Bioaccumulation and biosorption of stable strontium and <Superscript>90</Superscript>Sr by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oscillatoria homogenea</Emphasis> cyanobacterium

The ability of living filamentous cells of the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria homogenea to separate stable strontium and ⁹⁰Sr from aqueous solution is demonstrated in this study. On a basis of filamentous cell biovolume, the removal were 43.78 nM·ml·(mm³)⁻¹ and 3129.48 mBq·ml·(mm³)⁻¹ after 240 hour incubation. The optimum pH for strontium uptake is 9±0.3. The increasing biovolume of the blue-green alga elevates sorption. In the liquid culture containing 21.2 mm³·ml⁻¹ filamentous cells and 1000 nM·ml⁻¹ initial strontium concentration, the maximum strontium removal was 455.34 nM·ml·(mm³)⁻¹. At 1200 Lux illumination, the maximum removal value was 58.62 nM·ml·(mm³)⁻¹, and at the initial strontium concentration of 6590 nM·ml⁻¹, 235.40 nM·ml·(mm³)⁻¹ removal was observed. The experimental data fitted to Langmuir isotherm and the model parameters and correlation coefficient (R ²) were q _max = 7.143 μg·(mm³)⁻¹, b = 0.003 and 0.99, respectively.     

Elevated uptake of Th and U by netted chain fern (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Woodwardia areolata</Emphasis>)

We assessed the ability of netted chain fern (Woodwardia areolata) to uptake U and Th from wetland soils on the U.S. Department of Energy’s Savannah River Site in South Carolina. Netted chain fern had the highest Th and U concentrations of all plants collected from the wetland. Ferns grown in contaminated soil (329 mg·kg⁻¹ Th, 44 mg·kg⁻¹ U) in a greenhouse contained 6.4 mg·kg⁻¹ Th and 5.3 mg·kg⁻¹ U compared with 0.13 mg·kg⁻¹ Th and 0.035 mg·kg⁻¹ U in Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon). Netted chain fern has potential for the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with Th and U.     

Distribution of <Superscript>137</Superscript>Cs activities in clams, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tivela mactroidea</Emphasis> collected along the northern coast of Venezuela and the island of Margarita

Clam meats were obtained directly from the fishermen on the beaches in front of where the clams were collected at eight sites; seven along the northern coast of Venezuela and one on the northern coast of the island of Margarita (Venezuela). Marine sediments were also collected in the same corresponding areas as the clams. ¹³⁷Cs was determined both in clam meats and the marine sediments by high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry employing a hyperpure germanium detector. About 5 kg portions of clam meats were washed and dried in the laboratory, before 500 cm³ volumes were transferred and weighed in the measuring containers. Similarly, 500 cm³ volumes of marine sediments that were dried and ground to pass a 85 μm sieve were transferred to the measuring containers. The samples were counted for 150,000 seconds of real time. The ¹³⁷Cs activity of the clam meats ranged from <0.011 Bq·kg⁻¹ (our detection limit) to 0.36 Bq·kg⁻¹ (dried weigh). These values are all within the range of values considered for environmental fallout from the nuclear weapons tests. Finally, all the values for the corresponding marine sediments were below our detection limit of 0.1 Bq·kg⁻¹ of ¹³⁷Cs (dried weigh).     

Dehydration of irradiated and non-irradiated <Emphasis Type="Italic">L</Emphasis>-α-asparagine monohydrate

Dehydration of irradiated and non-irradiated asparagine monohydrate was investigated by means of a computer interfaced PerkinElmer 1B DSC in isothermal conditions and static atmosphere. Isothermal runs were performed at 358, 363, 368 and 373 K. Samples were γ-irradiated at room temperature, using a ¹³⁷Cs source with an activity of 3·10¹³ Bq and a dose rate of 4·10² Gy h⁻¹, with irradiation times between 8–116 h. Isothermal kinetics were analyzed via the common factorized rate equation. Šesták-Berggren conversion function was found to best fit the experimental data. Of the three fitting parameters, only the one associated with the activation energy was found to follow a coherent variation with the exposure time. Even within this simple model, that makes the activation energy a useful stability criterion within a set of similar samples.     

Activation and reaction volumes of the reactions of <Emphasis Type="Italic">o</Emphasis>-and <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-nitrophenylsulfenyl chlorides with styrene and cyclohexene in some solvents

The effect of hydrostatic pressure below 1000 kg cm⁻² on the rate of reactions of o-and p-nitrophenylsulfenyl chlorides with styrene and cyclohexene was studied. The activation and reaction volumes (cm³ mol⁻¹) for the reactions of o-nitrophenylsulfenyl chloride with styrene in acetonitrile (−23.1 and −23.6), 1,2-dichloroethane (−29.2 and −24.7), chlorobenzene (no, −20.2), and anisole (−25.1 and −21.2) and for the reaction of p-nitrophenylsulfenyl chloride with styrene in carbon tetrachloride (−39.5±1.5 and −22.0) were determined. In carbon tetrachloride the activation volumes for the reactions of cyclohexene with o-and p-nitrophenylsulfenyl chlorides (−37.7±2.0 and −40.9±1.2 cm³ mol⁻¹, respectively) are almost the same and coincide with the data for the reactions with styrene. The considerable decrease in the volume of the transition state in the nonpolar solvent is considered as a consequence of the enhanced electrostriction of carbon tetrachloride in the solvate sphere of the transition state of the reaction, which excludes the nonpolar transition state of the sulfuran type. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 3, pp. 477–480, March, 2007.     

A facile and fast electrochemical method for the simultaneous determination of <Emphasis Type="Italic">o</Emphasis>-dihydroxybenzene and <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-dihydroxybenzene using a surfactant

A fast and convenient analytical technique has been suggested to detect dihydroxybenzene (DHB) isomers directly and simultaneously. In 0.1 M HAc-NaAc buffer solution (pH 5.6), the reduction peaks of p -DHB and o -DHB were partly separated by differential pulse voltammetry at the glassy carbon electrode. By adding a surfactant (cetyl pyridinium chloride) to enhance the detection sensitivity and using a semi-derivative technique to improve the separation, p-DHB and o-DHB were detected simultaneously. The linear calibration ranges were 1.2 × 10⁻⁶ to 1.0 × 10⁻⁴ M for p -DHB and 8.2 × 10⁻⁷ to 1.0 × 10⁻⁴ M for o -DHB, with detection limits of 3.6 × 10⁻⁷ and 2.4 × 10⁻⁷ M, respectively. The proposed method has been applied to the direct determination of DHB isomers in water sample, and the results were excellent. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Viscosity and structural relaxation of 15Na<Subscript>2</Subscript>O·<Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis>MgO·(10−<Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis>)CaO·75SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> glasses

Temperature dependence of viscosity of title glasses (x=0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, abbreviated as M0, M2, M4, M6, M8, and M10, respectively) was measured by rotational viscometry (high temperature region: 10²−10^6.5 dPas) and thermomechanical analysis (low temperature region: 10^8.5−10^11.5 dPas) and described by the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann equation. The MgO/CaO equimolar substitution (i.e. the increasing x value) smoothly shifts the high temperature viscosity to higher values. In the low temperature region the mixed alkali effect is demonstrated, and the highest viscosities are observed for the glasses M0 and M10. In the low temperature range the activation energy of viscous flow linearly decreases with the increasing x value (E _act/kJ mol⁻¹=479−9.0x). No significant dependence of activation energy on x was found in the high temperature range (E _act/kJ mol⁻¹=238.1±4.2). The structural relaxation was measured by thermomechanical experiment and theoretically interpreted in the frame of Tool-Narayanaswamy-Mazurin’s model. The broadening of the relaxation time spectrum was observed for the calcium-magnesium glasses in comparison with the pure calcium or magnesium glasses.     

Electrochemical preparation of poly(<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-phenylene) thin films

We report the electrochemical preparation of poly(p-phenylene) (PPP) thin films with a polymerization degree of approximately 20 using biphenyl as starting material. The PPP films are prepared directly on a tin oxide electrode, presenting a positive charge carrier mobility of 5×10⁻⁷ cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹.     

Estimation of the specific content and nature of sorption sites of iron(<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">III</Emphasis>) and zirconium(<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">IV</Emphasis>) oxyhydroxides

The sorption of anions H₂PO₄ ⁻, HPO₄ ²⁻, PO₄ ³⁻, [Fe(CN)₆]³⁻, and [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻ from aqueous solutions on the surface of Fe^III and Zr^IV oxyhydroxide hydrogels freshly precipitated at pH 4–13 was studied. The region of sorbate concentrations was from 0.00025 to 0.06 mol L⁻¹. The plots of the anion uptakes vs. their equilibrium concentrations are represented by isotherms of the first type, which are well described by the Langmuir equation if the quantity of the amount adsorbed is expressed as mol-site g⁻¹. The maximum uptakes and constants of the Langmuir equation were calculated. The phosphate anions occupy the same number of sorption sites on the sorbents precipitated at different pH. The average specific content of sorption sites for the ferro- and zirconogels in the metastability period is independent of the pH of their precipitation, being 3.1·10⁻³ and 3.2·10⁻³ mol-site g⁻¹, respectively. The [Fe(CN)₆]³⁻ and [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻ anions are sorbed only on the positively charged sites of the hydrogels and occupy not more than 2·10 mol-site g⁻¹ in the studied interval of pH of precipitation. __________ Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1736—1741, August, 2005.     

New Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins from Bark of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Platanus orientalis</Emphasis>

Two oligomeric proanthocyanidinglycosides were isolated from bark of Platanus orientalis. Their structures and relative configurations were established as 7-O-β-D-Glcp-(−)-epicatechingallate-(4β-8)-(−)-epicatechin-(4β-8)-(−)-epicatechin-(4β-8)-5-O-β-D-Glcp-epicatechingallate (Pl-1) and 7-O-β-D-Glc→6-O-β-D-Glcp-(−)-epigallocatechingallate-(4β-8)-(+)-catechingallate-(4β-8)-(+)-catechingallate-(4β-8)-(−)-epigallocatechingallate-(4α-8)-(−)-epicatechin-(4β-8)-[5-O-β-D-Glcp-→6-O-β-D-Glc→6-galloyl(−)-epigallocatechingallate (Pl-7). __________ Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 325–330, July–August, 2005.     

Oxidation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">β</Emphasis>-alanine by Ag(III) complex in alkaline medium: a kinetic and mechanism study

The kinetics of oxidation of β-alanine by the Ag(III) complex has been studied by spectrophotometry. The reaction is first order with respect to the Ag(III) complex. The values of k _obs decrease with an increase of [OH⁻], and then increase with the increase of [OH⁻]. The concentration of OH⁻ was 0.03 mol · L⁻¹ at the turning point at which the rate was the slowest. A plausible mechanism of reaction is proposed, and the rate law has been obtained, which could be applied to explain all experimental phenomena. The activation parameters of the rate-determining step have been also calculated.     

Synthesis,structure, and properties of sodium <Emphasis Type="Italic">cis</Emphasis>-tetraethylcyclotetrasiloxanolate and new mesomorphic <Emphasis Type="Italic">cis</Emphasis>-tetra[ethyl(trimethylsiloxy)]cyclotetrasiloxane

Hydrolytic condensation of ethyltriethoxysilane in the presence of NaOH (Si: NaOH = 1) gave crystal solvate of sodium cis-tetraethyltetrasiloxanolate {(Na⁺)₄[EtSi(O)O⁻]₄}·nL (1, L = EtOH, H₂O) in high yield. The molecular structure of compound 1 at L = EtOH, n = 8 was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The reaction of compound 1 with trimethylchlorosilane affords cis-tetra[ethyl(trimethylsiloxy)]cyclotetrasiloxane cis-[EtSi(O)OSiMe₃]₄, which is the first representative of the group of mesomorphic cyclotetrasiloxanes containing alkyl groups. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 74–79, January, 2007.     

Contribution to the external gamma dose rate from <Superscript>137</Superscript>Cs and <Superscript>40</Superscript>K activity concentrations determined in the vertical profile of sandy beaches

Sampling sites, located along the Calabria and Basilicata Regions coastal beaches (south of Italy), were selected to assess the external gamma dose rate in air, 1 m above ground, and to estimate the fraction attributable to the radiocesium and radiopotassium contents along the vertical sand profile. Mean values for the gamma dose rate were: 76±30 nGy·h⁻¹. ¹³⁷Cs and ⁴⁰K deposition densities in sand samples were determined for each sampling site (mean values 0.24±0.22 kBq·m⁻² and 178±88 kBq·m⁻², respectively). The ¹³⁷Cs external dose rate contribution was assessed using a Monte Carlo simulation code. The method gives an estimation of the contribution to the external gamma dose rate of each sand layer along the vertical profile. The dose rate associated with the ¹³⁷Cs content in sand was 0.16±0.14 nGy·h⁻¹. The cosmic radiation and ⁴⁰K contributions to the external gamma dose rate were estimated using the UNSCEAR methodologies. The values obtained were 34±3 nGy·h⁻¹ and 18±9 nGy·h⁻¹, respectively.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ab initio</Emphasis> Study of Structural and Conformational Properties of Five- to Nine-Membered Cyclic 1,2,3-Trienes

Summary.  The structures and relative energies of fundamental conformations of cyclopenta-1,2,3-triene, cyclohexa-1,2,3-triene, cylohepta-1,2,3-triene, cycloocta-1,2,3-triene, and cyclonona-1,2,3-triene were calculated by the HF/6-31G^* and MP2/6-31G^*//HF/6-31G^* methods. Only a C _2v symmetric planar conformation is available to cyclopenta-1,2,3-triene and cyclohexa-1,2,3-triene. The calculated energy barrier for ring inversion of the C _S symmetric puckerd conformation of cyclohepta-1,2,3-triene via the planar geometry is 62.2 kJ·mol⁻¹. The C ₂ symmetric twist conformation of cycloocta-1,2,3-triene was calculated to be the most stable one. Conformational racemization of the twist form takes place via the C _S symmetric half-chair geometry, which is by 60.8 kJ·mol⁻¹ less stable than the twist conformer. The C _S symmetric chair and unsymmetrical twist-boat conformations of cyclonona-1,2,3-triene were calculated to have similar energies; their interconversion takes place via an unsymmetrical low-energy (18.4 kJ·mol⁻¹) transition state. The twist (C ₂) and boat (C _S) geometries of cyclonona-1,2,3-triene are higher in energy by 13.2 and 33.9 kJ·mol⁻¹, respectively. Ring inversion in chair and twist-boat conformations takes place via a twist form as intermediate and requires 33.6 kJ·mol⁻¹. Corresponding author. E-mail: isayavar@yahoo.com Received March 25, 2002; accepted April 4, 2002     

Solvothermal Syntheses,Crystal Structures,and Properties of New [Mn(<Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">dien</Emphasis>)<Subscript>2</Subscript>]<Superscript>2+</Superscript> Complexes

Summary.  The two new compounds Mn(dien)₂[MoS₄] (1) and Mn(dien)₂[Mo₂O₂S₆] (2) (dien = diethylenetriamine) were prepared under solvothermal conditions. Both compounds were obtained as phase-pure products. The structures consist of new [Mn(dien)₂]²⁺ cations and isolated tetrahedral [MoS₄]²⁻ (1) or [Mo₂O₂S₆]²⁻ (2) anions. Between the anions and the cations, hydrogen bonding is observed. Compound 1 crystallizes in the tetragonal space group I (a = 10.219(2), c = 9.259(2) ?, Z = 2), whereas 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2₁/c (a = 8.703(2), b = 18.390(4), c = 14.603(3) ?, β = 103.18(3)°, Z = 4). The thermal behaviour of the thiomolybdates was investigated using difference thermoanalysis (DTA) and thermogravimetry (TG). Both compounds decompose under argon with a single endothermic signal in the DTA curve (peak maximum: 252 (1) and 242°C (2)). Received November 5, 2001. Accepted December 27, 2001     

Evaluation of <Superscript>137</Superscript>Cs soil-to-plant transfer: Natural and model experiments

Soil and meadow grass were sampled in the whole territory of Lithuania in 1992–2000. For the laboratory experiment, spring wheat Triticum aestivum L. “Nandu” was used because its root system type is similar to that of perennial meadow grass. The ¹³⁷Cs soil-to-plant transfer factor of spring wheat was determined and the results were compared with the predicted values using a compartment model of soil-to-plant transfer and with the results of the field experiment. The results of comparing the measured and calculated transfer factor using the model show rather good coincidence, however, the calculated values were overestimated. The reason for overestimation can be that the uptake rate is not influenced only by the soil-to-plant transfer. The results of the model experiment (from 0.005 m²·kg⁻¹ to 0.053 m²·kg⁻¹) are close to those of the field measurements for grass (from 0.013 m²·kg⁻¹ in 1992–1995 to 0.10 m²·kg⁻¹ in 1999–2000).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lycopodium cernuum</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Funaria hygrometrica</Emphasis> as deposition indicators for radionuclides and trace metals

Summary Levels of ²¹⁰Pb, ²¹⁰Po, ¹³⁷Cs and some trace elements (Cu, Zn and Pb) in two most common mosses (Lycopodium cernuum and Funaria hygrometrica) distributed in the eastern Mediterranean sea region (Syrian coastal mountains series) have been determined. Radiochemical analysis has shown that these plants contain high levels of ²¹⁰Pb, ²¹⁰Po, ¹³⁷Cs. The highest concentration of ²¹⁰Pb, ²¹⁰Po and ¹³⁷Cs were found to be 1450, 1322 and 1140 Bq ^. kg^-1 dry wt. in L. cernuum, respectively. F. hygrometrica was found to have higher values of ²¹⁰Pb and ²¹⁰Po concentrations and reached 2392 and 2119 Bq ^. kg^-1 dry wt., respectively. Correlation coefficients for radionuclide levels in both plants versus their levels in soil have been determined: No correlation for ¹³⁷Cs for both plants has been observed. This indicates that ¹³⁷Cs in these plants is of atmospheric origin and the plants can be used as deposition indicators. In addition, a correlation with radionuclide levels was found only for ²¹⁰Pb and ²¹⁰Po in F. hygrometrica samples and was mainly related to ²²⁶Ra content in soil and the existing faults, which are the main source of these radionuclides. On the other hand, lead concentration in L. cernuum was found to be in the range of 5-86.6 ppm, while F. hygrometrica samples were found to contain around 58 ppm. Both plants seem to accumulate lead from the atmosphere where vehicle emissions are the main source of lead in the region. Comparable concentrations of Cu and Zn were found in all plant and soil samples.     

FTIR-ATR <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> observation on the efflorescence and deliquescence processes of Mg(NO<Subscript>3</Subscript>)<Subscript>2</Subscript> aerosols

The efflorescence and deliquescence processes of Mg(NO₃)₂ aerosol particles deposited on ZnSe substrate have been investigated through in situ Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) technique at the molecular level. At relative humidity (RH) of ∼3%, Mg(NO₃)₂ particles existed as amorphous states. The amorphous Mg(NO₃)₂ particles were transformed into crystalline Mg(NO₃)₂ · nH₂O (n ≤ 5) with slight increasing of RH. Thermodynamically stable Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O crystals were gradually formed on the particle surface and started to be dissolved at the saturation point (∼53% RH). At the same time, a continuous phase transition from Mg(NO₃)₂ · nH₂O (n≤5) to Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O occurred on the particle surface. This led the solid particles to completely deliquesce at 76% RH, which was much higher than the saturation point of 53% RH. In the efflorescence process, Mg(NO₃)₂ droplets entered into the supersaturated region due to the gradual evaporation of water. Finally, amorphous particles were formed when RH decreased below 5%. In the FTIR-ATR spectra of the supersaturated Mg(NO₃)₂ droplets, the absorbance of the symmetric stretching vibration of NO ₃ ⁻ (v ₁- NO ₃ ⁻ ) clearly became stronger. It resulted from the continuous formation of solvent share ion pairs (SIPs), and even the contact ion pairs (CIPs) between Mg²⁺ and NO ₃ ⁻ . Supported by the Trans-Century Program Foundation for the Talents by the Ministry of Education of China, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 20073004, 20473012, and 20673010), the 111 Project (B07012), and the State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry for Solid Surface of Xiamen University     

Mechanistic study of the oxidation of N-phenyldiethanolamine by <Emphasis Type="Italic">bis</Emphasis>(hydrogen periodato)argentate(III) complex anion

The kinetics of oxidation of phenyldiethanolamine (PEA) by a silver(III) complex anion, [Ag(HIO₆)₂]⁵⁻, has been studied in an aqueous alkaline medium by conventional spectrophotometry. The main oxidation product of PEA has been identified as formaldehyde. In the temperature range 20.0–40.0 °C , through analyzing influences of [OH⁻] and [IO ₄ ⁻ ]_tot on the reaction, it is pseudo-first-order in Ag(III) disappearance with a rate expression: k _obsd = (k ₁ + k ₂[OH⁻]) K ₁ K ₂[PEA]/{f([OH⁻])[IO ₄ ⁻ ]_tot + K ₁ + K ₁ K ₂ [PEA]}, where k ₁ = (0.61 ± 0.02) × 10⁻² s⁻¹, k₂ = (0.049 ± 0.002) M⁻¹ s⁻¹ at 25.0 °C and ionic strength of 0.30 M. Activation parameters associated with k ₁ and k ₂ have also been derived. A reaction mechanism is proposed involving two pre-equilibria, leading to formation of an Ag(III)-periodato-PEA ternary complex. The ternary complex undergoes a two-electron transfer from the coordination PEA to the metal center via two parallel pathways: one pathway is spontaneous and the other is assisted by a hydroxide ion.     

Enantioselective analysis of (<Emphasis Type="Italic">R</Emphasis>)- and (<Emphasis Type="Italic">S</Emphasis>)-carvedilol in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography

Summary An HPLC column-switching method has been developed and validated for the enantioselective determination of (R)- and (S)-carvedilol in human plasma. Sample preparation was performed either off-line, by extraction with trichloromethane and back-extraction into 0.01m aqueous citric acid which was injected on to a LiChrosorb RP 8 column, or on-line, by injecting diluted (0.1m formic acid) plasma on to a LiChrosorb ADS column. In both instances separation was performed by gradient elution and on-line transfer of the fraction containing, the carvedilol on to an enantioselective Teicoplanin column. The enantiomers of carvedilol were separated isocratically by use of methanol-acetonitrile-triethylammonium acetate, 70:30:0.05 (v/v/w), as mobile phase. With fluorescence detection the limits of quantitation were 0.30 ng mL⁻¹ for (R)-carvedilol and 0.26 ng mL⁻¹ for (S)-carvedilol; these were sufficient to enable investigation of the effect of exercise on plasma concentrations of (R)- and (S)-carvedilol after oral administration of either the racemate or the pure enantiomers. Although the operating conditions were optimized for sample preparation by on-line deproteination on a LiChrospher RP 18 ADS column, the complete method was insufficiently rugged for analysis of large numbers of plasma samples—the enantioselectivity of the Teicoplanin column deteriorated too rapidly because of the transfer of enantioselectivity-poisoning interferences which could not be suppressed sufficiently. In contrast the liquid-liquid sample-extraction procedure combined with column switching resulted in a analytical method with long-term stability. Presented at Balaton Symposium '01 on High-Performance Separation Methods, Siófok, Hungary, September 2–4, 2001