土的工程力学性质的颗粒流模拟

基于颗粒流理论,引入不同的颗粒接触连接本构模型,分别建立了砂土和粘性土的颗粒流模型．通过颗粒流数值模型试验,对砂土和粘性土的室内平面应变试验及其剪切带形成和发展进行了数值模拟,分别对比了不同围压下颗粒流试样与室内试验的应力应变关系曲线,基本再现了砂土和粘性土试样应力．应变关系．通过砂土和粘性土PFC试样剪切带模拟表明,当围压较小时试样内部颗粒位移量小而且分布范围较广,当围压增大时,试样内部颗粒位移量也增大,而且发生较大位移颗粒的分布范围趋于集中,同时随着围压的增大试样内部形成明显的剪切带．无论砂土还是粘性土的PFC试样,随着围压的增加剪切带的形状趋于集中,而且剪切带宽度在减小．在围压很小时,试样内形成大的破坏区域,在围压较大时出现明显的线破坏区．这些规律基本与室内试验结果相似。     

三种红层岩石常规三轴压缩下的强度与变形特性研究

利用MTS815Teststar程控伺服岩石力学试验系统研究了川东地区一红层边坡中的砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩围压为0³MPa的应力-应变全过程曲线,建立了峰值强度、峰值强度前弹性模量以及峰值强度后的弹性模量和围压的关系。将低围压下红层的全应力-应变曲线概化成5个阶段,分别为压密段、弹性段、屈服段、应变软化段和塑性流动阶段。试验结果得出,红层弹性模量随围压的增加而提高且变化明显,砂岩和粉砂岩在此围压内为脆性破坏,泥岩为塑性破坏的规律。     

含水量对粘土与结构物接触界面单剪特性影响规律试验研究

采用升级改造后的DSJ-2型直剪仪,在不同法向应力水平下,开展了不同含水量的粘性土与不同介质性质的地下结构物接触界面的单剪试验,探索揭示粘土含水量变化对接触界面的剪切力学行为影响规律。研究结果表明:随着粘土含水量的增大,基底刚度较大时,剪应力-剪切位移曲线应变硬化现象愈来愈明显,反之,愈来愈不明显。剪切法向应力处于较低水平时,粘土的含水量对刚度较大的混凝土基底界面剪应力峰值强度影响更明显,反之,刚度相对较小的木材基底更明显。不同性质基底同粘土单剪时,随其含水量的不断提高,接触界面的内摩擦角均是不断降低,但其降低幅度不尽相同,结构物的刚度对接触界面内摩擦角起控制作用。随着粘土含水量的增大,接触界面的粘聚力总体变化规律为先增大,增大到某一峰值点后降低,界面的粘聚力由土体与结构物共同控制,且同结构物的刚度大小和界面自身特性均密切相关。     

三轴试验土样剪切破坏过程的判别

本文在土工三轴试验中应用土样全表面变形数字图像测量系统,通过跟踪包裹土样的橡皮膜表面的标记点,得到加载过程中其全表面的变形和应变分布。根据土样表面的应变分布和实测的应力应变关系曲线,可以得到每一时刻土样表面的应力分布。于是,土样表面剪切破坏开始出现的时刻和剪切破坏带贯穿的时刻可分别依据应变和应力判定。依据应变,将橡皮膜上各点的轴向应变的拐点最晚出现的时刻作为剪切带完全贯穿的时刻;依据应力,将全部点中某一个或几个点最早达到峰值应力的时刻作为剪切带开始出现的时刻;土样各点相继达到应力峰值的过程就是剪切破坏的过程。以剪切破坏的起始点和剪切带贯穿的点为分界,土样剪切破坏过程可以划分成三个阶段:破坏前阶段、破坏阶段和破坏后阶段,在不同阶段土样具有不同的变形特点和变形机理。     

浙东大运河非饱和粉质黏土抗剪强度特性的试验研究

浙东大运河绍兴段的土体整体上受河流相和海相沉积的影响,地质条件非常复杂．其中粉质黏土作为浅表层土体,受雨水影响较大,其状态经常处于饱和状态与非饱和状态之间．为了进一步探究绍兴段典型非饱和粉质黏土的稳定性差异,以及本构关系和强度指标的变化规律,通过全自动非饱和土应力路径三轴仪,对试验土样进行了三轴剪切试验．试验结果表明,初始干密度从1.4 g/cm3增加到1.6 g/cm3时,土体的抗剪强度、总黏聚力、有效内摩擦角和吸附内摩擦角均增大,应力-应变关系曲线由应变硬化型向应变软化型转变,并且基质吸力和净围压越大,区别越明显;基质吸力从0增加到300 kPa时,土体的抵抗变形能力提高,抗剪强度和总黏聚力增大,有效内摩擦角基本无明显变化,吸附内摩擦角逐渐减小．研究结果揭示了浙东大运河绍兴段非饱和粉质黏土的抗剪强度特性的变化规律,为该地域土质边坡、基坑等工程提供理论依据．     

基于数字图像相关方法的鲁灰花岗岩断裂特性研究

采用单边直裂纹三点弯曲梁(SC3PB)对鲁灰花岗岩I型裂纹的断裂特性进行了实验研究,得到其断裂韧度为0.9~1.4MN/m1.5。基于数字图像相关方法(DIC)分析了峰值载荷前试件断裂位移场及应变场的演化过程,根据位移场的不连续性给出过程区的扩展轨迹,由应变场得到了高应变区域的变化规律。当局部水平位移梯度发生剧烈变化时,鲁灰花岗岩I型断裂进入过程区;且以水平方向应变达到0.11%~0.20%时作为进入过程区的门槛值;并进一步给出了过程区尖端沿竖直方向的扩展速率与过程区长度呈三次多项式递增关系。     

激光金属沉积GH4169在不同应变率下的剪切特性及破坏机理研究

为了能在传统的分离式Hopkinson压杆上准确可靠地测试激光金属沉积GH4169的动态剪切特性，基于数值模拟方法对比分析了三种不同动态剪切试样形式及尺寸对剪切区应力分布的影响，结果表明:经过尺寸优化后的双剪切试样的剪切区剪应力占主导地位，可实现近似纯剪切的动态剪切实验。利用此试样形式，系统测试了不同取向（扫描方向、沉积方向）的LMD GH4169试样在不同应变率下的剪切应力应变曲线，并对破坏后试样进行了SEM分析观察。结果表明:(1) 本文中选用的试样形式剪切纯度高，应力沿剪切区宽度厚度分布均匀，可以更好地得到材料的动态剪切特性；(2) 对实验所得剪应力-剪应变曲线进行分析，发现本材料在扫描路径方向和沉积方向并没有表现出明显的各向异性，但随着应变率的增加，具有明显的应变率强化效应；将单轴压缩和动态剪切应力应变曲线同时转换为等效应力应变曲线，对比证实了试样形式能很好反应材料的剪切特性；(3) 通过对LMD GH4169剪切变形破坏试样的微观分析发现，随着应变率升高，断口韧窝尺寸和深度减小，韧性降低，在更小的变形量下容易剪切失效。初始微观缺陷容易导致材料的动态剪切破坏。     

砂质泥岩各向异性特征试验研究

为研究砂质泥岩各向异性特征,取长轴与层面不同夹角的圆柱试样,在岩石试验机上做了三轴剪切试验,得到应力-应变曲线,分析了围压和夹角对砂质泥岩强度及破坏模式的影响。结果表明,砂质泥岩在相同围压下,峰值强度及残余强度的关系随夹角呈U型曲线,且其各向异性程度随着围压的增加而降低。根据莫尔-库伦强度准则,砂质泥岩的内摩擦角与粘聚力随夹角呈凹型曲线。其破坏模式表现出明显的各向异性,可分为三类,即张拉剪切复合破坏、沿层面剪切破坏和贯穿层面剪切破坏。其中90°为张拉剪切复合破坏,60°和45°为沿层面剪切破坏,30°和0°为贯穿层面剪切破坏。试验结果可为砂质泥岩地区相关工程稳定性分析提供参考。     

沙漠砂混凝土动态力学性能实验研究

采用直锥变截面式Φ74mm分离式霍普金森压杆,对不同替代率沙漠砂混凝土进行冲击压缩实验,得到了不同替代率沙漠砂混凝土在不同应变率下的应力应变曲线。分析应变率对沙漠砂混凝土峰值应力、峰值应变和比能量影响,揭示了沙漠砂替代率对沙漠砂混凝土峰值应力影响规律,并对沙漠砂混凝土动态破坏模式进行研究。研究表明:随着应变率增加,沙漠砂混凝土峰值应力、强度增强因子、比能量和峰值应变逐渐增大;在同一应变率下,随着替代率增加,沙漠砂混凝土峰值应力逐渐减小。本文研究结果可为沙漠砂在工程中的应用提供指导和借鉴。     

压缩-剪切复合应力下PMMA材料的静态力学特性研究

通过压缩具有一定倾斜角(0°,10°,15°,20°和25°)试件和双剪切模型试件,实现了单轴压缩、压缩-剪切复合应力以及纯剪切三种应力状态,得到PMMA(聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯)在相应应力状态下的应力-应变曲线,同时对不同应力状态下试件的破坏模式进行了分析。结果表明:在不同受力环境中材料的强度和破坏的机理不同;同单轴压缩状态下相比,材料在压缩-剪切复合应力状态下屈服极限、强度极限以及破坏应变均不同程度的增大,呈现明显的"剪切增强"现象。单轴压缩与压缩-剪切应力状态下试件的破坏模式均为在试件短对角面上出现明显的剪切屈服带,由应力分析得出试件剪应力在短对角面上达到最大,引起在此平面上分子链间滑动从而产生应变软化形成剪切屈服带;双剪切试件的破坏模式为与剪切面呈45°的斜面。     

Simulating shear behavior of a sandy soil under different soil conditions

Understanding of soil shear behavior is very important in the field of agricultural machinery and soil dynamics. In this study, a discrete element model was developed using a simulation tool, Particle Flow Code in Three Dimensions (PFC^3D). The model simulates direct shear tests of soil and predicts soil shear behavior, in terms of shear forces and displacements. To determine and calibrate model parameters (stiffness of particles, strength and stiffness of bond between particles), laboratory direct shear tests were conducted to examine effects of soil moisture content and bulk density on shear behaviors of a sandy soil. Three soil moisture levels (0.02%, 13.0%, and 21.5%) and four bulk density levels (0.99, 1.28, 1.36, and 1.50 Mg/m³) were used in the tests. The test results showed that in general drier and denser soil conditions produced higher shear forces. Based on the test results, the bond strengths of the model particles were determined from soil cohesion and internal friction angle. The model particle stiffness was calibrated based on the yield forces from the tests. The calibrated particle stiffness varied from 1.0 × 10³ to 8.2 × 10³ N/m, depending on soil moisture and density levels. The bond stiffness calibrated was 1.0 × 10⁷ Pa/m for all soil conditions.     

基于PFC~(3D)的砂土直剪模拟及宏细观分析

为能更好地分析砂土在剪切过程中的体积变化及力学行为,通过PFC~(3D)颗粒流程序,按照室内实际级配建立数值试样,进行了不同垂直压力下的砂土直剪试验模拟,并将模拟结果与室内试验结果进行了对比;研究了砂土在剪切过程中的体积变化,并用两种方法分析了砂土剪切带的演变过程;从细观角度对试样颗粒的速度场及力链网络的发展变化进行了分析研究。结果表明,数值模拟结果与室内试验结果基本一致,砂土的体积变化表现为先剪缩后剪胀,剪胀量与垂直压力成反比;剪切带厚度约为11～12倍d_(50),在剪切带内颗粒的位移和欧拉角变化较大;试样内部强力链的演变较为明显,力链网络对外荷载变化的敏感性很高;剪切过程中上盒颗粒速度场方向的变化能够较好地解释砂土产生的剪胀现象。     

Particle flow study on strength and meso-mechanism of Brazilian splitting test for jointed rock mass

A discrete element method （DEM） called particle flow code （PFC2D） was used to construct a model for Brazilian disc splitting test in the present study. Based on the experimental results of intact Brazilian disc of rock-like material, a set of micro-parameters in PFC2D that reflected the macro-mechanical behavior of rock-like materials were obtained. And then PFC2D was used to simulate Brazilian splitting test for jointed rock mass specimens and specimen containing a central straight notch. The effect of joint angle and notch angle on the tensile strength and failure mode of jointed rock specimens was detailed analyzed. In order to reveal the meso-mechanical mechanism of crack coalescence, displacement trend lines were applied to analyze the displacement evolution during the crack initiation and propagation. The investigated conclusions can be described as follows. （1） The tensile strength of jointed rock mass disc specimen is dependent to the joint angle. As the joint angle increases, the tensile strength of jointed rock specimen takes on a nonlinear variance. （2） The tensile strength of jointed rock mass disc specimen containing a central straight notch distributes as a function of both joint angle and notch angle. （3） Three major failure modes, i.e., pure tensile failure, shear failure and mixed tension and shear failure mode are observed in jointed rock mass disc specimens under Brazilian test. （4） The notch angle roles on crack initiation and and joint angle play important propagation characteristics of jointed rock mass disc specimen containing a central straight notch under Brazilian test.     

类岩石材料力学特性的试验及数值模拟研究

在进行多组不同配比类岩石材料单轴压缩试验和巴西试验的基础上,详细分析了石膏水泥比和石英砂含量对类岩石材料的单轴抗压强度、抗拉强度及弹性模量等力学参数的影响规律,力图找到适合模拟现场砂质泥岩的类岩石材料及配合比。利用颗粒流程序(PFC)模拟,进一步研究了高径比和围压对类岩石材料力学特性的影响。结果表明:随着石膏水泥比的增大,抗压强度和弹性模量均逐渐减小,而抗拉强度逐渐增大;随着石英粉含量的增大,抗压强度和弹性模量均先增大后减小,而抗拉强度则为先减小后增大。结合单轴压缩过程的声发射特征,揭示了裂纹扩展与声发射有密切的关系。PFC2D模拟获得的力学参数与室内试验相近,破裂模式也与实际情况相似。通过尺寸效应的研究可知试样的高径比在2.0~2.5较合理。随着围压的增大,试样的峰值强度、残余强度、峰值应变及弹性模量等力学参数均增大,且围压会改变试样的破裂模式。     

基于Surfer平台的FLAC3D 复杂三维地质建模研究

复杂三维地质体模型的建立一直是FLAC^3D软件前处理过程中的一个难题。因此,提出以Surfer软件为过渡平台,通过对地表及岩层分界面三维地质信息的提取、转换,并将Surfer输出的数据经由FLAC^3D软件内嵌的Fish语言编制的程序的二次转换,生成FLAC^3D软件可以直接读取的模型数据文件,从而实现了该软件前处理过程中复杂三维地质模型的快速、准确建立。同时结合工程实际,检验了该方法的可行性和仿真效果,结果表明,建模过程简捷、实用,可操作性强,是FLAC^3D软件前处理的一种新方法。     

Measurement method of complex viscoelastic material properties

A measurement technique of viscoelastic properties of polymers is proposed to investigate complex Poisson’s ratio as a function of frequency. The forced vibration responses for the samples under normal and shear deformation are measured with varying load masses. To obtain modulus of elasticity and shear modulus, the present method requires only knowledge of the load mass, geometrical characteristics of a sample, as well as both the amplitude ratio and phase lag of the forcing and response oscillations. The measured data were used to obtain the viscoelastic properties of the material based on a 2D numerical deformation model of the sample. The 2D model enabled us to exclude data correction by the empirical form factor used in 1D model. Standard composition (90% PDMS polymer + 10% catalyst) of silicone RTV rubber (Silastic^® S2) were used for preparing three samples for axial stress deformation and three samples for shear deformation. Comprehensive measurements of modulus of elasticity, shear modulus, loss factor, and both real and imaginary parts of Poisson’s ratio were determined for frequencies from 50 to 320 Hz in the linear deformation regime (at relative deformations 10^?6 to 10^?4) at temperature 25 °C. In order to improve measurement accuracy, an extrapolation of the obtained results to zero load mass was suggested. For this purpose measurements with several masses need to be done. An empirical requirement for the sample height-to-radius ratio to be more than 4 was found for stress measurements. Different combinations of the samples with different sizes for the shear and stress measurements exhibited similar results. The proposed method allows one to measure imaginary part of the Poisson’s ratio, which appeared to be about 0.04–0.06 for the material of the present study.     

Effect of droplet size on the rheological properties of highly-concentrated w/o emulsions

Rheological properties of highly concentrated emulsions of the water-in-oil type were studied. Water phase (concentration approximately 91%) consists of a supersaturated aqueous solution of nitrate salts; water comprises less than 20% by mass. The average size of droplets, D, in the emulsions was varied. It was found that the emulsions are non-Newtonian liquids and flow curves measured in a sweep regime of shearing have clear low-shear-rate Newtonian domain. The complete flow curves are fitted by the Cross equation. The elastic modulus is practically constant in a very wide frequency range. Hence the viscoelastic relaxation processes might be expected at times >>100 s and in the short-term side of the curve at approximately 0.01 s. The elastic modulus (measured in oscillating testing and in elastic recovery as well) is proportional to D^-2 while the Newtonian viscosity is proportional to D^–1.The time effects were observed: it was found that the emulsions behave as rheopectic materials because prolonged shearing results in an increase of viscosity in the low shear rate domain of several orders of magnitude.Presented in part at the First Annual European Rheological Conference, Guimarães, Portugal, 11–13 September 2003     

基于逆向工程的三维复杂地质体精细建模及ADINA前处理在FLAC3D 建模中的应用

逆向工程技术作为一门新兴学科在复杂模型建模方面具有独特优势,并在许多领域得到了广泛的应用,在此基础上本文首次提出了基于逆向工程的三维复杂地质体精细建模技术,使得建立模型达到既“可视”又“可算”的目的。利用现行大型通用有限元仿真平台(ABAQUS,AD INA,ANSYS等)良好的网格划分功能且具有与CAD /CAM软件有着良好的接口这一优点,对模型进行网格划分,然后转换为FLAC^3D能够接受的格式,从而克服了FLAC^3D在前处理建模方面的不足。以AD INA为例对相应的接口程序开发过程进行了阐述,将上述技术方法应用于工程实例,取得了很好的效果。     

地震诱发滑坡复活机制的FLAC3D 数值模拟分析

地震是影响斜（边）坡、滑坡稳定性的主要因素之一。白龙江上某大型滑坡经顺层斜坡发生倾倒变形而成,天然状态下处于基本稳定状态,在“5.12″汶川地震作用下,该滑坡有整体复活迹象,其后缘周界形成了连续贯通的拉裂缝、错动台阶,尤其是滑坡下游区变形拉裂较明显。本文以该滑坡在地震作用下发生复活为例,在分析滑坡所处的区域地质条件的基础上,详细研究了滑坡的基本特征以及地震作用导致滑坡复活的现象、特征,然后利用FLAC^3D 软件内置动力分析模块对该滑坡复活机制进行了分析、研究。数值分析表明,地震作用下滑坡变形破坏受坡体形态的影响较显著,滑坡对地震波具有明显的放大效应; 同一地震动条件下,滑坡体相对周边处于稳定状态基岩边坡对地震更为敏感。这较好地解释了“5.12″汶川地震作用下,该滑坡的复活原因。     

Effects of deformed volume, volume fraction and particle size on the deformation behaviour of W/Cu composites

Tungsten/copper (W/Cu) particle reinforced composites were used to investigate the scaling effects on the deformation and fracture behaviour. The effects of the volume fraction and the particle size of the reinforcement (tungsten particles) were studied. W/Cu-80/20, 70/30 and 60/40 wt.% each with tungsten particle size of 10 μm and 30 μm were tested under compression and shear loading. Cylindrical compression specimens with different volumes (D_S = H) were investigated with strain rates between 0.001 s⁻¹ and about 5750 s⁻¹ at temperatures from 20 °C to 800 °C. Axis-symmetric hat-shaped shear specimens with different shear zone widths were examined at different strain rates as well. A clear dependence of the flow stress on the deformed volume and the particle size was found under compression and shear loading. Metallographic investigation was carried out to show a relation between the deformation of the tungsten particles and the global deformation of the specimens. The size of the deformed zone under either compression or shear loading has shown a clear size effect on the fracture of the hat-shaped specimens.The quasi-static flow curves were described with the material law from Swift. The parameters of the material law were presented as a function of the temperature and the specimen size. The mechanical behaviour of the composite materials were numerically computed for an idealized axis-symmetric hat-shaped specimen to verify the determined material law.