成的"C-M"化学键促进了单质汞的氧化,同时粉煤灰中含有的无机化合物Fe₂O₃等也对单质汞的氧化有促进作用;增大比表面积和减小孔径,及适中的颗粒粒径均有利于提高粉煤灰单质汞吸附性能。     

Recovery of gold from gold slag by wood shaving fly ash

Wood shaving fly ash was used as an alternative adsorbent for gold preconcentration from gold slag. The maximum gold adsorption capacity of wood shaving fly ash washed with tap water (WSFW) at 20, 30, 40, and 60 degrees C was 8.68, 7.79, 7.44, and 7.25 mg(Au)/g(adsorbent), respectively, while of activated carbon it was 76.78, 60.95, 56.13, and 51.90 mg(Au)/g(adsorbent), respectively. Deionized water at 100 degrees C could elute gold adsorbed onto WSFW to 71%. The effect of the increasing temperature of water, 30, 60, and 100 degrees C, implied that the adsorption mechanism was mainly physical adsorption. The negative values of enthalpy change (DeltaH) and free energy change (DeltaG) indicated an exothermic and spontaneous process, respectively. The positive values of entropy change (DeltaS) indicated increasing disorder of the system. The advantages of wood shaving fly ash are the purification of gold and the easier recycling of gold from the gold-adsorbed adsorbent.     

Lignite fired fly ash modified by chemical treatment for adsorption of zinc from aqueous solution

The purpose of the study described in this paper was to compare removal of Zn(II) from aqueous solutions by use of two adsorbents—alkali-modified fly ash (FAN) and alkali and dye-modified fly ash (FAN-MO). The effects of four conditions (solution pH, contact time, initial metal ion concentration, and dose of adsorbent) on removal of Zn(II) at 27 ± 5 °C were studied in batch mode. Adsorption of Zn(II) was greater at pH 4.0 for FAN (76.49 %) and at pH 5.0 for FAN-MO (24.72 %). Maximum adsorption of Zn(II) by FAN and FAN-MO was achieved after 50 min. The linear forms of the Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin, D–R, Harkin–Jura, and Frenkel–Halsey isotherms were used for experiments with different concentrations of the metals. Adsorption of Zn(II) ions satisfied the Langmuir isotherm model only. The adsorption capacity of both adsorbents was also investigated by column studies. Adsorption of Zn(II) ions on FAN in column studies (45.33 %) was lower than in batch mode studies. For FAN-MO, adsorption was 37.88 % in column studies, again lower than in batch mode studies. Fly ash modified by alkali had a higher adsorption capacity for Zn(II) ions than fly ash modified by alkali followed by addition of dye.     

Humic acid adsorption on fly ash and its derived unburned carbon

Fly ash is solid waste from combustion process, containing oxide minerals and unburned carbon. In this investigation, fly ash has been separated into metal oxide mineral section and unburned carbon. The fly ash with different contents of unburned carbon was employed for humic acid adsorption to investigate the influence of unburned carbon on adsorption. It is found that metal oxides and unburned carbon in fly ash exhibit significant difference in humic acid adsorption. The unburned carbon plays the major role in adsorption. Higher content of unburned carbon in fly ash results in higher surface area and thus higher humic acid adsorption. Fly ash and unburned carbon exhibit adsorption capacity of humic acid of 11 and 72 mg/g, respectively, at 30 degrees C, pH 7. Humic acid adsorption is also affected by ion strength, pH, and temperature. The thermodynamic calculations indicate that the adsorption is endothermic nature with DeltaH(0) and DeltaS(0) as 5.79 kJ/mol and 16.0 J/K mol, respectively.     

Geopolymeric adsorbents from fly ash for dye removal from aqueous solution

Adsorbents from coal fly ash treated by a solid-state fusion method using NaOH were prepared. It was found that amorphous aluminosilicate geopolymers would be formed. These fly ash-derived inorganic polymers were assessed as potential adsorbents for removal of some basic dyes, methylene blue and crystal violet, from aqueous solution. It was found that the adsorption capacity of the synthesised adsorbents depends on the preparation conditions such as NaOH:fly-ash ratio and fusion temperature with the optimal conditions being at 1.2:1 weight ratio of Na:fly-ash at 250-350 degrees C. The synthesised materials exhibit much higher adsorption capacity than fly ash itself and natural zeolite. The adsorption isotherm can be fitted by Langmuir and Freundlich models while the two-site Langmuir model producing the best results. It was also found that the fly ash derived geopolymeric adsorbents show higher adsorption capacity for crystal violet than methylene blue and the adsorption temperature influences the adsorption capacity. Kinetic studies show that the adsorption process follows the pseudo second-order kinetics.     

Non-linear modelling of the adsorption of Indigo Carmine dye from wastewater onto characterized activated carbon/volcanic ash composite

Over the past couple of years, the resurgence of placing an effective and sustainable amendment to combat against the auxiliary industrial entities like Indigo Carmine (IC), remains a highly contested agenda from a global point. The birth of non-linear modelling for these auxiliary entities is also of significant interest in order to avoid loss of some useful information. With the renaissance of activated carbon (AC), the AC prepared from palm kernel shells (PKSAC) and composite prepared by combining the PKSAC and porous volcanic ash (BVA) from the foot of active volcanic mountain of Cameroon will be of significant contribution for ever increasing pollution problems. Non-linear modelling method was used to model the uptake capacity by adsorption process of IC onto PKSAC and PKSAC/BVA composite. Effects of contact time (0–60 min), adsorbent dose, pH of solution and initial dye concentration (10–20 ppm) were studied on the quantity removal of the hazardous IC dye from aqueous solution in a batch experiment. The prepared PKSAC and PKSAC/BVA composite were characterized using Nitrogen adsorption at 77 K (BET), Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Sacanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X Ray (SEM-EDX), and particle size. The optimum IC uptake was 11.025 and 12.642 mg/g for PKSAC and PKSAC/BVA composites adsorbent respectively. Four Isotherms and kinetic non-linear regression models each were used to model the adsorption data. It results that for the isotherm models, the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models best fitted the adsorption phenomenon while pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetic models well described the adsorption mechanism. Furthermore, the adsorption speed constant (α) of the Elovich kinetic model being higher than the desorption coefficient (β) implies chemisorption was the dominant mechanism in the adsorption process. The composite shows 14.67% higher in retention capacity of the IC dye than the pristine carbon. Conclusively, the expanding of activated carbon/volcanic ash composite represents a potentially viable and powerful tool, leading to the plausible improvement of environmental preservation.     

Adsorption of indigo carmine from aqueous solution using coal fly ash and zeolite from fly ash

Coal fly ash, a waste generated at the Figueira coal-fired electric power plant located in Brazil, was used to synthesize zeolite by hydrothermal treatment with NaOH solution at 100 °C for 24 h. The fly ash (FA) and this synthesized zeolite (ZM) that was characterized predominantly as hydroxy-sodalite were used as adsorbents for anionic dye indigo carmine from aqueous solutions. The samples were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) for the determination of As, Co, Fe, La, Mo, Na, Sb, Sc, Sm, Th, U and Zn. Effects of contact time and initial dye concentration were evaluated in the adsorption processes. The kinetics studies indicated that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second order kinetics and that surface adsorption and intraparticle diffusion were involved in the adsorption mechanism for both the adsorbents. The Langmuir isotherm model provided the best correlation of the experimental data. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 1.48 mg L⁻¹ for FA and 1.23 mg L⁻¹ for ZM. Laboratory leaching and solubilization tests conducted to classify this ZM as if was a waste residue according to the Brazilian regulation classified it as a residue non-hazardous and non-inert.     

Cd2+和Ni2+在粉煤灰上的吸附特性

考察了粉煤灰对Cd2+和Ni2+的单组分吸附和双组分吸附性能。结果表明,粉煤灰可有效吸附水溶液中的Cd2+和Ni2+,去除率随pH升高而增加。吸附约60min后趋于平衡。粉煤灰对Ni2+的吸附容量高于Cd2+。单组分吸附平衡符合Freundlich模型和Redlich Peterson (R P)模型。双组分吸附时,Ni2+和Cd2+之间存在明显的竞争吸附效应;随干扰离子浓度升高,竞争吸附效应增强。不同模型拟合结果表明,双组分吸附平衡符合Freundlich竞争吸附模型。脱附实验表明,Cd2+比Ni2+易于脱附;0.1mol/L HCl、0.1mol/L HNO3 和0.05mol/L H2SO4的脱附效果接近,对Cd2+脱附率>60%,对Ni2+脱附率>35%。     

Modeling the mechanism involved during the sorption of methylene blue onto fly ash

Batch sorption experiments were carried out to remove methylene blue from its aqueous solutions using fly ash as an adsorbent. Operating variables studied were initial dye concentration, fly ash mass, pH, and contact time. Maximum color removal was observed at a basic pH of 8. Equilibrium data were represented well by a Langmuir isotherm equation with a monolayer sorption capacity of 5.718 mg/g. Sorption data were fitted to both Lagergren first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models and the data were found to follow pseudo-second-order kinetics. Rate constants at different initial concentrations were estimated. The process mechanism was found to be complex, consisting of both surface adsorption and pore diffusion. The effective diffusion parameter D(i) values were estimated at different initial concentrations and the average value was determined to be 2.063 x 10(-9)cm2/s. Analysis of sorption data using a Boyd plot confirms the particle diffusion as the rate-limiting step for the dye concentration ranges studied in the present investigation (20 to 60 mg/L).     

Adsorption of Hazardous Azorhodanine Dye from an Aqueous Solution Using Rice Straw Fly Ash

The potential of using rice straw fly ash (RSFA) as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of hazardous azorhodanine (AR) dye from aqueous solution was investigated. The effects of different variables in the batch method as a function of solution pH, contact time, concentration of adsorbate, adsorbent dosage, and temperature were investigated, and optimal experimental conditions were ascertained: 0.05 g for initial dye concentration of 20–100 mg/L at pH 2. The experimental equilibrium data were tested by the isotherm models, namely the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption and the isotherm constants were determined. The kinetic models, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order, were employed to analyze the kinetic data. The activation energy of adsorption was also evaluated and found to be +10.89 kJ.mol^?1, indicating that the adsorption is physisorption. Various thermodynamic parameters, such as Gibbs free energy, entropy, and enthalpy of the ongoing adsorption process, have been calculated and found to be spontaneous and exothermic, respectively.     

Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution on High Lime Fly Ash: Kinetic,Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Studies

Kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies were performed for the batch adsorption of methylene blue (MB) on the high lime fly ash as a low cost adsorbent material. The studied operating variables were adsorbent amount, contact time, dye concentration, and temperature. The kinetic data were analyzed using the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models and the adsorption kinetic was followed well by the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The equilibrium data were fitted with the Freundlich, Langmuir, and Dubinin Radushkevich (D–R) isotherms and the equilibrium data were found to be well represented by the Freundlich and D–R isotherms. Based on these two isotherms MB is taken by chemical ion exchange and active sites on the high lime fly ash have different affinities to MB molecules. Various thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy of adsorption (ΔH°), free energy change (ΔG°), and entropy change (ΔS°) were investigated. The positive value of ΔH° and negative value of ΔG° indicate that the adsorption is endothermic and spontaneous. The positive value of ΔS° shows the increased randomness at the solid–liquid interface during the adsorption. A single-stage batch adsorber was also designed based on the Freundlich isotherm for the removal of MB by the high lime fly ash.     

钙基类吸附剂脱除烟气中气态汞的试验研究

用恒温水浴中汞渗透管的汞蒸气发生装置和其他烟气主要气体成分模拟烟气条件，在小型固定床试验台上开展钙基类物质作为吸附剂脱除单质汞的试验研究。结果表明，无SO2时，两种钙基吸附剂以及飞灰和熟石灰混合物对单质汞的吸附效率不高；当SO2存在时，对单质汞的脱除效率可增加15％～20％，30min时吸附量可增加50％以上，且吸附在较高温度下更有利。其原因在于SO2同钙基吸附剂之间的化学反应，在钙基物质表面产生了活性区域，有利于提高对Hg0的捕捉效率，化学吸附起到了促进吸附的作用。     

Chitosan derivatives as biosorbents for basic dyes

The scope of this study was to prepare and evaluate chitosan derivatives as biosorbents for basic dyes. This was achieved by grafting poly (acrylic acid) and poly (acrylamide) through persulfate induced free radical initiated polymerization processes and covalent cross-linking of the prepared materials. Remacryl Red TGL was used as the cationic dye. Equilibrium sorption experiments were carried out at different pH and initial dye concentration values. The experimental equilibrium data for each adsorbent-dye system were successfully fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich and pH-dependent Langmuir-Freundlich sorption isotherms. Thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption process such as DeltaG degrees, DeltaH degrees, and DeltaS degrees were calculated. The negative values of free energy reflected the spontaneous nature of adsorption. The typical dependence of dye uptake on temperature and the kinetics of adsorption indicated the process to be chemisorption. The grafting modifications greatly enhanced the adsorption performance of the biosorbents, especially in the case of powdered cross-linked chitosan grafted with acrylic acid, which exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity equal to 1.068 mmol/g. Kinetic studies also revealed a significant improvement of sorption rates by the modifications. Diffusion coefficients of the dye molecule were determined to be of the order 10(-13) - 10(-12) m2/s. Furthermore, desorption experiments affirmed the regenerative capability of the loaded material.     

Synthesis of NiO coated chitosan-cenosphere buoyant composite for enhanced adsorptive removal of methylene blue

The objective of the present study is to utilize fly ash cenosphere to remove methylene blue (MB) from the water streams. Nickel oxide is a typical semiconductor used as proficient adsorbent material for degradation of dye with environment friendly applications due to its excellent chemical stability and high catalytic activity. The chitosan cenosphere buoyant composite coated with NiO was synthesized with hydrothermal grafting reaction using silane coupling agent and epichlorohydrin as a cross-linking reagent. The batch adsorption experiments were carried out with a cationic dye, methylene blue as a representative organic pollutant to investigate the adsorptive capabilities of the composite as adsorbent. The influence of pH (2-12), initial concentration of dye (50–200 mg/L), temperature (37–47 °C) and contact time (0–24 h) were taken as parameters in the study. On the relative elimination of MB, the effect of time and temperature were investigated. The adsorption kinetics for MB was correlated and found to observe the pseudo-second order kinetic model, whereas the equilibrium adsorption isotherm follows the Langmuir model (R² > 0.99). The results indicate that the floating fly ash cenosphere coated with NiO proved to be more responsive for enhanced degradation of methylene blue.     

Effect of quaternary ammonium cations on dye sorption to fly ash from aqueous media

The efficacy of the surface modification of fly ash by quarternary ammonium cations in the removal of dyes from aqueous solution is demonstrated. A series of organo-fly ash materials were synthesized by treating fly ash with quarternary ammonium cations such as tetraethylammonium, hexadecyltrimethylammonium, and benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium (TEA, HDTMA, and BDTDA). Two types of dyes were used for the investigation, disperse and anionic dyes. The effects of initial dye concentration, contact time, temperature, and the mechanism of dye sorption were investigated. The sorption was found to be affected by the structure and size of the quaternary ammonium cations as well as that of the dyes. Sorption of dyes was considerably enhanced by the surface modification. Thermodynamic parameters such as free energy (DeltaG0), enthalpy (DeltaH0), and entropy (DeltaS0) for the sorption process were also calculated.