HL-1M装置弹丸加料等离子体中的蛇形振荡

在弹丸注入实验中，人们观测到穿透至q=1面以内的弹丸能在等离子体芯部激发出蛇形振荡。蛇形振荡是由一个局域的高密度区域在等离子体芯部旋转而反映在软X射线、密度信号上的一种振荡现象。在JET，ASDEX，Tore Supra等装置上都观测到了弹丸注入条件下的蛇形振荡现象。     

HL-1M装置ICRF加热实验中RF波对MHD的影响

研究了HL－1M装置离子回旋共振频率加热实验中RF波对MHD的影响，软X射经观测结果表明，注入RF波会诱发锯齿。在有些放电中，也观察到RF波有抑制锯齿振荡和蛇形扰动的现象。RF波注入期间，观察到边缘等离子体密度和Dα辐射下降，中心密度增加，马赫探针数据的分析和计算表明，RF波对等离子体的径向电场的增加和极向流速的变化有很大的影响。     

HL—1M多发弹丸注入的CCD摄像触发方式的改进

多发弹丸加料是为稳态聚变堆提出的,它可以控制放电等离子体密度分布,改善约束性能和提高密度极限,是国际受控核聚变研究的重要内容之一。在实验中CCD相机可以用于研究弹丸与等离子体相互作用的许多复杂物理现象,用它拍摄弹丸在等离子体中消融云的照片是研究弹丸消融过程极其有效的手段。1999年用改进后的8发氢弹丸加料系统在水平方向上注入HL－1M等离子体,用SensiCam360LF型CCD相机在弹丸发射线连接法兰轴线上端,进行弹丸消融云的拍摄,观察弹丸的消融过程。     

常压下气体放电等离子体振荡的实验与理论研究

在实验上研究了高压交流电弧发生器电极间隙的气体放电及等离子体振荡, 观察到了气体放电过程中的纳秒脉冲.以电子的流体运动方程和麦克斯韦方程为理论基础, 利用δ函数来描述交变外电场作用下电极处的电子堆积现象,建立了常压下气体放电时等离子体在外电场中振荡的理论模型,通过Laplace变换求解出电极间的放电电压.理论与实验结果基本符合, 从而可估算出实验中等离子体的电子数密度为1.3× 10¹²/m³.     

HL－1装置辅助加热等对能量约束的影响

在ＨＬ－１托卡马克上进行了辅助加热、加料、电流驱动的物理实验研究。在改善等离子体约束方面，某些实验取得了较好的结果。在适当的稳定放电条件下，低杂波电流驱动和弹丸注入辅助加料，均能使等离子体能量约束得到一定程度的改善，与相同密度条件下的欧姆加热放电相比，能量约束时间提高了约３０％。在电子回旋共振加热等离子体实验中，等离子体总能量明显增加，但与相同密度条件下的欧姆加热放电相比，能量约束时间减少了约２０％。     

HL—1M装置多发弹丸加料实验观测

首次在ＨＬ－１Ｍ装置上投放使用的多发弹丸加料系统，能一次注入多达４粒Φ１．０ｍｍ的氢弹丸，弹丸速度在５００－８００ｍ．ｓ＾－１之间。弹丸注入后，得到离子体密度峰化系数ｎｃ（０）／〈ｎｃ〉＝１．８能量约束时间与喷气加料放电的相比提高３０％以上的实验结果。观察到了弹丸注入等离子体引起弹丸消融物沿磁力线流动的图像变化，电子温度分布和ＭＨＤ行为的演变过程以及新的边缘等离子体特性。     

HL—1装置辅助加热等对能量约束的影响

在ＨＬ－１托卡马克上进行了辅助加热，加料，电流驱动的物理实验研究。在改善等离子约束方面，某些实验取得了较好的结果。在适当的稳定放电条件下，低杂波电流驱动和弹丸注入辅助加料，均能使等离子体能量约束得到一定程度的改善，与相同密度条件下的欧姆加热放电相比，能量约束时间提高了约３０％。在电子回旋共振加热等离子体实验中，等离子体总能量明显增加，但与相同密度条件下的欧姆加热放电相比，能量约束时间减少了约２０％     

HL—1M装置边缘等离子体特性研究

边缘和芯部等离子体的同时控制对优化托卡马克等离子体性能是重要的。边缘等离子体密度、温度和空间电位等通常采用朗缪尔静电探针测量,而旋转速度可用马赫探针测量。好的加料技术对于获得高性能等离子 体也很重要。在HL－1M装置上已开展了8发弹丸注入和分子束注入（MBI）加料实验,它能使等离子体产生中空的温度和电流密度分布,并容易获得高密度和良好的约束。本文主要介绍在低杂波电流驱动（LHCD）、多发弹丸注入和MBI三种典型放电中边缘等离子体参数的测量结果。     

HL—1M多发弹丸加料等离子体的特性

对ＨＬ－１Ｍ装置在一次放电中注入３－８粒氢弹丸的欧姆加热等离子体密度分布和扰动特征进行了研究。实验表明,器壁再循环对高密度的获得有重要的影响。在再循环较高的条件下连续注入３粒１．０ｍｍ弹丸,获得了加料实验的最好参数：等离子体中心密度ｎｅ（０）＝５．３×１０１３ｃｍ－３,总体储能Ｗｐ＝６．０ｋＪ,τｅ＝２６ｍｓ。用ＣＣＤ相机拍摄了弹丸消融云的照片,并对消融过程进行了简要的分析。结果证实,消融的不对称和弹丸轨迹的偏转是电子侧消融强于离子侧的结果,弹丸发射间隙及完整性对密度扰动有重要的影响。     

HL—1M装置的密度极限研究

描述了ＨＬ－１Ｍ 装置欧姆加热状态下的密度极限,该密度极限是放电破裂前的最高密度值。通过比较氘、氢放电,硅化前后的放电,超声分子束注入、冰弹丸注入和脉冲送气放电,发现ＨＬ－１Ｍ装置的壁条件、加料方式以及氢同位素对ＨＬ－１Ｍ 装置的密度极限影响很大。产生密度极限破裂的原因主要是等离子体约束变差,总体辐射损失与欧姆加热功率平衡被破坏     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.