Variation of Aluminium Distribution in Small-Sized ZSM-5 Crystals during Desilication

Hollow ZSM-5 zeolites of size below one micrometer can be produced by desilication of crystals with aluminium zoning. The parent crystals have a core–shell structure: the core part has nearly no aluminium, whereas the aluminium content in the shell increases when extending to exterior surface. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the preservation of the crystalline shell after base leaching, but could not identify its subtle change. An increase of the Si/Al ratio of the surface was detected upon leaching the parent material to form the hollow zeolite by using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy of substituted alkylpyridines. ²⁷Al MAS NMR showed that base leaching results in a reduced percentage of distorted tetrahedrally coordinated aluminium. The reprecipitation of dissolved species occurs and tetrahedrally coordinated tin atoms can thus be introduced to the shell framework. Overall, the formation of hollow ZSM-5 zeolites by desilication involves not only the removal of silicon-rich core, but also a reduced percentage of exterior aluminium-related acid sites, which should be considered while using hollow zeolites in acid-catalyzed reactions.     

Differences Between Individual ZSM‐5 Crystals in Forming Hollow Single Crystals and Mesopores During Base Leaching

After base treatment of ZSM‐5 crystals below 100 nm in size, TEM shows hollow single crystals with a 10 nm shell. SEM images confirm that the shell is well‐ preserved even after prolonged treatment. Determination of the Si/Al ratios with AAS and XPS in combination with argon sputtering reveals aluminum zoning of the parent zeolite, and the total pore volume increases in the first two hours of base treatment. In corresponding TEM images, the amount of hollow crystals are observed to increase during the first two hours of base treatment, and intact crystals are visible even after 10 h of leaching; these observations indicate different dissolution rates between individual crystals. TEM of large, commercially available ZSM‐5 crystals shows inhomogeneous distribution of mesopores among different crystals, which points to the existence of structural differences between individual crystals. Only tetrahedrally coordinated aluminum is detected with ²⁷Al MAS NMR after the base leaching of nano‐sized ZSM‐5.     

Phosphatation of Zeolite H‐ZSM‐5: A Combined Microscopy and Spectroscopy Study

A variety of phosphated zeolite H‐ZSM‐5 samples are investigated by using a combination of Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, single pulse ²⁷Al, ²⁹Si, ³¹P, ¹H‐³¹P cross polarization (CP), ²⁷Al‐³¹P CP, and ²⁷Al 3Q magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) spectroscopy, scanning transmission X‐ray microscopy (STXM) and N₂ physisorption. This approach leads to insights into the physicochemical processes that take place during phosphatation. Direct phosphatation of H‐ZSM‐5 promotes zeolite aggregation, as phosphorus does not penetrate deep into the zeolite material and is mostly found on and close to the outer surface of the zeolite, acting as a glue. Phosphatation of pre‐steamed H‐ZSM‐5 gives rise to the formation of a crystalline tridymite AlPO₄ phase, which is found in the mesopores of dealuminated H‐ZSM‐5. Framework aluminum species interacting with phosphorus are not affected by hydrothermal treatment. Dealuminated H‐ZSM‐5, containing AlPO₄, retains relatively more framework Al atoms and acid sites during hydrothermal treatment than directly phosphated H‐ZSM‐5.     

Location of Framework Al Atoms in the Channels of ZSM‐5: Effect of the (Hydrothermal) Synthesis

²⁷Al 3Q MAS NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy with bare Co^II ions as probes of Al pairs in the zeolite framework were employed to analyze the location of framework Al atoms in the channel system of zeolite ZSM‐5. Furthermore, the effect of Na⁺ ions together with tetrapropylammonium cation (TPA⁺) in the ZSM‐5 synthesis gel on the location of Al in the channel system was investigated. Zeolites prepared using exclusively TPA⁺ as a structure‐directing agent (i.e., in the absence of Na⁺ ions) led to 55–90 % of Al atoms located at the channel intersection, regardless the presence or absence of Al pairs [Al?O?(Si?O)₂?Al sequences in one ring] in the zeolite framework. The presence of Na⁺ ions in the synthesis gel did not modify the Al location at the channel intersection (55–95 % of Al atoms) and led only to changes in i) the distribution of framework Al atoms between Al pairs (decrease) and single isolated Al atoms (increase), and ii) the siting of Al in distinguishable framework tetrahedral sites.     

ZSM-5分子筛的合成及其在丁烯催化裂解反应中的应用

采用水热合成法制备了无模板剂ZSM-5分子筛并用正硅酸甲酯(TMOS)对其进行外表面修饰改性,利用XRD、SEM、~(29)Si MAS NMR、~(27)Al MAS NMR、NH_3-TPD、BET和UV-vis DRS对合成分子筛的物相、形貌和酸性等进行了表征,并将其应用于催化丁烯裂解反应。研究表明,经水热合成的无模板剂ZSM-5结晶度较好,与添加模板剂合成的ZSM-5拥有相似的孔道结构和晶体结构以及相近的酸量,但在酸中心分布上有明显差异:孔道内酸中心数量增加且分布更加均匀,孔道交叉处酸中心数量减少;经过外表面修饰改性后,ZSM-5分子筛外表面部分不具备择形性的酸中心被钝化,使其择形选择能力增强。在催化丁烯裂解反应中,用TMOS进行外表面修饰改性的无模板剂ZSM-5分子筛作为催化剂能够有效抑制副反应的发生,丙烯和乙烯的总收率高达58%。     

Substitution clustering in a non-stoichiometric celsian synthesized by the thermal transformation of barium exchanged zeolite X

The thermal transformation of Ba exchanged zeolite X to celsian has been studied by ²⁷Al and ²⁹Si MAS NMR spectroscopy. Evidence for the degradation of the zeolite framework is present in the ²⁹Si NMR spectra after thermal treatment at 850 °C. Confirmation is provided by the ²⁹Si NMR data that synthesis of celsian via the decomposition of Ba exchanged zeolite leads to a single defect phase. Clustering of the isomorphous replacement of aluminium by silicon must occur to explain the observed ²⁹Si chemical shifts. The ²⁷Al NMR data show distorted aluminium co-ordination sites upon the thermal transformation of Ba exchanged zeolite X. The distortions present in the amorphous matrix are greater than those present in the monoclinic and hexagonal crystalline phases of celsian.     

氟硅酸铵改性纳米HZSM-5分子筛催化甲醇制丙烯

在静态条件下, 采用不同浓度的氟硅酸铵溶液对纳米ZSM-5分子筛进行了改性处理. 利用粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、²⁷Al 魔角旋转固体核磁共振(²⁷Al MAS NMR)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、N₂ 吸附、透射电镜(TEM)、NH₃程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)、吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-IR)等技术对改性前后纳米ZSM-5分子筛的骨架结构、织构性质、酸性质进行了表征. 并在常压、反应温度为450℃、甲醇质量空速(WHSV)为1 h^-1的条件下, 研究了改性前后纳米HZSM- 的甲醇制丙烯(MTP)催化性能. 结果表明, 合适浓度的氟硅酸铵处 理能够选择性地脱除纳米ZSM-5 分子筛的外表面铝, 从而使得HZSM-5 的酸密度降低, 比表面积和孔容增大, MTP催化性能显著提高. 氟硅酸铵改性后纳米HZSM-5 的丙烯选择性和丙烯/乙烯(P/E)质量比分别由原来的 28.8%和2.6提高到45.1%和8.0, 催化剂寿命增加了近2倍.     

异相晶种诱导快速合成低硅菱沸石分子筛

在不含有机模板剂体系(OSDAs)中,利用异相晶种(T型分子筛)诱导快速合成出纯相的低硅菱沸石分子筛。采用XRD、SEM、TEM、27Al MAS NMR和紫外拉曼等手段表征分子筛的结构属性和形貌特点。详细研究了菱沸石分子筛的晶化过程以及晶种添加量、nAl2O3/nSi O2、nH2O/nSiO2和碱度对菱沸石分子筛晶化的影响,并探讨T型分子筛晶种诱导合成菱沸石分子筛的晶化机理。原位合成体系中仅形成L型分子筛晶相,而一定量T型分子筛异相晶种的加入诱导溶胶快速制备出纯相的菱沸石分子筛。T型分子筛晶体在一定的水热条件下不断溶解而释放的六元环(6R)和四元环(4R)迅速形成菱沸石分子筛特征笼(CHA笼),抑制了L型分子筛特征单元和特征笼(不含四元环的CAN笼)的形成。     

Synthesis and Characterization of Ordered Mesoporous Aluminosilicate Molecular Sieves with High Stability in High-Temperature Steam

The ordered mesoporous aluminosilicate molecular sieve （MASMS-1） stable in the high-temperature steam has been successfully synthesized from the assembly of diluted ZSM-5-type precursor with mesoporous MCM-41. The material was characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, FE-SEM, TEM, FT-IR spectroscopy and 27A1 MAS NMR techniques. This mesoporous material shows high stability in the high-temperature steam [H2O （φ=20%） in N2 at 800 ℃ for 4 h], which might be ascribed to the synergistic effect of both thick walls containing zeolite-like five-membered ring subunits and highly condensed surface silanol groups.     

Structure of Framework Aluminum Lewis Sites and Perturbed Aluminum Atoms in Zeolites as Determined by 27Al{1H} REDOR (3Q) MAS NMR Spectroscopy and DFT/Molecular Mechanics

Zeolites are highly important heterogeneous catalysts. Besides Brønsted SiOHAl acid sites, also framework Al_FR Lewis acid sites are often found in their H‐forms. The formation of Al_FR Lewis sites in zeolites is a key issue regarding their selectivity in acid‐catalyzed reactions. The local structures of Al_FR Lewis sites in dehydrated zeolites and their precursors—“perturbed” Al_FR atoms in hydrated zeolites—were studied by high‐resolution MAS NMR and FTIR spectroscopy and DFT/MM calculations. Perturbed framework Al atoms correspond to (SiO)₃AlOH groups and are characterized by a broad ²⁷Al NMR resonance (δ_i=59–62 ppm, C_Q=5 MHz, and η=0.3–0.4) with a shoulder at 40 ppm in the ²⁷Al MAS NMR spectrum. Dehydroxylation of (SiO)₃AlOH occurs at mild temperatures and leads to the formation of Al_FR Lewis sites tricoordinated to the zeolite framework. Al atoms of these (SiO)₃Al Lewis sites exhibit an extremely broad ²⁷Al NMR resonance (δ_i≈67 ppm, C_Q≈20 MHz, and η≈0.1).     

Framework Effects on Activation and Functionalisation of Methane in Zinc-Exchanged Zeolites

The first selective oxidation of methane to methanol is reported herein for zinc-exchanged MOR (Zn/MOR). Under identical conditions, Zn/FER and Zn/ZSM-5 both form zinc formate and methanol. Selective methane activation to form [Zn-CH₃]⁺ species was confirmed by ¹³C MAS NMR spectroscopy for all three frameworks. The percentage of active zinc sites, measured through quantitative NMR spectroscopy studies, varied with the zeolite framework and was found to be ZSM-5 (5.7 %), MOR (1.2 %) and FER (0.5 %). For Zn/MOR, two signals were observed in the ¹³C MAS NMR spectrum, resulting from two distinct [Zn-CH₃]⁺ species present in the 12 MR and 8 MR side pockets, as supported by additional NMR experiments. The observed products of oxidation of the [Zn-CH₃]⁺ species are shown to depend on the zeolite framework type and the oxidative conditions used. These results lay the foundation for developing structure–function correlations for methane conversion over zinc-exchanged zeolites.     

Sustainable Synthesis of Core-Shell Structured ZSM-5@Silicalite-1 Zeolite

Core-shell structured ZSM-5@Silicalite-1 zeolite could effectively hinder the deactivation of catalyst surface. Currently, organic structure directing agents(OSDAs) are necessary in the conventional route for the synthesis of this core-shell zeolite under hydrothermal conditions, which is costly and environmental-unfriendly. In this research, a synthesis of the core-shell structured ZSM-5@Silicalite-1 zeolite with a strategy of alcohol filling and zeolite seeding without any organic template or solvent is exhibited. The obtained products are well characterized by X-ray powder diffractometer(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), N₂ sorption isotherms, solid magic angle spinning(MAS) NMR, temperature-programmed-desorption of ammonia(NH₃-TPD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) techniques, in order to confirm the core-shell structure. More importantly, the core-shell structured ZSM-5@Silicalite-1 zeolite exhibits a long lifetime and a high p-xylene selectivity in the alkylation of toluene with methanol, compared with the conventional ZSM-5 catalyst.     

Preparation and characterization of nanosized ZSM-5 zeolite using kaolin and investigation of kaolin content, crystallization time and temperature changes on the size and crystallinity of products

Nano sized ZSM-5 zeolite samples were synthesized successively from kaolin clay as alumina source having a large amount of quartz (39%) and silicic acid as silica source by hydrothermal treatment with NaOH in the presence of tetrapropylammonium hydroxide as a template. Then the effect of kaolin content, crystallization temperature and time on the size and crystallinity of the products were investigated. The prepared samples were characterized using XRD, SEM, EDS and FT-IR techniques. The results showed that the synthesized ZSM-5 zeolite samples were almost pure and their crystallization was almost complete. The average particle size, as determined by Debye-Scherrer equation, was in the range of 20-42 nm. Increasing kaolin content on crystal size was more effective than increase in crystallization temperature and time. Additional evidences for the nano sized ZSM-5 zeolite were the asymmetric stretch vibration band at 1225 cm^-1 in the FT-IR spectra and TEM images. The scanning electron micrographs of the synthesized zeolites showed that they are spherical shape crystals.     

A novel method for synthesis of mesoporous ZSM-5 from iron ore tailings

Mesoporous ZSM-5 was prepared from iron ore tailings (IOT) using a two-step process. Mesoporous MCM-41 was first synthesized using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as mesoporous template and IOT as silica source. The CTAB in the as-synthesized MCM-41 was used as the mesoporogen to produce the mesoporous ZSM-5, by recrystallizing the amorphous walls of MCM-41 with tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPABr) as the structure-directing agent via solid-phase conversion. To evaluate the textural properties of mesoporous ZSM-5, the as-synthesized samples were characterized using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, ²⁹Si, ²⁷Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption. The results show that phase separation between the surfactant and zeolite crystals was avoided in the solid-phase conversion process, which transforms the as-synthesized MCM-41 to mesoporous zeolite. Therefore, the synthetic route presented herein provides a novel method for the synthesis of mesoporous ZSM-5 from IOT.

     

HZSM-5分子筛焙烧脱铝的27Al MQMAS NMR研究

用29Si、27Al魔角旋转固体核磁共振(MAS NMR)结合二维多量子魔角旋转(2D MQMAS)技术对焙烧脱铝的HZSM-5分子筛中铝的配位状态进行了研究.结果表明,HZSM-5分子筛经焙烧后,在化学位移(δ)45处出现一宽峰信号,其主要来自扭曲四配位铝.通过二维三量子铝谱计算出扭曲四配位铝的四极作用常数约为5.2 MHz.对700和750 ℃焙烧样品的铝谱进行分峰拟合,发现在δ 30处又出现一个小峰,归属为非骨架五配位铝.同时,在750 ℃焙烧样品的二维多量子铝谱中直接观察到非骨架五配位铝的信号.焙烧温度低于700 ℃,脱铝不明显；高于700 ℃,引起分子筛骨架的显著脱铝.焙烧还造成部分骨架铝的信号变得“不可观测”.     

Further evidence of incorporation of chromium ions into the framework of silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieves

Three different molecular sieves were synthesised and characterized using³¹P and²⁷Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (³¹P and²⁷Al MAS NMR) spectroscopy and acidity measurement techniques. The synthesized solids were: a silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO-11) sample, a chromium-substituted silicoaluminophosphate (CrAPSO-11) sample and a chromium-supported SAPO-11 (Cr/SAPO-11) sample. Significant differences were observed between the CrAPSO-11 MAS NMR spectra and the spectra for the other two solids. The differences can be understood in terms of a different chemical environment for the Al(III) and P(V) ions in the molecular sieve framework, as a result of a different type of interaction, probably with substituted chromium ions in the framework. The acidity measurements were in agreement with the MAS NMR spectroscopy results, providing further evidence for the incorporation of chromium ions into the molecular sieve framework.     

Study on antimony oxide self-assembled inside HZSM-5

Sb/ZSM-5 was obtained by solid-state reaction with the mixture of Sb₂O₃ and zeolite HZSM-5 under a dry nitrogen flow at 773 K. Characterization of the treated zeolite was undertaken with XRD, ²⁷Al MAS NMR, BET, TGA and FT-IR. The results revealed that part of the antimony oxides migrated into the channels of zeolite, and decreased the Brönsted acid sites in Sb/ZSM-5 remarkably. The other part of antimony oxides together with the amorphous alumino-silicate in the products distributed on the external surface of zeolite ZSM-5 and modified it, while the framework of ZSM-5 in crystal phase was retained. The structure of occluded antimony oxide inside the channels of ZSM-5 was studied by XRD Rietveld method. The result showed that their structure can be described as a chain of non-perfect [Sb₅O₅(H₂O)₂]_n⁵ⁿ⁺, which is parallel to the straight channel of ZSM-5. There is about 0.6 [Sb₅O₅(H₂O)₂]⁵⁺ unit in every cell of the ZSM-5 on an average.     

Extra-framework aluminium in thermally treated zeolite CaA

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of aluminium including magic-angle spinning (²⁷Al MAS NMR) have been measured in order to study the dealumination which is caused by a heat treatment of zeolite CaA. The extra-lattice aluminium exists partly in the form of Al(OH)₄⁻ anions, corresponding to at most about 17% of lattice dealumination.     

Y沸石的高温合成

采用甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTS)为添加剂, 在高温(140 °C)条件下水热合成出具有六方片状形貌的Y型沸石. 相比于100 °C左右合成的Y型沸石, 高温合成的Y沸石具有更高的硅铝比值、更大的晶体宽厚比值以及对有机挥发物具有优异的吸附性能. 通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、²⁹Si固体核磁共振(NMR)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、碳氢氮元素分析(CHN)、水接触角等表征, 证明了所合成的新型Y沸石具有甲基基团, 它们的存在增强了疏水性能, 提高了对有机挥发物的吸附能力.     

Isomorphous substitution of framework silicon by aluminium in silicalite: factors determining resolution of 29Si magic-angle-spinning NMR spectra of pentasil zeolites

The hypothesis that the resolution of ²⁹Si magic-angle-spinning NMR spectra of zeolite ZSM-5/silicalite is governed by tetrahedral Al content is questioned by showing that the introduction of substantial amounts of framework Al into silicalite does not impair spectral resolution. Possible alternative mechanisms are discussed.