Preparation of dry powder inhalation with lactose carrier particles surface-coated using a Wurster fluidized bed

An attempt was made to produce carrier particles for dry powder inhalation with lactose carrier particles surface-coated using a Wurster fluidized bed. The lactose carrier particles were coated with lactose aqueous solution containing hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) as a binder using a Wurster coating apparatus. Drug/carrier powder mixtures were prepared consisting of micronized salbutamol sulfate and lactose carriers under various particle surface conditions. These powder mixtures were aerosolized by a Jethaler((R)), and the in vitro deposition properties of salbutamol sulfate were evaluated by a twin impinger. The in vitro inhalation properties of the powder mixture prepared using the coated lactose carrier differed significantly compared with those of the powder mixture prepared using the uncoated lactose carrier, indicating improvements in in vitro inhalation properties of sulbutamol sulfate. In vitro inhalation properties increased with the surface coating time. This surface coating system would thus be valuable for increasing the in vitro inhalation properties of dry powder inhalation with lactose carrier particles.     

Granulation of core particles suitable for film coating by agitation fluidized bed I. Optimum formulation for core particles and development of a novel friability test method

To prepare powdered medicines without bitter taste, film coating is required to cover the surface of core particles. In this study, effect of formulation and operating conditions of agitation fluidized bed on the core particle properties was investigated. In order to prevent breakage of the core particles during coating process, which sometimes causes variation of drug dissolution rate, addition of maltose syrup powder during the formulation process of the core particles was investigated. Also, a method for friability test in which the core particles were subjected to strong impact was proposed to evaluate strength of the core particles. The friability of the core particles determined by this test method correlated well with the actual friability of the particles during the coating process. Based on this result, we confirmed this novel friability test method could predict the core particle endurance during the coating process.     

Numerical simulation of the hydrodynamics of an inverse liquid–solid fluidized bed using combined Lattice Boltzmann and smoothed profile methods

Knowledge of an inverse fluidized-bed fluid hydrodynamics is advantageous in optimal adjustment and designing high-efficiency beds. In the present study, a combination of a single relaxation time collision operator lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and the smoothed profile method (SPM) is employed to simulate the hydrodynamics of an inverse liquid–solid fluidized bed comprising circular monodisperse and polydisperse particles in a rectangular channel. A numerical instance of inverse fluidization involving 231 particles is illustrated to show the capability of the combined methods. Moreover, comparison of the numerical results is performed with the Ergun equation and the Richardson–Zaki correlation. The comparison demonstrates that the present model can simulate the fluid flow behavior in an inverse fluidized bed. Several different models were also presented to investigate the effect of different fluid properties and size of particles in the bed. Simulations indicate that the more the superficial liquid velocity, the higher the porosity of the bed. The present simulations show that porosity of the bed increases by increasing the particles size, and also the vertical velocity of the bed decreases with an increase in liquid viscosity. Finally, polydisperse particle systems are also simulated. The results show that porosity in an inverse fluidized bed comprising polydisperse particles is more than that of a monodisperse particle bed.     

Parameters influencing the electrodeposition of a Ni-Cu coating on Fe powders. II. Effect of particle size fraction,suspension density and rotation speed

The composition of a two-component Ni-Cu coating and the efficiency of its electrochemical deposition on Fe powder was studied by constant current electrolysis. A fluidized bed arrangement was applied. The variable parameters were: the particle size fraction, the density of the suspension of the Fe powder in the plating bath, and the intensity of the stirring of the fluidized bed. Both the Cu and Ni contents in the deposit decrease with increase in the particle size, and with decrease in the suspension density. Thus, the surface area available for the electrochemical process proved to be of high importance. Another important factor is the quality of the contacts of the powder particles with the current carrying compact electrode during which the deposition of Ni is preferred. This influence is manifested in a decrease of the Ni-Cu ratio in the deposit with an increase in the particle size and rotation speed and, consequently, with a decrease in the suspension density. The current efficiency values on the powder for optimum conditions reached 80%.     

煤在热载体流化床中的热解模型

煤粒在热载体流化床中的热解规律对于设计煤气、热、电三联产的关键装置－热载体流化床干馏炉是十分重要的。本文建立了煤粒在热载体流化床中的传热和热解反应的微分方程，并对其进行了数值求解，得到了煤粒度、热载体流化床操作速度、热载体流化床床层温度、热载体颗粒粒径等对煤气产率的影响规律，为热载体流化床干馏炉的设计提供了计算方法和理论依据。     

龙岩煤不同宏观煤岩组分的热破碎性质研究

用筛分和浮选法对龙岩煤进行分选, 得到不同粒径、不同宏观煤岩的龙岩煤颗粒。在热天平上进行热解破碎研究,并在自制的小型流化床上进行燃烧破碎试验。结果表明,亮煤与灰煤均发生一次破碎, 破碎后生成许多细小颗粒, 其中粒径0.8mm以下的细颗粒占多数;暗煤则不发生一次破碎。随着升温速率和颗粒粒径的增大, 一次破碎变得较为剧烈;颗粒性质、颗粒粒径、炉床温度和燃烧时间等因素对龙岩煤在流化床燃烧中的破碎均有重要影响。亮煤与灰煤因结构致密, 颗粒中大孔隙少, 显微硬度大, 灰分少等原因使得它们在燃烧中发生严重破碎;而暗煤颗粒则因相反的原因不发生破碎或仅发生轻微破碎。粒径越大, 炉床温度越高, 燃烧时间越长, 破碎越剧烈;亮煤与灰煤在燃烧中均发生了二次破碎, 其中亮煤的二次破碎更剧烈;燃烧后期, 亮煤的颗粒破碎比灰煤更快;由于破碎, 入炉煤颗粒平均粒径在燃烧早期迅速减小, 而后随着燃烧的进行而逐步趋于一个稳定值;亮煤在流化床燃烧中服从等密度燃烧模式, 暗煤服从等直径燃烧模式, 而灰煤则服从混合燃烧模式。     

Use of DTA in the investigations of fly ashes from fluidized bed boilers

DTA method was used to follow the hydration process of cement admixtures containing fluidized bed combustion by-product, formed on joined combustion and desulphurisation in some installations with fluidized bed. Based on endothermic peaks attributed to the dehydration of phases formed on hydration, the conditions leading to the formation of so-called ‘delayed’ ettringite were found. This calcium alumino-sulphate hydrate is responsible for lower durability of fluidized bed ash containing material. DTA method is also beneficial in the studies of fluidized bed combustion by-product itself, giving information about the un-burnt carbon content and pozzolanic properties. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The analysis of biomedical hydroxyapatite powders and hydroxyapatite coatings on metallic medical implants by near-IR Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy

In this paper we discuss the application of Fourier transform Raman (FTR) spectroscopy to the in situ analysis of the inorganic bioceramic hydroxyapatite in both powder form and as a thermally sprayed hydroxyapatite coating on metals currently employed in medical implants for orthopaedic surgery. The derivation of the FTR spectrum of hydroxyapatite is attempted by the analysis of the pure powders of its known constituents. The FTR spectra of hydroxyapatite powders sintered up to 1300°C suggest significant structural changes in the region of 1250°C. The FTR spectra of coated metal systems clearly distinguish between samples of differing crystallinity and provide some information on the effect of the coating process on the hydroxyapatite material. The preliminary examination of hydroxyapatite coated dental screws shows a change in the nature of the hydroxyapatite coating on recovery after clinical use.     

用于流化床燃烧脱硫的石灰石的反应活性评价和测试研究

对用于燃煤流化床燃烧脱硫的脱硫剂石灰石的反应活性进行了研究，提出了易于进行数学处理的石灰石硫盐化模型，得出了评价石灰石反应活性的两个指标－最大转化率和反应速率常数。研究方法除采用了传统的热天平法和鼓泡流化床外，还根据循环流化床燃烧技术的特点，发展了提出了湍流床法和石英棉法，并进行了不同试验条件下的实验研究，对不同反应活性温度技术进行了试验比较。     

Thermogravimetric analysis of sulfation kinetics of calcined limestones or dolomites

Experiments have been conducted with a thermogravimetric analyzer for sulfation of various calcined limestone or dolomite sorbents under reaction conditions similar to those in a fluidized bed coal combustor. The volume reaction model has been utilized to account for the heterogeneous sulfation reaction of calcined limestone or dolomite. Effects of particle size and SO₂ concentration on the extent of sulfation have been analyzed on the basis of the model. Also numerical simulation has been made of the effect of wearing off the particle outer surface during sulfation. The applicability of the model has been verified with experimental data for the sulfation reaction obtained in this study and other data available in the literature.     

流化床中生物质热解气化的模型研究

对水蒸汽和氮气流化条件下，流化床内生物质热解气化生成的纯煤气产率及低位热值随反应温度的变化特性进行了研究。在五种生物质原料实验数据的基础上，进一步研究了流化床内生物质热解气化生成气体产物的反应动力学模型，得到了纯煤气产率和热值的计算公式，并推荐了循环流化床条件下生物质热解的计算方法。     

Experimental investigation of the effect of initial fuel particle shape, size and bed temperature on devolatilization of single wood particle in a hot fluidized bed

Considerable amount of investigation on the subject of devolatilization of wood is found in the open literature. However, a systematic study of the effect of initial particle size and shape, and bed temperature on devolatilization time and char yield of wood in a hot fluidized bed is still missing. This paper attempts to fill this gap through a systematic experimental investigation to determine the devolatilization time and char yield of a typical woody biomass, “Casuarina equisetifolia” particles of different initial sizes and shapes at various fluidized bed temperatures. Experiments are conducted using 10, 15, 20, and 25 mm Casuarina wood particles of three shapes, namely, cube, cylinder, and sphere at bed temperatures of 1023, 1123, and 1223 K.It is found that the initial wood particle size has the strongest influence on devolatilization time followed by the shape of initial wood particle and the bed temperature. Correlation for devolatilization time (τ_d) as a function of initial wood particle size (d_eq), sphericity (?), and bed temperature (T_b), is developed using 573 experimental data points exhibiting a correlation coefficient of 0.96 and predictions falling well within a deviation band of ±20%. The predictions of the present correlation are compared with the predictions of the existing correlations in literature for conditions also out of the present study and the deviation is found to be ±30%.Char yield, defined as the ratio of the residual mass at the end of devolatilization process to the initial mass of the wood particle is found to be in the range of 9-14% for all sizes, shapes, and bed temperatures. Char yield does not depict any definite trend with the variation of initial particle size, shape and bed temperature.     

Two layered silica protective film made by a spray-and-dip coating method on 304 stainless steel

The silica coating has attracted much attention because of its superior corrosion resistance with almost no harm to human health and to the environment. In this study, a two layered silica film was tried to get an enhanced corrosion resistance. The silica film was prepared on the hairline finish 304 stainless steel surfaces by-a-spray- and subsequent-dip-coating process. The spray coating solution was prepared by mixing sodium silicate solution, silica colloid, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), methyltriethoxysilane (MTES), ethanol, and distilled water. Then the solution was sprayed onto the stainless steel surface, and was dried and heat treated. The dip coating solution was prepared by a simple mixing of TEOS and acidic water into ethanol, and the prior spray coated sample was dipped into the solution. The outer dip coated layer was intended to cover spray coated rough and porous layer and hence to enhance the corrosion resistance. A homogeneous and crack free surface was successfully obtained after the dip coating. The prepared silica film was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, potentiodynamic polarization scan, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The two layered film showed an enhanced corrosion resistance. The enhancement was attributed to a protecting effect of the dip coated layer where the diffusion of ionic species was successfully impeded.     

灰熔聚流化床气化炉分布分离结构的模拟研究

通过CFD双欧拉模型模拟了灰熔聚流化床气化炉内气体、固体颗粒于不同气体分布器、灰分离器结构下的流动行为,阐明了不同中心射流气速下的气体、固体流动循环状况;环管内气流分布与扩管张角的关系以及对颗粒运动的影响。研究结果为认识和改善气化炉煤灰的结渣、团聚、分离等过程提供了一定的理论基础。     

Identifizierung von Pyrolysebeiprodukten in Fließbettruß und Pyrokohlenstoff

In the frame of further development of fluidized bed coated particle fuel for high temperature reactors, both the pyrocarbon desposited on fuel kernels and the soot obtained besides, were investigated to their pyrolysis by-products. Target of the study was to improve the understanding of the mechanisms in pyrocarbon desposition on fuel kernels during the thermal decomposition of lower hydrocarbons. This study was on products formed in acetylene and propylene pyrolysis, the extraction being performed by various methods. The extracts were separated by gas-chromatographic and mass-spectrometric methods. 21 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons could be identified in the soot. Beyond those the pyrocarbon containes polycycles of even higher molecular weights.     

Evaluation of enteric coated tablet sensitive to pancreatic lipase. I. In vitro disintegration test.

We designed a new enteric coated preparation which is pH independent and functions by pancreatic lipase activity in the duodenum. Triolein (TO) and trilaurin (TL) were selected as lipase sensitive components and ethylcellulose (EC) was used as the support film for TO and TL. Tablets (330 mg, d = 10 mm) containing a model drug, sulfamethizole (SMZ), were coated with 1% each of TO, TL and EC solution by the fluidized bed coating technique. Disintegration tests were carried out in the media including JPXI 1st fluid (pH 1.2, JP-1), 2nd fluid (pH 6.8, JP-2) and JP-2 with gall powder and pancreatic lipase (JP-2-GL). The lag time of disintegration of the tablet (TOTL-Tab) coated 5-7 mg/tab with TO, TL and EC was about 10 min and all of the tablets disintegrated completely within 30 min in JP-2-GL. However, in the other media, which did not contain lipase, TOTL-Tab did not disintegrate for at least 2 h. It was confirmed that TO and TL in the coating film were digested by lipase. In addition, the tensil strength of the film decreased quickly after incubation in JP-2-GL. These results suggest that the application of TO, TL and EC to tablet coating is useful for an enteric release preparation sensitive to pancreatic lipase, even if patients have low gastric acidity or are taking antacids.     

Spectroscopic studies of trimetoxypropylsilane and bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane sol-gel coatings on aluminum and copper

Trimethoxypropylsilane (TMPS) and bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane (BTMSE) were used as surface modifiers of metal vie the sol-gel process and dip coating. In addition to the single coating of Al, Cu and Sn, double treatments of Al were also conducted by combining coatings with these sol-gels in different sequences. Reflection and absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIR) was employed to characterize and to trace the proceeding of the sol-gel process of the films. It was found that the silanol condensation occurs in the coating films on Al and the covalent linkage exists between the TMPS film and copper surface. From the assigned vibration modes, two conformers were identified in pure TMPS, TMPS sol-gel and coated film. A series of dip coating experiments with different concentrations of TMPS sol-gel was conducted, and the results from the collected RAIR spectra of the coated samples suggested that the coated Cu consistently has a better RAIR spectrum than that of the coated Al. The TMPS sol-gel appeared to have a better affinity to Cu than to Al. The temperature effect and the aging effect in the coating films were studied. X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to characterize the coated film, and the XPS data confirm the formation of the siloxane film from the silane coupling agents (SCA). Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) have been collected for bare Al and Cu, BTMSE sol-gel coated Al, and TMPS sol-gel coated Cu in 0.15M NaCl solution. The corresponding electronic circuit parameters have been determined to match the experimental EIS data.     

气固流化床内射流特性的研究

采用Brandani等的数学模型模拟了中心射流宽度为0.01m的二维气固流化床(高1.6m、宽0.3m)内鼓泡和射流的瞬态及时均流体动力学特性。一种典型的Geldart B颗粒――砂子(粒径为500mm、密度为2660kg/m3)作为研究的模拟物料。瞬态结果表明，床内射流产生和发展、射流崩塌后所形成气泡尺寸以及全床内的气体速度场和空隙率均存在明显的非对称性，但是由压力信号功率谱密度得到的时均压力特性则有较好的对称性。因此，对于商业化稳定运转的射流床，可以用半床模拟结果近似解释整床特性；然而，在考察射流床的瞬态特性时，半床模拟结果与整床结果存在明显偏差。     

Spin coating process of sol-gel silicate films deposition: Effect of spin speed and processing temperature

The effect of two factors having the most important influence on spin coating process of sol-gel films: the spin speed and the temperature (of the substrate and the applied solution) during film deposition is discussed. It is shown, that film thickness and thickness uniformity are determined by centrifugal driving force dynamics, viscous polymer rheology, solvent evaporation dynamics, and film porous microstructure.     

o-Xylene oxidation to phthalic anhydride over unsteady state catalysts

o-Xylene oxidation in a non-isothermal fluidized bed has been studied. Phthalic anhydride yield appears to be significantly higher than in an isothermal fluidized bed or in ideal mixing and plug flow reactors. A higher yield is caused by an unsteady state of the catalyst resulting from a chaotic particle movement in the temperature field.