相对论电子束虚阴极静电振荡的粒子模拟

本文运用有限大小粒子模型,用等离子体粒子模拟方法,对相对论电子束的虚阴极振荡作了一维静电粒子模拟。结果表明,在注入电流小于空间电荷极限电流时,电子束能稳定传输并能全部通过。当注入电流超过空间电荷极限电流时,传输是不稳定的,将有部分电子反射,部分通过。空间电荷形成的虚阴极的位置和电势周期性地振荡。电流越大,虚阴极位置越靠近注入面且变化范围越小,虚阴极电势越低且振幅越大,振荡频率越高且大于电子束等离子体频率。     

Feasibility Study of Axially- Extracted Virtual Cathode Oscillator

In this paper, we have analyzed the design parameters of the axially - extracted virtual cathode oscillator, which is high-power microwave source based on the concept of the virtual cathode associated with the intense relativistic electrons beam oscillations in the electrostatic potential well. The microwave emission by the virtual cathode oscillator results from both the space and time oscillations of virtual cathode and reflexing electrons trapped in the potential well between the virtual and real cathodes. In the X-band frequency spectrum 700 MW microwave peak power has been obtained analytically by the solid electron beam of 300 kV and 20 kA for feasible design parameters. The analysis has been performed by 2-dimensional, relativistic, electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulation code XOOPIC.     

Dynamics of an electron beam with a virtual cathode in a vircator without a magnetic field and with drift space filled by neutral gas

The physical processes in a vircator without an external magnetic field and with a drift space filled by neutral gas are studied. Three typical dynamic regimes are found: (1) the suppression of virtual cathode oscillations, (2) pulse generation, in which the suppression and resumption of virtual cathode oscillations are observed, and (3) continuous virtual cathode generation. The frequency dynamics of the vircator’s output radiation is investigated for the last case, and it is shown that the generation frequency of the vircator can rise when the gas pressure exceeds a certain critical value.     

向内发射同轴虚阴极振荡器理论分析与数值模拟

 针对向内发射同轴虚阴极振荡器进行了1维理论分析,给出了电流电压关系的数值解,估算了同轴漂移区空间电荷限制流及虚阴极位置;同时使用MAFIA程序进行了全3维PIC数值模拟研究,通过调节阴极电子发射区与阳极反射板之间距离进行了一系列计算,得到了圆波导中各传输模式频谱及功率。结果表明,尽管使用圆周对称的同轴结构,输出模式中TE₁₁和TM₀₁仍占主导地位,两种模式共同存在,相互竞争。在最佳情况下,当二极管电压为250 kV,电流为20 kA时,得到了微波输出总功率最高为740 MW,功率效率超过10%,主频为3.18 GHz,同时含有较强TE₁₁和TM₀₁模式成分的微波输出。     

虚阴极时间相关行为的单荷电层分析

用格林函数法计算圆柱腔中单荷电层的空间电荷场,分析在圆柱腔漂移管中的虚阴极时间相关行为。求出在非相对论情形下极限电荷q_L的表达式,对不同电荷值、荷电层的位置与速度随时间变化关系进行数值计算分析。给出了虚阴极直观的物理图象。     

Excitation of parametric oscillations in a triode with a virtual cathode with an external electromagnetic wave

The electromagnetic radiation of an electron flow in a triode with a virtual cathode is studied from the viewpoint of a parametric resonance. It is shown that the phase modulation of the electrons and the radiation saturation take place due to the oscillations of the virtual cathode as a result of large space charge. An expression for the coherent radiation intensity of the electron flow in a resonator is derived. It is shown that the phase modulation depth and the radiation efficiency increase with an external electromagnetic wave. Tomsk Polytechnic University. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 2, pp. 76–81, February, 2000.     

一维漂移空间内强流电子束的稳态传输特性

在计算了一维平板和同轴结构漂移空间的空间电荷限制流的基础上,对其中超过空间电荷限制流状态下强流电子束的稳态传输特性进行了理论分析.分析给出了确定束流稳定传输时形成虚阴极的位置和虚阴极处电子束透过率的表达式,求解了束流电子在漂移空间内的渡越时间,平板结构漂移空间内得到了通用的解析结果,同轴结构漂移空间内得到了适合一定结构参数条件下的近似结果. 关键词： 强流电子束 虚阴极 一维漂移空间 传输特性     

Experimental and theoretical investigation into the effect of the electron velocity distribution on chaotic oscillations in an electron beam under virtual cathode formation conditions

The effect of the electron transverse and longitudinal velocity spread at the entrance to the interaction space on wide-band chaotic oscillations in intense multiple-velocity beams is studied theoretically and numerically under the conditions of formation of a virtual cathode. It is found that an increase in the electron velocity spread causes chaotization of virtual cathode oscillations. An insight into physical processes taking place in a virtual-cathode multiple-velocity beam is gained by numerical simulation. The chaotization of the oscillations is shown to be associated with additional electron structures, which were separated out by constructing charged particle distribution functions.     

Chaotic wideband microwave oscillations in a hybrid system consisting of a traveling wave tube and a collector oscillator

A novel hybrid microwave device based on a wideband microwave amplifier, a traveling-wave tube, one component of which is a multistage collector oscillator is proposed and experimentally studied. The collector oscillator can form a virtual cathode via deceleration of electrons that exit from the interaction space of the traveling wave tube. It is shown that this device can generate and amplify centimeter-wave chaotic wideband signals. The characteristics of the chaotic signals (spectral composition and total power) generated in different operating modes of the hybrid device are determined. The issue of amplification of the chaotic wideband signal generated with a virtual cathode in the traveling wave tube amplifier is concisely addressed.     

Effect of external magnetic field on critical current for the onset of virtual cathode oscillations in relativistic electron beams

In this Letter we research the space charge limiting current value at which the oscillating virtual cathode is formed in the relativistic electron beam as a function of the external magnetic field guiding the beam electrons. It is shown that the space charge limiting (critical) current decreases with growth of the external magnetic field, and that there is an optimal induction value of the magnetic field at which the critical current for the onset of virtual cathode oscillations in the electron beam is minimum. For the strong external magnetic field the space charge limiting current corresponds to the analytical relation derived under the assumption that the motion of the electron beam is one-dimensional [D.J. Sullivan, J.E. Walsh, E. Coutsias, in: V.L. Granatstein, I. Alexeff (Eds.), Virtual Cathode Oscillator (Vircator) Theory, in: High Power Microwave Sources, vol. 13, Artech House Microwave Library, 1987, Chapter 13]. Such behavior is explained by the characteristic features of the dynamics of electron space charge in the longitudinal and radial directions in the drift space at the different external magnetic fields.     

Potential profile near the virtual cathode in presence of charged dust

In this work, concept of virtual cathode and its existence in dusty plasma has been studied by theoretical and numerical analysis. Using basic equations of charge dust, ions, and electrons, the non‐monotonic behaviour of the potential in presence of charged dust has been calculated and plotted as a function of dust density. It has been found that there is a change in potential between cathode and sheath potential and subsequently changes the threshold wall temperature as compared to that of without dust conditions. The threshold wall temperature has been increased due to the ability of micro‐particles acquiring electron charge and hence, reducing potential at the wall. Further, for different values of α (depends on dust density); threshold temperature remained the same for observed virtual cathode. Hence, behaviour of potential has been plotted as a function of α with increasing wall temperatures for two dust charge values (1 and 1,000). Considering no dust charge, it has been observed that, at lower dust density, double layer like structure is formed near the emissive wall. But this double layer structure gets diminishes with increasing dust density. Hence, below a threshold dust density, virtual cathode near to the emissive wall is not possible. While for Z_d = 1,000, the formation of virtual cathode appeared even at very small dust density. However, irrespective of variation of potential difference near the wall and existence of virtual cathode at different emission regime the threshold wall temperature remains same. Effect of dust potential dependency on threshold wall temperature has also been discussed in this study.     

新型高功率虚阴极径向反射速调管振荡器

 提出了一种新型的高功率虚阴极径向反射速调管振荡器,它结合了虚阴极振荡器容易起振和速调管微波产生效率较高的特点。利用虚阴极反射电子束对调制腔的正反馈,可以减小起振电流和起振时间,而且提高了微波产生效率。它是一种结构简单、紧凑的器件。用2.5维PIC程序对这种器件进行了数值模拟研究。得到的数值模拟结果表明,输入电压620 kV,电流25 kA,输出微波周期平均功率为2.5 GW。虚阴极振荡频率被锁定,频率为1.25 GHz。     

离子通道中的虚阴极辐射

提出了一种新型的基于等离子体的多级虚阴极振荡器物理模型并展开了研究.研究表明:当电子束通过稠密等离子体背景时,由于离子背景和焦点处虚阴极的共同作用,得以形成多级虚阴极;多级虚阴极对电子的作用,使电子在各级之间振荡,从而产生高功率微波辐射.这是与离子通道横向的betatron振荡完全不同的一种辐射机理.通过质点网格(particle in cell)法模拟验证了多级虚阴极的形成,模拟中发现,所选参数TM024模被激发起来.最后,在所建模型的基础之上对辐射特性做了详细分析.     

EFFECT OF SPACE CHARGE ON THE FREQUENCY OF OSCILLATION IN POSITIVE-GRID OSCILLATORS

In estimating the frequency of oscillation of a positive-grid oscillator, it isusually assumed that the space charge effect is negligible. Under this assumption, the potential distribution in the space between the plane-parallel electrodes is linear. Thus the electric field in the space is uniform and the average velocity of electrpn flight can be used to evaluate the frequency of oscillation. The presence of space charge affects the potential distribution in space so that the electric field in this region is no more constant. Hence more exact formula must be used to compute the frequency of oscillation. The calculation is further complicated by the fact that the anode potential is usually made slightly negative with respect to the cathode. In this case, the location of the virtual cathode at which the electrons turn back does not coincide with that if a straight line potential distribution were assumed. The predicated trequency of oscillation is about 10-20 percent lower than that if space charge were neglected.     

虚阴极振荡器中微波频率的研究

 在虚阴极振荡器的实验中，同时得到了几百兆瓦5.17GHz和几兆瓦7.74GHz的微波输出。根据虚阴极振荡器的单电荷层模型可知，主频5.17GHz的微波由虚阴极自身振荡产生；7.74GHz 的微波由虚阴极自身振荡与虚阴极振荡或电子往返振荡产生的调制束流相互作用产生。     

Nonlinear dynamics of a generator on a virtual cathode with modulated emission

A numerical study of a low-voltage vircator with controlled emissions from a thermocathode is performed for when an external signal effects on the electron beam and modulates the emission. The strong influence of the modulation parameters on characteristics of oscillations of the beam with virtual cathode is noted. It is shown that when the modulation frequency is tuned to the one of harmonics of a virtual cathode’s free oscillations, there is a considerable increase in the power of high-frequency harmonics of the virtual cathode’s free oscillations in the output spectrum.     

分段表面放电沉积效率研究

利用一种结构紧凑的分段表面放电辐射源模块，详细研究了在不同电压、电容、气压实验条件下回路等效电阻、等效电感及放电能量沉积效率的变化规律，利用四分幅相机拍摄获得了不同实验条件下的放电等离子体通道图像，分析讨论了放电等离子体运动对放电能量沉积效率的影响，提出了提高能量放电沉积效率的有效途径。     

新型虚阴极振荡器的研究

 采用小信号理论，在考虑到透射、反射束电子不同作用下，分析了虚阴极振荡器产生微波的机制，获得了计算微波主频的方法，讨论了增强束波作用效率的方法，并提出一种新型结构的虚阴极振荡器。该振荡器的阳极后放置了一个谐振腔，谐振腔长度很小，虚阴极不能在其中形成，谐振腔受到反射电子束激励并建立强场，场对入射电子进行调制，同时采用同轴结构引出微波。利用2.5D PIC 程序对新型的结构进行了数值模拟，验证了理论分析的正确性。在入射电子束电子能量为520keV和电子束流12.5kA的条件下，获得微波平均功率为1GW，频率为3.66GHz，平均束波转换效率为15.3%。     

虚阴极振荡激励高功率微波的数值模拟

模拟了轴对称虚阴极振荡器产生微波的过程。根据实验装置的特点,建立了理想的物理模型。从物理学的基本规律出发,用CIC方法编制了二维空间、三个动量分量的2 1/2维、全电磁、相对论性的数值模拟程序。选择柱状电子束进行模拟,获得了正确的计算结果和清晰的物理图象,并对计算结果作了分析。     

Hollow cathode effects in charge development processes in transienthollow cathode discharges

A detailed experimental study of space charge formation and ionization growth in transient hollow cathode discharges (THCD) is presented. The experiment was performed with an applied step voltage up to 30 kV, with rise time less than 50 ns. The discharge was operated in different gases, at pressures in the range 50-750 mTorr, with cathode apertures ranging from 1 to 5 mm diameter and 5 to 20 mm long, with 10 cm electrode separation. Spatial charge formation, both in the hollow cathode region (HCR) and inter electrode space, has been studied with a capacitive probe array. Properties of high energy electron beams have been measured with a beam-target scintillator-photomultiplier arrangement. Detailed correlations of the electron beam evolution with the charge probe signals inside and outside the HCR clearly demonstrate the role of the electron beam in the initial formation and late evolution of a virtual anode and, in turn, the field enhanced ionization when the anode potential is brought close to the HCR. These results clearly identify the different regimes in which the Hollow Cathode plays a significant role in ionization growth in the inter electrode space and in the processes which eventually lead to electric breakdown