密度分布对原子核阻止同位旋效应的影响

利用同位旋相关的量子分子动力学（IQMD）模型,分析了中能重离子碰撞过程中相对论平均场和SkyrmeHartrere－Fork等核结构模型给出的核密度分布对原子核阻止的影响。研究表明,从费米能到的较大能量范围内,无论小质量体系还是大质量体系,原子核阻止对同位旋相关的核子－核子碰撞截面都非常灵敏,而不同模型给出的核密度分布对原子核阻止影响不大,说明原子核阻止作为提取同位旋相关核子－核子碰撞截面的灵敏探针是与原子核结构模型无关的。 Influence of densitydistributionwhichisgivenbyRMFandSkyrme－Hartrere－Fork etalnuclearstructuremodelonnuclearstoppinginheavy－ioncollisionsatintermediateenergiesarestudiedbyusingisospin－dependentquantummoleculardynamics(IQMD)model.ResearchshowsthatrangeformtheFermienergytothelargerenergyof 100 Mev/u, for bothsmallandlargemasssystem,nuclearstoppingisfoundtobestronglydependentonthenucleon－nucleoncrosssections,andweaklyondifferentdensitydistribution.ThisshowsthatnuclearstoppingcanbeusedasaprobetoextracttheinformationontheisospindependenceN－Ncrosssectionsandhasnorelationshipwithnuclearstructuremodels.     

Collective mechanism for nuclear stopping and transverse flow in heavy-ion collisions

The role of filamentation instability of quark-gluon plasma, in explaining collective phenomena in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, has been analyzed. Using equations of SU(2) two fluid color hydrodynamics it is shown that this instability can significantly enhance nuclear stopping and might contribute to collective sideward flows.     

On the sensitivity of the energy of vanishing flow towards mass asymmetry of colliding nuclei

We demonstrate the role of the mass asymmetry in the energy of vanishing flow by studying asymmetric reactions throughout the periodic table and over entire colliding geometry. Our results, which are almost independent of the system size and as well as of the colliding geometries indicate a sizable effect of the asymmetry of the reaction on the energy of vanishing flow.     

The symmetry energy in nuclei and in nuclear matter

We discuss to what extent information on ground-state properties of finite nuclei (energies and radii) can be used to obtain constraints on the symmetry energy in nuclear matter and its dependence on the density. The starting point is a generalized Weizs?cker formula for ground-state energies. In particular, effects from the Wigner energy and shell structure on the symmetry energy are investigated. Strong correlations in the parameter space prevent a clear isolation of the surface contribution. Use of neutron skin information improves the situation. The result of the analysis appears consistent with a rather soft density dependence of the symmetry energy in nuclear matter.     

Systematics of nuclear level density parameters of nuclei deficient in one neutron

Photoneutron mean energies of 38 elements were measured as a function of peak bremsstrahlung energy for elements with 23 ≦ Z ≦ 83. Results are compared with neutron mean energies calculated from statistical theory, using for nuclear level densities modified Fermi gas formulae with and without pairing corrections and a constant temperature formula. Except near closed shells the Fermi gas formula with pairing corrections gives reasonable to good correlation between experimental and theoretical data. Derived values of the nuclear level density parameter a-except near Z = 82-are in quantitative agreement with those from recent neutron resonance data.     

中子晕核引起核反应中的同位旋效应

利用同位旋相关的量子分子动力学(IQMD)对中子晕核，⁸He和¹⁰He引起核反应中重要的同位旋效应和松散的中子晕结构影响的平均特征进行了研究.因为IQMD中的互作用势和介质中核子-核子碰撞截面灵敏地依赖于碰撞系统的密度分布.而扩展的中子晕密度分布包含了中子晕核的同位旋效应和松散的中子晕结构的平均特征，从而将这些信息通过动力学碰撞带入到反应机理中. 为了清楚地鉴别中子晕核带入反应机理重要的同位旋效应和松散中子晕结构的影响，通过比较中子晕核和相等质量稳定弹核在相同入射道条件下，所得物理观测量之间的差别加以确定.计算结果确实发现具有初始晕核信息的中子扩展密度分布将重要的同位旋效应和松散中子晕结构带入到各种物理观测量中.例如与相等质量稳定相比，中子晕核的晕特征引起了原子核阻止的降低；并明显地增加了核子发射中子-质子比和同位旋分馏比. 关键词： 中子晕核 原子核阻止 核子发射中子-质子比 同位旋分馏比     

Isotopic dependence of fusion probabilities for neutron-deficient and -rich colliding nuclei

Isotopic dependence of the fusion dynamics is studied by analyzing the collision of a large number of isotopes of Ca and Ni with 0.6 N/Z 2. This study, which results from the Skyrme energy density formalism, reveals that the addition of neutrons favors fusion of reacting partners, whereas the reverse happens with the removal of neutrons. The fusion barrier heights and positions follow a non-linear second-order dependence on ( -1 ), whereas fusion cross-sections can be parameterized by a straight line.-1     

Instabilities in nuclear matter and finite nuclei

Spinodal instability in nuclear matter and finite nuclei is investigated. This instability occurs in the low-density region of the phase diagram. The thermodynamical and dynamical analysis is based on Landau theory of Fermi liquids. It is shown that asymmetric nuclear matter can be characterized by a unique spinodal region, defined by the instability against isoscalar-like fluctuation, as in symmetric nuclear matter. Everywhere in this density region the system is stable against isovector-like fluctuations related to the species separation tendency. Nevertheless, this instability in asymmetric nuclear matter induces isospin distillation leading to a more symmetric liquid phase and a more neutron-rich gas phase.     

Analytical relations between nuclear symmetry energy and single-nucleon potentials in isospin asymmetric nuclear matter

Using the Hugenholtz-Van Hove theorem, we derive general expressions for the quadratic and quartic symmetry energies in terms of the isoscalar and isovector parts of single-nucleon potentials in isospin asymmetric nuclear matter. These expressions are useful for gaining deeper insights into the microscopic origins of the uncertainties in our knowledge on nuclear symmetry energies especially at supra-saturation densities. As examples, the formalism is applied to two model single-nucleon potentials that are widely used in transport model simulations of heavy-ion reactions.     

Effect of three-body interaction on hot asymmetric nuclear matter

The properties of hot asymmetric nuclear matter are studied in the framework of the finite temperature Brueckner－Hartree－Fock theory that is extended to include the contribution of microscopic three-body forces. We give the variation of the critical temperature with the asymmetry parameter and show the effect brought by this three-body repulsive potential on the value of the critical asymmetry of the phase transition for asymmetric nuclear matter. Owing to the additional repulsion provided by three-body forces, this value decreases. In addition, the domain of mechanical instability for hot nuclear matter is also indicated, which gradually shrinks with increasing asymmetry and temperature.     

Concavity for nuclear bindings, thermodynamical functions and density functionals

Sequences of experimental ground-state energies for both odd and even A are mapped onto concave patterns cured from convexities due to pairing and/or shell effects. The same patterns, completed by a list of excitation energies, give numerical estimates of the grand potential Ω(β,μ) for a mixture of nuclei at low or moderate temperatures T=β⁻¹ and at many chemical potentials μ. The average nucleon number A(β,μ) then becomes a continuous variable, allowing extrapolations towards nuclear masses closer to the drip lines. We study the possible concavity of several thermodynamical functions, such as the free energy and the average energy, as functions of A. Concavity, which always occurs for the free energy and is usually present for the average energy, allows easy interpolations and extrapolations providing upper and lower bounds, respectively, to binding energies. Such bounds define an error bar for the prediction of binding energies. Finally we show how concavity and universality are related in the theory of the nuclear density functional.     

On the possibility of detecting asymmetric magnetization reversal processes in exchange bias systems by low temperature nuclear orientation

Low temperature nuclear orientation has been used for the first time to investigate the magnetization reversal processes in an exchange bias system (Co/Au/CoO), with the advantage of observing both the Co and Au layers at the same time. By monitoring the counting-rate ratio of two γ-ray detectors, the measurements may be used to distinguish between reversal processes dominated by domain wall motion as opposed to rotation of the magnetization.     

Dirac-Brueckner-Hartree-Fock calculations for isospin asymmetric nuclear matter based on improved approximation schemes

We present Dirac-Brueckner-Hartree-Fock calculations for isospin asymmetric nuclear matter which are based on improved approximations schemes. The potential matrix elements have been adapted for isospin asymmetric nuclear matter in order to account for the proton-neutron mass splitting in a more consistent way. The proton properties are particularly sensitive to this adaption and its consequences, whereas the neutron properties remains almost unaffected in neutron-rich matter. Although at present full Brueckner calculations are still too complex to apply to finite nuclei, these relativistic Brueckner results can be used as a guidance to construct a density-dependent relativistic mean-field theory, which can be applied to finite nuclei. It is found that an accurate reproduction of the Dirac-Brueckner-Hartree-Fock equation of state requires a renormalization of these coupling functions.     

Exploring nuclear symmetry energy with isospin dependence in neutron skin thickness of nuclei

We propose an alternative way to constrain the density dependence of the symmetry energy from the neutron skin thickness of nuclei which shows a linear relation to both the isospin asymmetry and the nuclear charge with a form of Z^2/3. The relation of the neutron skin thickness to the nuclear charge and isospin asymmetry is systematically studied with the data from antiprotonic atom measurement, and with the extended Thomas-Fermi approach incorporating the Skyrme energy density functional. An obviously linear relationship between the slope parameter L of the nuclear symmetry energy and the isospin asymmetry dependent parameter of the neutron skin thickness can be found, by adopting 70 Skyrme interactions in the calculations. Combining the available experimental data, the constraint of -20 MeV L 82 MeV on the slope parameter of the symmetry energy is obtained. The Skyrme interactions satisfying the constraint are selected.     

Escape of charged particles at stopping annihilation of antiprotons in the heavy nuclei of nuclear photoemulsion

“Rare” annihilation channels for antiprotons stopping on heavy (Ag, Br) nuclei of photoemulsion, have been sought; 4872 stops of antiprotons on photoemulsion nuclei are analysed. Events of formation and decay of the hyperfragment _Λ⁴H, escape of ⁸He and ⁸Li nuclei, one-prong stars with the mean range 79.5±5.1 μm of secondary slow “b” particles are found among the annihilation stars at capture on nuclei (Ag, Br). The lower limits for the production probability of _Λ⁴H and ⁸He, ⁸Li nuclei per antiproton stopping in the nuclei (Ag, Br) are

W_Λ⁴H2×10⁻⁴ and W_⁸He,⁸Li=(1.3±0.6)×10⁻³.

The branching ratio for the production of one-prong stars with the secondary “b” particles is at least (1.3±0.6)×10⁻³. Possible mechanisms for a production of these events in annihilation processes are considered.     

On the moment of inertia in deformed Ba-Xe nuclei as deduced from gamma-gamma energy correlation experiments

The γ-rays following reactions induced by bombarding targets of ^{114, 116, 118, 120, 122}Sn with 118 MeV ¹²C ions were investigated using six NaI(Tl) detectors in a two-dimensional coincidence arrangement. Experimental energy-correlation spectra were extracted from the original coincidence matrices. The energy-correlation spectra exhibit the features expected for rotational nuclei and were used to deduce information on the moment of inertia $\text{I}{}^{\mathrm{(2)}}\text{= ΔI/Δω}$. The gross properties of the behaviour of $\text{I}$⁽²⁾ in the Ba-Xe region are discussed together with their interpretation within the cranked shell model (CSM).     

Binary-component micelle and vesicle:Free energy and asymmetric distributions of amphiphiles between vesicle monolayers

The real-space two-dimensional self-consistent field theory(SCFT) is employed to study the free energies of micelles and vesicles constituted by binary amphiphilic diblock copolymer AB in homopolymer A.With an increasing volume fraction of copolymer AB,there are morphological transitions from circle micelles to oblate circle-like micelles,to a compound structure with inverted micelles in the inner center and micelles outer layer,and to vesicles.Special attention is paid to the role of the copolymer AB in controlling the free energies of the micelles and vesicles by examining the effect of the length ratio of A/B with the fixed whole chain length of the AB copolymer,the length effect of A or B block with the corresponding fixed length of B or A block,for one component of copolymer,and the effect of different amphiphile compositions for a binary-component copolymer system.The quantity η is provided to describe the asymmetric density distribution of amphiphiles between the inner and outer monolayers of vesicles,and to quantify the relative asymmetric extent of the density distribution between two species of copolymers in binary component vesicles.     

Binary theory of antiproton stopping

Binary theory of electronic stopping, developed recently with the aim of quantifying stopping forces on swift heavy ions, has been applied to antiproton stopping. Essential ingredients in the theory are inverse-Bloch and shell corrections. The numerical input consists of the excitation spectrum of the stopping material, characterized by bundled oscillator strengths extracted from tabulated optical properties. Predicted stopping forces for eight solid materials agree well with experimental data, in particular for Si where measurements span over two decades of projectile energy. Large discrepancies were found with stopping data for helium extracted from annihilation time measurements. Received 22 February 2001