CdS/沸石分子筛复合光催化剂的制备及光催化性能

以煤矸石为原料,经Na2CO3碱熔活化和水热合成获得了沸石分子筛;利用Cd2+对沸石分子筛进行离子交换并通过沉淀过程制得了CdS/沸石分子筛复合粉体.采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对所得样品进行表征,并以模拟太阳光为光源,罗丹明B (RhB)为目标降解物,对其光催化活性进行了研究.结果显示:沸石分子筛上负载的CdS的晶相为立方相,制得的CdS/沸石分子筛复合粉体具有较好的光催化活性,且三次循环利用后仍具有较好的催化活性,在模拟太阳光辐照下,CdS/zeolite(0.5 M)复合粉体重复利用3次后,处理260 min对RhB的降解率仍可达91.3;.所得粉体对RhB的光催化过程符合一级动力学方程式,光催化过程中,RhB 紫外可见光谱的蓝移现象揭示所得CdS/沸石分子筛可通过脱乙基-共轭显色基团断裂途径降解RhB.     

PtO-Pt-BiOCl Z-型异质结光催化剂的制备及其性能研究

本文以Bi(NO3)3·5H2O为原料,采用操作简单、过程环保、能耗低的水热法,制备得到BiOCl半导体光催化材料;再采用光还原法,将贵金属Pt和PtO同时负载到BiOCl表面上,进行催化剂改性.在模拟太阳光条件,降解甲基橙(MO)评价催化剂的光降解活性.实验结果表明:与Pt-BiOCl和BiOCl光催化活性对比,PtO-Pt-BiOCl催化剂具有更好的光催化降解效果.PtO,Pt和BiOCl三组份之间的Z型电子传递路径是其光催化性能提升的主要原因.本文论证了PtO在光催化有机污染物降解反应过程当中的作用机制,为PtO在光催化领域的应用提供理论指导.     

不同沉淀剂下水解法制备BiOCl的光催化性能研究

以Bi(NO3)3·5H2O为原料,乙二醇(ethylene glycol,EG)为溶剂,采用水解法,在不同沉淀剂(NH3·H2O,Na2CO3和CO(NH2)2)条件下制备了BiOCl光催化剂.使用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、N2物理吸附、紫外可见漫反射(DRS)、光致发光(PL)光谱等手段对所制样品进行了表征.以甲基橙染料为降解物,评价了不同沉淀条件对BiOCl光催化性能的影响.结果表明,不同沉淀条件对BiOCl光催化剂的结晶度、晶粒尺寸、形貌、禁带宽度、光生电子空穴对分离效率有明显的影响,进而影响了其光催化活性.其中以尿素为沉淀剂制得的催化剂BiOCl-3在模拟太阳光下降解甲基橙(MO)实验中显示了良好的光催化效率,光照60 min后对MO的降解效率达97;.BiOCl-3较高的光催化活性是由于其具有较高的结晶度、均匀的片状结构、较窄的带隙(2.9 eV)和较高的光生电子-空穴对分离效率.自由基和空穴捕获实验证明,光生空穴是BiOCl-3光催化反应体系中的主要活性物种.此外,所制备的BiOCl-3光催化剂具有较高的光催化稳定性,重复使用4次后对甲基橙的降解率仍保持在89;以上.     

Ag3PO4/GO复合材料制备及其光催化性能研究

采用原位沉淀法以GO为基体负载Ag3PO4纳米颗粒制备Ag3PO4/GO复合材料,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等方法对其进行表征,结果显示,Ag3PO4纳米颗粒呈现近似球状,巨在GO薄膜表面均匀分布.光催化降解RhB结果表明,Ag3PO4/GO复合材料在可见光下具有很好的光催化性能,光照60 min后,RhB降解率可达95.7;,较之纯Ag3PO4有着显著增加.催化剂重复使用4次,降解率仍然达到80.7;,表现出较好的稳定性.降解机理研究表明,h+是降解RhB的主要活性物质.     

三维花状复合材料Fe3O4-ZnO的制备与性能研究

以FeCl3、Zn(Ac)2、NH3· H2O等为原料,采用水热法制备了三维花状Fe3O4-ZnO磁性复合材料.通过SEM、XRD、XPS、ICP、UV-Vis DRS及VSM等对样品组成、结构等进行了表征,并以亚甲基蓝为目标降解物,考察了不同Fe/Zn摩尔比复合材料在紫外光照下的光催化活性.结果表明,n(Fe/Zn)为0.36时,Fe 3O4-ZnO复合材料表现出较优异的光催化活性,在180 min内对亚甲基蓝的降解率达到99.3;.SEM分析表明Fe3 O4-ZnO复合材料由六棱柱纳米棒自组装而成,与纯ZnO相比,该Fe3O4-ZnO复合材料紫外线吸收发生红移,拓展了ZnO的可见光响应.此外,该复合材料具有较强磁性(饱和磁化强度是24.91 emu/g),可通过外加磁场将其分离回收,重复使用四次后对亚甲基蓝的降解率仍达到95.5;.     

贵金属Pd沉积对BiOCl光催化性能影响研究

利用光化学沉积法合成了一系列不同Pd含量(0.5;、1;、2;、4;)的Pd/BiOCl复合纳米片.利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、N2-物理吸附/脱附、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外可见漫反射吸收光谱(UV-vis DRS)等物理化学手段对合成的Pd/BiOCl进行了表征.以模型污染物-染料酸性橙Ⅱ为光催化降解对象,考察了该系列光催化剂在紫外光(λ=254 nm)和可见光下光催化降解酸性橙Ⅱ的活性.表征结果显示,尺寸为2 nm左右的Pd纳米粒子沉积在BiOCl纳米片上没有引起催化剂的比表面积的明显变化,但是Pd纳米粒子能使催化剂具有一定的可见光吸收能力.活性测试表明,在紫外光下,当沉积2;的Pd纳米粒子时,BiOCl催化降解染料的活性提高了2.1倍,而在可见光下光催化活性提高了6.3倍.     

BiOCl/ZnO异质结型复合光催化剂的水热合成及其光催化性能

以醋酸锌、氯化钠、硝酸铋和氧氧化钠为原料,利用水热法合成了含BiOCl为1wt;、2wt;、4wt;、8wt;和16wt;的异质结型BiOCl/ZnO复合光催化剂.采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)和光致发光(PL)谱等系列手段对所制备的光催化剂进行了表征.以紫外光(254 nm)为光源,酸性橙Ⅱ为光催化反应降解模型,进行光催化活性测试,考察了复合BiOCl对ZnO光催化剂反应活性和稳定性的影响.研究表明,异质结型BiOCl/ZnO复合光催化剂的光催化性能明显优于纯ZnO.当复合BiOCl的含量为4wt;时,光催化活性最佳,为纯ZnO的3.4倍,同时该催化剂在循环使用中具有更好的稳定性.     

Li2 CO3-Y3+共掺杂TiO2纳米材料的制备及光催化性能的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Y3+-TiO2纳米粒子,利用X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、紫外-可见光谱(UV-vis)等仪器对样品的物化性质进行了表征.以对亚甲基蓝为目标降解物,考查了Y3+掺杂对纳米TiO2光催化活性的影响.实验结果表明,掺杂浓度摩尔比为0.03的Y3+有利于提升TiO2光催化活性,能有效提高对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解效率.对TiO2纳米粒子进行了Y3+和Li2 CO3共掺杂,Li2 CO3共掺Y3+-TiO2相比于Y3+-TiO2对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解效率有了进一步的提升,同时对相关机理进行了详细的论证,推测Li2 CO3在本研究中起到空穴补偿剂而不是电荷补偿剂的作用.     

微波合成Bi2S3/g-C3N4复合光催化剂及其光催化性能研究

采用微波合成法制备了Bi2 S3/g-C3 N4复合光催化剂,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外可见-漫反射吸收光谱(Uv-vis)、物理吸附仪(BET)等对其进行了表征,以罗丹明B(RhB)为目标化合物对其光催化性能进行了评价.结果表明,与纯Bi2 S3和g-C3 N4相比,复合样品的禁带宽度变小,比表面积增大,光生载流子的复合效率降低,显著提高了其光催化降解RhB的效率.复合样品5-CNBS对RhB的降解率达99;以上,分别是纯g-C3 N4和Bi2 S3单体对RhB降解效率的1.59倍和4.95倍.     

铁、镧共掺杂介孔TiO2微球的制备及光催化性能研究

以钛酸异丙酯为钛源,利用三嵌段共聚物EO106 PO70 EO106(F127)修饰的溶胶-凝胶法合成了La、Fe共掺杂的单分散TiO2介孔微球.并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、能谱分析(EDX)、透射电镜(TEM)、BET、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外-可见光漫反射技术对样品的物相组成及微观结构进行了表征,利用紫外光照射降解亚甲基蓝溶液的方法测定其光催化性能.结果表明:与纯TiO2介孔微球相比,La3+的掺入抑制了TiO2晶粒的长大,La3+和Fe3+共掺入TiO2介孔微球的紫外-可见光的吸收带边发生红移,禁带宽度减小;在紫外光照射下,1at;La3+掺杂以及Fe3+、La3+共掺TiO2介孔微球的光催化活性均高于纯TiO2,其中1at;Fe/1at;La-TiO2的光催化性能最好.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.