Terahertz radiation generation by beating of two chirped laser pulses in a warm collisional magnetized plasma

Analytical equations of terahertz(THz) radiation generation based on beating of two laser beams in a warm collisional magnetized plasma with a ripple density profile are developed. In this regard, the effects of frequency chirp on the field amplitude of the terahertz radiation as well as the temperature and collision parameters are investigated. The ponderomotive force is generated in the frequency chirp of beams. Resonant excitation depends on tuning of the plasma beat frequency,magnetic field frequency, thermal velocity, collisional frequency, and effect of the frequency chirp with the plasma density.For optimum parameters of frequency and temperature the maximum THz amplitude is obtained.     

THz radiation generation in axially magnetized collisional pair plasma

We investigate the electron-positron plasma for terahertz radiation generation by two Dark Hollow Gaussian beams (DHGBs), which result in multifocal radiations quite useful for various modern applications. In this process, the ponderomotive force acts as a driver for the generation of terahertz field and the realistic situation of collisional plasma under the application of axial magnetic field reveals an efficient radiation generation. An appreciable efficiency of more than 2% is achieved for the process.     

Effects of gain saturation on terahertz radiation via optical difference frequency generation

Numerical studies on stability of terahertz (THz) radiation generation based on difference frequency generation in nonlinear crystals are reported. When the gain saturation is achieved at a wavelength that corresponds to an optimal crystal length, the maximal output of THz radiation could be obtained. As a result of crystal absorption, the gain saturation region of THz radiation is unstable region for output. The stability of THz radiation is determined by the stability of pump in the stable region where behind of the gain saturation.     

Generation of Terahertz radiation with two color semiconductor lasers

We discuss and analyze concepts for the generation of tuneable continuous wave terahertz (THz) radiation with two color diode lasers. First, different geometries of two color lasers are reviewed. We show that the THz power of two color lasers in combination with external photomixers becomes sufficient for scanning THz imaging applications when optical amplification with a tapered amplifier is implemented. Then, the concept of direct emission of THz radiation out of a two‐color semiconductor laser is reviewed and the potential of this concept with respect to THz bandwidth and achievable THz power is critically analyzed.     

Semiconductor disk lasers for the generation of visible and ultraviolet radiation

Recent developments in semiconductor disk lasers (SDLs) generating visible or ultraviolet light are reviewed. After an introduction on potential applications, we discuss how the combination of vertical‐emitting semiconductor GaAs‐based structures and intra‐cavity nonlinear conversion techniques can be successfully exploited to uniquely meet demands for continuous‐wave radiation in the visible and ultraviolet spectral range. To do so, an overview of the device operating principles and performance is presented highlighting the underlying material considerations, semiconductor structural designs, thermal management techniques and suitable cavity configurations. This summary is completed by a presentation of new developments in the field, with a particular focus on the trends towards miniaturization.     

Role of pulse shaping in control of focus and intensity of terahertz radiation

In this work, we uncover the role of lasers pulse shaping for controlling the terahertz peaks with their separation in addition to their intensities. We have developed a mathematical model for obtaining the amplitude, frequency, and power of the emitted Terahertz radiation for the lasers whose shape is tailored based on the index and skew parameter. Then the results are compared with the case of Gaussian laser pulse in collisional plasma. We optimize the process by applying magnetic field and by varying the index of the lasers for compensating the negative influence of collisions on the THz emission. Specifically the effect of laser beam width, magnetic field and collision frequency is investigated on the electric field of the terahertz radiation and the efficiency of the mechanism.     

Terahertz generation in quantum cascade structures by two-color deriving fields: An approach to reach inversion population via optical pumping

In this paper, a quantum cascade laser (QCL) design is proposed based on GaAs/AlGaAs material system, which simultaneously operates at three widely separated wavelengths (${\lambda }_1=11.1\mu m,{\lambda }_2=14.1\mu m$ and ${\lambda }_{THz}=60\mu m$). In the design, all the wavelength radiations are achieved by the engineering of the electronic spectrum via the quantum-well widths and the applied electric field in a single active region within a same waveguide. The mid-infrared (mid-IR) wavelengths are obtained by adoption a dual-upper-state active region, and the proposed design aims to use both the mid-IR radiations as the coherent deriving fields to populate the upper THz lasing state to aid the THz-laser population inversion via optical pumping instead of direct electrical injection. A detailed analysis of electronic transport in the structure is carried out using a multi-level rate-equation model. The results show that the proposed structure offers an alternative approach to room temperature THz generation in QCLs.     

双色激光偏振夹角对产生太赫兹辐射的影响

基于改进的二维光电流模型,研究了双色激光偏振夹角对太赫兹辐射产生的影响.通过改变基频光以及其对应的倍频光的偏振夹角发现,在激光等离子体中辐射的太赫兹波的强度与双色激光的偏振夹角呈周期性变化,并且最佳偏振夹角和不同激光强度也有关系.在相对较低的激光强度下(≤2×1014 W/cm2),当两束激光具备相同的偏振方向,即偏振夹角为0°时,太赫兹幅值达到最大;然而,当激光强度足够高(＞2×1014 W/cm2)时,最佳的偏振夹角会随着激光强度的增加而变大.从电子密度的角度来分析产生这种现象的原因,并用剩余漂移电流来揭示其潜在的物理机制.研究表明,剩余漂移电流是激光诱导等离子体产生太赫兹波的本质根源,对太赫兹波的产量起着决定性作用.     

Generation of coherent terahertz radiation by photomixing of dual-mode lasers

We have reviewed and discussed the generation of continuous-wave terahertz radiation by the photomixing of dual-mode lasers, which includes a multi-mode laser diode (LD), a dual-mode microchip laser, a monolithic dual-mode DBR LD, and a widely tunable dual-mode external cavity LD. It is demonstrated by several experiments that the beat frequency of a dual-mode laser is more stable than the original laser modes because of the common-mode rejection effect. We also suggest a novel scheme by which the optical beat is stabilized to less than 1 kHz and its frequency can be precisely determined as well.     

Terahertz generation from electron- and neutron-irradiated semiconductor crystal surfaces

Terahertz generation from the InP, InSb, GaAs and GaSe crystal surfaces excitated by femtosecond laser pulses has been studied. The terahertz spectra emitted from the native crystals and the crystals previously irradiated by high-energy neutrons or electrons have been recorded. Also, a simulation of the terahertz emission process has been performed. A weak terahertz signal generated from the GaSe native surface has been registered. In the case of electron-irradiated GaSe, the signal is increased several fold because of increased laser radiation absorption.     

Terahertz applications of carbon nanotubes

We formulate and justify several proposals utilizing unique electronic properties of carbon nanotubes for a broad range of applications to THz optoelectronics, including THz generation by hot electrons in quasi-metallic nanotubes, frequency multiplication in chiral-nanotube-based superlattices controlled by a transverse electric field, and THz radiation detection and emission by armchair nanotubes in a strong magnetic field.     

蒿甲醚的太赫兹时域光谱研究

蒿甲醚是目前治疗疟疾非常有效的药物。由于其独特的药效,在临床医学中的应用比较广泛。采用太赫兹时域光谱技术测量了蒿甲醚在太赫兹波段的吸收特性,得到它在0.2～3.0 THz频率范围的特征吸收谱。应用密度泛函理论和6-31G基组计算了蒿甲醚分子的结构及其在太赫兹波段的振动频率,并据此对实验光谱吸收峰进行了指认。理论计算表明,在1.26和2.73 THz处的吸收峰与实验上在1.24和2.73 THz处得到的吸收峰位置相对应,理论计算与实验数据吻合的较好。同时对蒿甲醚的远红外振动模式进行了识别,振动模式以分子基团的骨架振动和扭转为主要特征。对蒿甲醚太赫兹光谱特性的研究结果表明太赫兹技术是一种检测中药的有效方法,这为进一步研究蒿甲醚的药效提供了理论依据。     

THz技术在农产品/食品品质检测中的应用

农产品/食品的质量和品质问题越来越受人们关注。探索实际可行的农产品/食品的无损检测与品质评估技术正在成为研究热点。太赫兹(THz)辐射是位于中红外和微波波段之间的一段电磁波,具有非常重要的科学研究和应用价值。长期以来由于缺乏可行的THz波产生方法与探测手段,该波段相关领域的研究滞缓。THz光谱传感和成像技术是THz波的两个主要应用技术。THz光谱检测技术作为一种新型检测技术能够获得传统检测无法获得的信息。近十几年来,THz波用于来研究固、液、气相等各种物质的光电特性、分子内部振动和组成信息,在生物分析、医疗诊断、安全检测、环境控制等领域,THz技术显示出广阔的应用前景。文章介绍了THz波的主要性质、THz波检测技术的特点,论述了THz技术在农产品、食品质量与品质检测中的最新进展及其应用的潜力。     

激光波长对双色激光等离子体产生太赫兹波的影响

基于瞬态光电流模型研究了激光波长对双色激光等离子体产生太赫兹波的影响.通过理论计算证明:太赫兹信号随激光波长的增大而增强,其变化趋势不会因为双色激光强度、脉宽、相位差、强度比的变化而改变;太赫兹波的频谱不会因为激光波长的改变发生变化.分析了双色激光波长影响太赫兹辐射强度的原因,并利用自由电子密度和漂移电流密度阐明了该影响的内在物理机制.     

碱土金属原子激光的共振辐射俘获效应

根据Holstein理论研究了碱土金属原子激光中的共振辐射俘获效应，分别计算了Ca，Sr和Ba蒸气激光在不同半径时产生共振辐射俘获效应的阈值温度、基态粒子数密度和共振能级的有效寿命.发现计算得到的阈值温度与实验报道的开始产生激光的工作温度一致，表明共振辐射俘获效应是这类激光形成粒子数反转的一个重要机制. 关键词： 共振辐射俘获 碱土金属原子激光 阈值温度     

Generation of widely tunable Fourier-transform-limited terahertz pulses using narrowband near-infrared laser radiation

Widely tunable, Fourier-transform-limited pulses of terahertz (THz) radiation have been generated using (i) crystals of the highly nonlinear organic salt 4-N,N-dimethylamino-4′-N′-methyl stilbazolium tosylate (DAST), (ii) zinc telluride (ZnTe) crystals, (iii) gallium phosphide (GaP) crystals, and (iv) low-temperature-grown gallium arsenide (LTG-GaAs) photomixers with THz spiral antennas. Outputs from two narrowband (Δν < 1 MHz, λ ∼ 800 nm) cw titanium-doped sapphire (Ti:Sa) ring lasers with a well-controlled frequency difference were shaped into pulses using acousto-optic modulators (AOM), coupled into an optical fiber, pulse amplified in Nd:YAG-pumped Ti:Sa crystals and used as optical sources to pump the THz emitters. The THz radiation was detected over a broad frequency range and its bandwidth was determined to be ∼10 MHz. The spectroscopic potential of the THz source is illustrated by the absorption spectrum of a pure rotational transition of OCS.     

The generation of terahertz radiation via optical rectification in the self-induced transparency regime

The possibility of efficient terahertz generation via optical rectification in electro-optic crystal doped with the two-level resonant impurities is demonstrated. Under conditions of the self-induced transparency regime the laser pulses slows down to achieve the phase matching condition. The terahertz generation is accompanied by periodic modulation and spectral deformation of the laser pulse. The most efficient generation occurs under condition of small negative detuning from the resonant frequency of the two-level system.     

Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy of Solids: A Review

Recent development of the terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) and its application to solids have been reviewed. This spectroscopy is unique in that the time-domain wave forms are measured at first and the complex optical constants are deduced directly by the Fourier transformation of them without resort to the Kramers-Kronig analysis. Various types of the THz-TDS systems are briefly described. Applications of the THz-TDS to various solids, i.e., semiconductors, superconductors, polymers, photonic crystals, and so on are also presented to demonstrate how widely this spectroscopy is applicable to characterization of solids.     

太赫兹技术在农产品品质检测中的研究进展

农产品质量安全日益受到关注。由于传统检测方法存在耗时长、操作复杂、消耗大量溶剂、成本高等问题,因而迫切需要开发快速无损检测技术。在电磁波谱中位于微波和红外辐射之间的太赫兹波,因其所处波段的特殊性,使其具有了瞬态性、高穿透性、宽带性、相干性和低能性等一系列特性,太赫兹技术可以有效反映有机生物分子的结构和性质,作为物质“指纹”谱,该技术逐渐应用于有机生物分子的定性、定量分析,在近红外光谱、拉曼光谱、X射线等众多光谱类快速无损检测技术中成为一种极具竞争力的新兴检测技术。首先介绍了太赫兹波特点,太赫兹光谱及其成像技术原理;其次,在其基础上总结了太赫兹数据处理一般流程及其主要步骤中的常用分析方法,着重对定量、定性分析步骤中模型搭建方法、评估方法、评估指标进行了阐述;再次,讨论了近几年来太赫兹技术在农产品品质检测中的几个关键领域应用和研究进展,具体包括农药残留、抗生素、毒素等微量有害物质检测,掺假、转基因和外源异物的鉴别以及农产品内部营养成分含量预测等;最后,系统探讨了太赫兹技术在农产品品质检测领域尚需解决的问题,以此为导向总结需要进一步加强的研究方向,并对太赫兹技术在农产品品质领域未来发展作出展望。已有研究文献表明太赫兹技术在农产品品质检测领域的有效性。尤其,对非极性物质不敏感的特性,使其对已包装农产品的品质检测与评估具有得天独厚的优势。随着机器学习、强化学习等信息科学技术发展,一方面进一步加强太赫兹数据分析技术研究,通过数据自主学习,从数据角度揭示科学规律,构建精度更高、运算开销更小、实时性更强、泛化能力更好的分析模型;另一方面从分子振动理论出发,结合化学、物理学知识,研究太赫兹光谱特性的形成机理,并将获取的先验知识应用于分析模型的构建,通过数据与机理二者有机结合,提高太赫兹光谱分析软实力。未来硬件系统开发上以便携、低成本、灵敏度高为目标,最终实现太赫兹技术应用从实验室研究阶段逐渐走向商用工程化应用。     

Blue‐green light generation using high brilliance edge emitting diode lasers

A review about second harmonic generation using edge emitting diode lasers and nonlinear crystals to obtain laser radiation in the blue‐green spectral range is presented. Therefore, pump laser radiation with high brightness and narrow bandwidth is necessary. Thus, this review gives an overview of the advances made with distributed feedback and Bragg reflector lasers, tapered lasers and amplifiers as well as external cavity diode lasers and master oscillator power amplifier schemes to achieve high brilliance emission. Since periodically poled materials have enabled high second harmonic conversion efficiencies with low and moderate pump powers, the review is focused on frequency doubling using those materials. The most commonly used materials, their properties and limitations are discussed briefly. Single pass and resonant SHG setups with waveguide and bulk nonlinear crystals are discussed and an emphasis on building compact and integrated devices is made.