Nanocrystalline aerogel VOx/MgO as a catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane

Nanocrystalline aerogel VO_x/MgO catalysts for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane with high surface area and uniform vanadium distribution were synthesized by co-gelation followed by supercritical drying. The catalysts were shown to have superior performance compared to nanocrystalline VO_x/MgO catalysts prepared by impregnation.     

脱合金制备纳米多孔双金属氧化物NiMoO4及其电化学性能

采用快速凝固与脱合金相结合的方法制备纳米多孔Ni-Mo合金,然后退火获得三维双连续纳米多孔NiMoO₄,采用XRD、SEM、TEM对多孔NiMoO₄的成分、形貌和结构进行表征,并通过循环伏安、恒电流充放电等方法测试多孔NiMoO₄电极的电化学性能。结果表明,Ni₅Mo₅Al₉₀和Ni_2.5Mo_2.5Al₉₅经脱合金和退火均可获得纳米多孔NiMoO₄,Mo元素对脱合金具有钉扎作用,可减小多孔合金的骨架和孔隙尺寸,由Ni₅Mo₅Al₉₀合金获得纳米多孔NiMoO₄表现出更为优异的超电容性能,其在1 A·g^-1电流密度比容量达708 F·g^-1,当电流密度增加20 A·g^-1,其比容保持率达57.1%。在4 A·g^-1电流密度下循环充放电1 000次,其比容保持率达91.2%。     

脱合金制备纳米多孔双金属氧化物NiMoO_4及其电化学性能

采用快速凝固与脱合金相结合的方法制备纳米多孔Ni-Mo合金,然后退火获得三维双连续纳米多孔NiMoO_4,采用XRD、SEM、TEM对多孔NiMoO_4的成分、形貌和结构进行表征,并通过循环伏安、恒电流充放电等方法测试多孔NiMoO_4电极的电化学性能。结果表明,Ni_5Mo_5Al_(90)和Ni_(2.5)Mo_(2.5)Al_(95)经脱合金和退火均可获得纳米多孔NiMoO_4,Mo元素对脱合金具有钉扎作用,可减小多孔合金的骨架和孔隙尺寸,由Ni_5Mo_5Al_(90)合金获得纳米多孔NiMoO_4表现出更为优异的超电容性能,其在1 A·g~(-1)电流密度比容量达708 F·g~(-1),当电流密度增加20 A·g~(-1),其比容保持率达57.1%。在4 A·g~(-1)电流密度下循环充放电1 000次,其比容保持率达91.2%。     

P-modified cobalt oxide：A novel and effective catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane

A series of nanosized cobalt oxide catalysts modified with phosphorus have been synthesized by the sol–gel method and investigated in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propene.With the addition of phosphorus,the crystallite size of the catalyst was largely decreased,while the P species in the catalyst were highly dispersed.Compared to pure cobalt oxide,the P-modified samples showed higher propane conversion and enhanced propene selectivity.Over the PCoO catalyst with a P/Co atomic ratio of 0.05,the maximal propene yields of 15.7%with a propane conversion of 28.3%were obtained at 520℃.     

Synergetic effect between NiO and Ni3V2O8 in propane oxidative dehydrogenation

The oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of propane was investigated on Ni-V-O catalysts in a wide range of vanadium contents (5-40%). The addition of a small amount of vanadium significantly increased the catalytic activity of NiO for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propene. The formation of propene has a good correlation with the coexistence of NiO and Ni₃V₂O₈. This result strongly suggests that a synergetic effect exists between them in Ni_XV_1-XO_Y (X = 0.95 to 0.6). The best results were obtained with a high Ni/V ratio (e.g. X = 0.95 to 0.85). The active sites and selective oxygen species are discussed. The influence of the catalyst preparation technique and the redox properties of the catalyst were also examined.     

Low temperature synthesis of nanocrystalline YVO4:Eu via polyacrylamide gel method

Nanocrystalline europium doped yttrium orthovanadate (YVO₄:Eu) were synthesized by the polyacrylamide gel method. For a comparative evaluation, bulk YVO₄:Eu was prepared by solid-state reaction. On the basis of X-ray powder diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and luminescence measurements, the polyacrylamide gel method appears to be a more efficient method to prepare the luminescence materials YVO₄:Eu with high homogeneity, purity and luminescence intensity.     

A one-step solvothermal route for the synthesis of nanocrystalline anatase TiO2 doped with lanthanide ions

A one-step solvothermal synthesis is proposed for the preparation of nanocrystalline single-phase TiO₂ in the anatase form doped with lanthanide ions Eu³⁺, Er³⁺ and Sm³⁺. The structural properties of these products have been investigated by using X-ray powder diffraction, electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, the laser-excited luminescence spectra of the samples have been measured and analyzed. Following this route, the doping process turns out to be highly favorite and the resulting materials show an efficient luminescence in the visible region.     

PtSnNa/SUZ-4:丙烷脱氢反应的高效催化剂

丙烷脱氢制丙烯是优化利用炼厂气和油田伴生气资源的一条重要途径.随着丙烯需求量的逐步增加,丙烷脱氢制丙烯日益受到重视.负载型PtSn/γ-Al2O3催化剂具有优良的丙烷脱氢活性和选择性,但在高温、低氢压的反应条件下,催化剂易积炭而失活.近年来,选用了微孔分子筛如ZSM-5和介孔分子筛如SBA-15和MCM-41作为PtSn催化剂的载体,结果表明,具有规整孔道结构的负载型PtSn/分子筛催化剂的丙烷脱氢反应稳定性明显优于PtSn/γ-Al2O3催化剂.SUZ-4分子筛与ZSM-5分子筛结构相似且孔径相当,所不同的是ZSM-5由十元环交叉孔道组成,而SUZ-4由十元环和八元环孔道垂直相交组成.我们用微型催化反应装置结合XRD、BET比表面积和孔体积测试、NH3吸附-程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、氢化学吸附、热重分析(TG)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和程序升温氧化(TPO)等多种物理化学手段研究了负载型PtSnNa/SUZ-4和PtSnNa/ZSM-5催化剂的结构和丙烷脱氢反应性能,以及这两种催化剂在丙烷脱氢反应中催化性能差异的原因.实验结果显示,在丙烷脱氢反应中,负载型PtSnNa/SUZ-4催化剂上丙烯选择性和反应稳定性明显优于PtSnNa/ZSM-5催化剂,说明载体一定程度上会影响催化剂上丙烷脱氢反应性能.XRD,BET比表面积和孔体积测试等表征手段结果表明,SUZ-4和ZSM-5的孔体积和比表面积比较接近,载体的结构又类似,且两者的积碳量也相近,故载体的基本性质和积碳量的差异不是引起催化剂性能差异的原因.NH3-TPD结果表明,H-SUZ-4的酸强度明显强于H-ZSM-5.由于浸渍法制备负载型PtSn催化剂所用前体为具有强酸性的混合溶液(H2PtCl6+SnCl4),存在于SUZ-4分子筛孔道内表面的强酸中心不利于上述前体与SUZ-4分子筛孔道内表面结合.ZSM-5分子筛孔道内表面比较弱的强酸中心,促进了催化剂前体在ZSM-5分子筛孔道内表面的分散与结合.和ZSM-5为载体的催化剂相比,PtSnNa/SUZ-4上Pt粒子大部分分散在载体的外表面,从而金属上的积碳不易引起催化剂的失活.故多孔材料上Pt的分布是影响催化活性差异的主要原因.为进一步证明多孔材料上Pt的分布是影响催化活性差异的主要原因,我们通过二苯并噻吩预处理催化剂的手段证明Pt粒子在分子筛孔内外的分布情况.由于二苯并噻吩的尺寸比较大(0.8 nm)不能进入到分子筛的孔道内(SUZ-4:0.56 nm,ZSM-5:0.56 nm),所以载体孔道外的部分Pt会被二苯并噻吩预处理而失去活性,而孔道内的Pt不会因为预处理仍具有催化活性.实验结果表明,PtSnNa/SUZ-4经过二苯并噻吩预处理后,催化活性大大降低;而PtSnNa/ZSM-5经过二苯并噻吩预处理后,催化活性几乎没有变化.说明PtSnNa/SUZ-4上Pt粒子大部分分散在载体的外表面,从而金属上的积碳不易引起催化剂的失活.     

Synthesis and luminescence properties of nanocrystalline YVO4:Eu

Nanocrystalline YVO₄:Eu³⁺ was synthesized by direct precipitation reaction, which was then annealed at different temperatures. The results of XRD showed that nanocrystalline YVO₄:Eu³⁺ could be obtained in solution at 60 °C, and the mean particle sizes of samples are increased as annealing temperature is increased. The results of TEM exhibit that the sizes of samples are around 5-30 nm. Studies on the excitation spectra show that there are a large number of the structural distortions in smaller particles. By analyzing line splitting patterns and peaks broadening in the emission spectra, we consider that the deviations in intensity patterns of ⁵D₀-⁷F₂ are affected by distortions of crystal lattice. Some abnormal behaviors can be attributed to higher ratio of surface to volume, which lead to the different local symmetry environment of Eu³⁺ ions on the surface.     

Effect of the rhenium additive to VOx/TiO2 and MoOx/TiO2 catalysts on their properties in oxidative dehydrogenation of propane

VO_x/TiO₂ and MoO_x/TiO₂ catalysts with the addition of Re (Re/V or Mo = 0.5) were synthetized and tested in oxidative dehydrogenation of propane and in reduction by propane. XPS measurements showed depletion of the surface in Re. The Re additive does not affect the total conversion of propane, but increases the selectivity to propene. The effect is more pronounced for the MoO_x/TiO₂ catalyst. The increase in the selectivity to propene is accompanied with the increase in the reducibility of the catalysts.     

Mechanochemical synthesis of rutile-type CrMO4 (M=V, Sb) and their solid solutions

Grinding a mixture of hydrous amorphous chromium oxide (Cr₂O₃·nH₂O), vanadium oxide (V₂O₅) and antimony oxide (Sb₂O₅) was conducted by using a planetary ball mill, to investigate their mechanochemical reactions to form chromium vanadium oxide (CrVO₄) and chromium antimony oxide (CrSbO₄). The synthesis reactions proceed with an increase in grinding periods of time. The ground samples consist of agglomerates with particle size of about ten nanometers. The synthesized CrVO₄ sample exhibits a rutile-type tetragonal crystal structure, which is a high pressure phase. Additionally, solid solutions, CrV_1−xSb_xO₄ (x=0∼1, Δx=0.25), have been synthesized mechanochemically from the mixtures of Cr₂O₃·nH₂O, V₂O₅ and Sb₂O₅.     

The synthesis and structural characterization of the new ternary nitrides: Ca4TiN4 and Ca5NbN5

The ternary nitrides, Ca₄TiN₄ and Ca₅NbN₅, were synthesized in sealed niobium tubes using lithium nitride as a flux at 900 and 1050 °C, respectively. The structures of both compounds were solved from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. Ca₄TiN₄ is the first example of a calcium group IV nitride; it crystallizes in the triclinic space group (No. 2) with cell parameters a=5.9757(5) Å, b=6.0129(5) Å, c=6.0116(12) Å, α=71.565(4)°, β=79.471(4)°, γ=68.258(4)° and Z=2. Ca₄TiN₄ is isostructural with Na₄TiO₄ and contains tetrahedral TiN₄ units connected through edges and corners to CaN₄ tetrahedra and CaN₅ square pyramids. Ca₅NbN₅ crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m (No. 12) with cell parameters a=11.922(7) Å, b=6.878(5) Å, c=8.936(7) Å, β=101.22(3)° and Z=4. Ca₅NbN₅ is isostructural with Ba₅NbN₅; the structure contains NbN₄ tetrahedra that share vertices with CaN₅ trigonal bipyramids.     

A low-temperature route for the synthesis of nanocrystalline LaB6

Nanocrystalline lanthanum hexaboride (LaB₆) with mean particle size of 30 nm has been successfully synthesized at 400 °C in an autoclave starting from metallic magnesium powder, NaBH₄ and LaCl₃. In this case, by using B₂O₃ instead of NaBH₄, LaB₆ nanocubes with mean size of ∼200 nm were formed at 500 °C. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern can be indexed as cubic LaB₆ with the lattice constant of a=4.151 Å for LaB₆ nanoparticles and 4.154 Å for LaB₆ nanocubes. An atomic ratio of La and B as 1:5.94 was determined from EDS for LaB₆ nanoparticles. XPS data of LaB₆ nanocubes indicate the atomic ratio of La to B as 1:5.95. Raman spectra indicate the formation of LaB₆.     

Bulk and surface structures of V2O5/ZrO2 catalysts for n-butane oxidative dehydrogenation

The present investigation focuses on the structural properties and reactivity of zirconia-supported vanadium oxide catalysts, prepared by equilibrium adsorption in basic (pH 10) or in acid (pH 2.7) conditions with vanadium content up to 6 wt.% (pH 10) and up to 11.6 wt.% (pH 2.7). The samples, heated at 823 K for 5 h in air, were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and TPR, both as prepared and after leaching with an ammonia solution to remove species not anchored to the zirconia surface. Some representative samples were also tested for the n-butane oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) reaction. Depending on vanadium content, various vanadium species were identified by Raman spectroscopy that reacted differently on exposure to H₂. At similar loading, the fraction of vanadium in a dispersed state and thus interacting with the support was higher in samples prepared at pH 10 than in those at pH 2.7. Samples prepared at pH 2.7 contained a higher fraction of large polymeric structures in addition to ZrV₂O₇ and V₂O₅.In line with literature data for propane ODH on similar catalysts, our catalytic results suggested that the active sites for the ODH reaction are associated with the V–O–V bonds of the polymeric exposed structures, whereas the Zr–O–V sites favour alkane combustion.     

一维纳米Co_3O_4,Ag/Co_3O_4及CuO/Co_3O_4的合成与电催化性能(英文)

采用水热合成法制备了Co3O4及复合Ag/Co3O4、CuO/Co3O4一维纳米产品。用XRD,FE-SEM和TEM手段对产品进行了表征。采用循环伏安法研究了合成产品修饰的玻碳电极在碱性溶液中对对硝基苯酚的电催化还原性能。与裸玻碳电极相比,1mmol·L-1的对硝基苯酚在用Co3O4、特别是CuO/Co3O4修饰的玻碳电极上还原的峰电流明显增大,用Ag/Co3O4(Ag/Co原子比分别为1∶5和2∶5)修饰的玻碳电极催化还原对硝基苯酚时,尽管还原峰电流增大不是太大,但其峰电位明显降低(分别降低0.265和0.371V)。     

丙烷氧化脱氢催化剂V2O5/MPO4(M=Al, Zr, Ca)的研究

制备了3种磷酸盐(MPO     

Amorphous and nanocrystalline titanium nitride and carbonitride materials obtained by solution phase ammonolysis of Ti(NMe2)4

Solution phase reactions between tetrakisdimethylamidotitanium (Ti(NMe₂)₄) and ammonia yield precipitates with composition TiC_0.5N_1.1H_2.3. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicates that decomposition of these precursor materials proceeds in two steps to yield rocksalt-structured TiN or Ti(C,N), depending upon the gas atmosphere. Heating to above 700 °C in NH₃ yields nearly stoichiometric TiN. However, heating in N₂ atmosphere leads to isostructural carbonitrides, approximately TiC_0.2N_0.8 in composition. The particle sizes of these materials range between 4-12 nm. Heating to a temperature that corresponds to the intermediate plateau in the TGA curve (450 °C) results in a black powder that is X-ray amorphous and is electrically conducting. The bulk chemical composition of this material is found to be TiC_0.22N_1.01H_0.07, or Ti₃(C_0.17N_0.78H_0.05)_3.96, close to Ti₃(C,N)₄. Previous workers have suggested that the intermediate compound was an amorphous form of Ti₃N₄. TEM investigation of the material indicates the presence of nanocrystalline regions <5 nm in dimension embedded in an amorphous matrix. Raman and IR reflectance data indicate some structural similarity with the rocksalt-structured TiN and Ti(C,N) phases, but with disorder and substantial vacancies or other defects. XAS indicates that the local structure of the amorphous solid is based on the rocksalt structure, but with a large proportion of vacancies on both the cation (Ti) and anion (C,N) sites. The first shell Ti coordination is approximately 4.5 and the second-shell coordination ∼5.5 compared with expected values of 6 and 12, respectively, for the ideal rocksalt structure. The material is thus approximately 50% less dense than known Ti_x(C,N)_y crystalline phases.     

Supramolecular aggregation in new crystals with nonlinear optical properties: 2-aminophenol-HClO4, 3-aminophenol-HClO4 and 4-aminophenol-HClO4

Three new hybrid crystals of 2-aminophenol-HClO₄ (2-AP-HClO₄, 1), 3-aminophenol-HClO₄ (3-AP-HClO₄, 2) and 4-aminophenol-HClO₄ (4-AP-HClO₄, 3) were obtained and their crystal structures determined. The 1 crystallises in centrosymmetric space group C2/c of monoclinic system while the other two (2 and 3) crystallise in the non-centro symmetric space group P2₁ and P2₁2₁2₁, respectively. The oppositely charged units of the crystals, i.e. positively charged 2-APH⁺, 3-APH⁺ and 4-APH⁺ and ClO₄⁻, interact via weak N⁺–HO and O–HO hydrogen bonds forming 3D-supramolecular network. Relative to KDP the SHG efficiencies are 0.62 for 2 and 0.33 for 3, measured at 1064 nm using the Kurtz–Perry method.     

对BiVO4/BiPO4复合物可见光催化活性提高的研究

采用水热法合成出具有不同V、P物质的量之比的BiVO₄/BiPO₄复合物.n_V/n_P分别为:0.1/9.9、0.5/9.5、1/9、3/7、5/5.采用 XRD、FE-SEM、EDS、拉曼、可见光光度计、漫反射以及电化学等测试手段对BiVO₄/BiPO₄复合物进行表征.在可见光条件下降解亚甲基蓝来评价BiVO₄/BiPO₄复合物的光催化活性.结果显示,当n_V/n_P<3/7的时候,BiVO₄/BiPO₄复合物的光催化活性随着BiVO₄含量的增加而增加,当n_V/n_P=3/7的时候,复合物具有最佳的光催化性能,反应速率常数k为0.005 1 min^-1,是纯BiPO₄的23.2倍.BiVO₄/BiPO₄复合物的光催化机制主要是由于BiVO₄的加入,提高了电子-空穴的分离率,进而提高了光催化活性.     

可见光响应的Co3(PO4)2/Ag3PO4纳米复合光催化剂的制备及表征

采用简单的化学偏聚法合成出Ag₃PO₄纳米颗粒、磷酸钴（Co₃（PO₄）₂,CoP）纳米片以及它们两者的纳米复合结构（CoP/Ag₃PO₄）,同时还比较了它们的可见光催化活性. 采用场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）、X 射线衍射（XRD）、紫外-可见（UV-Vis）吸收光谱以及光致发光谱等手段对其形貌、结构、光学以及可见光催化性能等进行表征. 结果表明,CoP/Ag₃PO₄复合纳米结构的可见光降解甲基橙（MO）的速率和循环稳定性均明显优于其它两种物质. 这表明CoP应该起着共催化剂的作用,它能够抑制光生电子与空穴之间的复合,并且提供大量高活性的光生空穴. 此外,我们还发现CoP/Ag₃PO₄降解另一种阳离子型染料——罗丹明B（RhB）的能力则远不如纯Ag₃PO₄,这可能是与光催化剂的表面性质发生改变有关,造成更低的RhB吸附能力. 本文提供了一种廉价制备高效可见光催化剂的新方法.