三聚氰胺-甲醛系凝胶老化过程中的体积收缩影响因素

介绍了三聚氰胺-甲醛凝胶老化过程的溶剂效应及其对体积收缩的影响。从凝胶的离浆-溶胀平衡以及溶剂效应等两个方面对湿凝胶老化过程中的体积收缩作了分析,通过测量形状规则的湿凝胶在溶剂交换和老化过程中的体积变化研究湿凝胶组成、交换溶剂的成分及步骤对凝胶体积收缩的影响。结果表明：控制交换溶剂的组成能显著改善湿凝胶后处理过程中的体积收缩。合适的湿凝胶交换步骤是先使用凝胶体内液体和目标溶剂的混合溶剂进行交换,逐次增大目标溶剂的含量,直至最后使用纯目标溶剂进行交换,即可获得体积收缩较小的湿凝胶体系。     

无催化法制备低密度三聚氰胺-甲醛气凝胶

以三聚氰胺和多聚甲醛为原料,二甲基亚砜为溶剂制备三聚氰胺-甲醛(MF)气凝胶,湿凝胶经超临界干燥,制备出密度最低可达70 kg/m3的MF气凝胶。采用红外吸收光谱、场发射扫描电镜、N2吸附-脱吸附分析和热失重分析表征了MF气凝胶的组成、微结构以及热性能。结果表明:以二甲基亚砜为溶剂制备的MF气凝胶,虽然其微观结构较以水为溶剂的气凝胶差,比表面积及孔径分布均一性均降低,但是其热稳定性有所提高。     

均苯三酚改性三聚氰胺-甲醛气凝胶的制备与表征

以三聚氰胺、均苯三酚和甲醛为原料,经过溶胶凝胶、CO2超临界干燥,制备出由均苯三酚改性的最低密度为44 mg/cm3、透明、不易开裂的三聚氰胺-甲醛（MF）气凝胶,利用Materials-Studio软件模拟,结果证明了均苯三酚的引入可以缩短凝胶时间。并采用扫描电镜（SEM）, 红外（FT-IR）, 热重（TGA）对样品进行了表征,测试表明：改性后的MF气凝胶具有由直径30 nm的骨架构成三位连续空间网络结构,孔径约为100 nm,且分布均匀,热性能也有所提高。     

催化剂对三聚氰胺-甲醛有机气凝胶的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备出一系列不同催化剂种类和浓度的三聚氰胺-甲醛(MF)有机气凝胶模板,通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、热分析仪、N2吸附等测试手段对其分子结构、热稳定性、孔结构进行了表征。测试结果表明：催化剂种类和浓度变化不影响模板的分子结构和热性能;各模板热解程度均达97%;相比NaOH和NaHCO3为催化剂制备的模板,Na2CO3为催化剂时,制备的模板更优,比表面积和孔容较大,孔分布范围较宽; 当三聚氰胺与催化剂的浓度比为500时,比表面积达到最大。     

催化剂对三聚氰胺-甲醛有机气凝胶的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备出一系列不同催化剂种类和浓度的三聚氰胺-甲醛(MF)有机气凝胶模板,通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、热分析仪、N2吸附等测试手段对其分子结构、热稳定性、孔结构进行了表征。测试结果表明:催化剂种类和浓度变化不影响模板的分子结构和热性能;各模板热解程度均达97%;相比NaOH和NaHCO3为催化剂制备的模板,Na2CO3为催化剂时,制备的模板更优,比表面积和孔容较大,孔分布范围较宽; 当三聚氰胺与催化剂的浓度比为500时,比表面积达到最大。     

三聚氰胺-甲醛气凝胶模板的结构与热稳定性

采用溶胶-凝胶法合成出三聚氰胺-甲醛（MF）有机气凝胶,并通过N2吸附、红外光谱以及热重-质谱联用等实验技术对该气凝胶的多孔形态、结构特性和热稳定性进行了表征。结果表明:MF气凝胶是一种连续的、相互贯通的3维多孔网络结构材料,比表面积约842 m2/g,平均孔径为16 nm左右;热解产生了NO, H2O, NH3, NO2, CO2和CH4气体,很好地诠释了各阶段失重,其总失重高达97%,有望作为制备3维nm级多孔材料的模板。     

三聚氰胺-甲醛气凝胶模板的结构与热稳定性

采用溶胶-凝胶法合成出三聚氰胺-甲醛（MF）有机气凝胶,并通过N2吸附、红外光谱以及热重-质谱联用等实验技术对该气凝胶的多孔形态、结构特性和热稳定性进行了表征。结果表明:MF气凝胶是一种连续的、相互贯通的3维多孔网络结构材料,比表面积约842 m2/g,平均孔径为16 nm左右;热解产生了NO, H2O, NH3, NO2, CO2和CH4气体,很好地诠释了各阶段失重,其总失重高达97%,有望作为制备3维nm级多孔材料的模板。     

高分子凝胶体积相变中的氢键作用

我们把关联模型(association models)推广应用到高分子凝胶体系,研究高分子与溶剂分子间的氢键和溶剂分子与溶剂分子间的氢键在高分子凝胶体积相变中的作用.首先通过分析凝胶体积分数与温度的关系发现,由于两种氢键作用,随着温度变化高分子凝胶出现连续、不连续体积相变,结果表明在体积相变过程中两种氢键都起着重要作用.其次,对不同氢键分数条件下的旋节线的研究发现,对于高分子凝胶体积相变中出现的UCST和LCST(上临界共溶温度和下临界共溶温度)现象也是由于高分子与溶剂分子间氢键和溶剂分子与溶剂分子间氢键共同作用的结果.     

微量流动注射-全自动甲醛检测仪快速测定板材中的甲醛

建立了板材中甲醛超声提取-微量流动注射-检测的连续自动化分析系统.利用在强碱性条件下,甲醛与间苯三酚快速发生显色反应,建立了板材中甲醛含量的测定方法,方法的线性范围为0-20μg/mL,检出限为0.2mg/kg.利用该法对板材进行了测定,结果表明,该自主研发的全自动甲醛快速检测仪灵敏度高、选择性好,对板材样品的加标回收率为96.2％-105.0％,采用该法对板材样品进行了测试,并与国标方法测得的值进行对比,结果表明两种方法的测试结果无显著性差异.该法能很好的适用于现场样品的快速测定.     

镍掺杂三聚氰胺-甲醛气凝胶的浸渍-还原法制备

以PdCl2为活化敏化液,水合肼为还原剂,采用化学浸渍-还原法在常温下制得了磁性金属Ni掺杂三聚氰胺-甲醛（MF）气凝胶,为金属掺杂气凝胶的制备寻得了新的途径。利用X-射线粉末衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）等对Ni掺杂MF气凝胶进行表征,SEM和TEM均表明,经浸渍-还原处理后的MF气凝胶骨架中较均匀地分布着粒径约100 nm的金属Ni颗粒,其中部分颗粒生长连结形成较大团簇。N2吸-脱附实验数据显示,掺入金属Ni后,MF气凝胶的比表面积、总孔体积、微孔体积均减小,表明浸渍-还原处理后得到的金属Ni颗粒均匀分布于MF气凝胶孔隙中,其中少量大孔的出现是由形成团簇的Ni颗粒填充了部分纯MF气凝胶的孔隙撑开了孔隙结构所致。     

结构胶固化收缩对反射镜面形影响的分析与试验

在空间遥感领域,使用胶粘接技术安装光学元件越来越受到光机工程师们的青睐。与机械方法相比,胶粘接方法具有更轻的质量、更低的成本、更容易装配。大部分结构胶在固化期间存在收缩现象,结构胶的收缩会导致内应力出现,内应力又会导致光学表面发生变形,从而影响成像质量。为了在有限元分析中模拟这一过程,提出了等效线胀法的概念。该方法是将结构胶的线收缩率等效成胶的线胀系数,从而将结构胶固化过程的收缩等效成均匀温降导致的冷缩,以便进行热弹性分析。分析结果表明:在采用环带粘接方式时,粘接面积越小,镜面相应位置的面形误差越小,反之越大;粘接位置离镜面越远,镜面相应位置的面形误差越小,反之越大。对分析结果进行了试验验证,结果表明:当胶层质心到镜面距离为20.5mm、胶层宽度分别为15mm、20mm、25mm时,镜面PV值变化量分别为0.64λ、0.92λ、1.10λ;当胶层宽度为15mm、胶层质心到镜面距离分别为15.5mm、20.5mm、25.5mm时,镜面PV值变化量分别为1.08λ、0.64λ、0.40λ;当胶层质心到镜面距离为25.5mm、胶层宽度为25mm、胶层环形分布角分别为40°、60°、80°时,镜面PV值变化量分别为0.38λ、0.52λ、0.88λ。分析和试验结果为实际的工程应用提供了理论指导。     

Characterization and aging effect study of nitrogen-doped ZnO nanofilm

The influence of sputtering and annealing conditions and aging effect on properties of sputtered ZnO:N thin films were investigated. Achieved results confirmed a planar growth of nitrogen-doped ZnO film with a high uniform and smooth surface morphology. Incorporation of nitrogen in the ZnO films made new Raman shifts. X-ray diffraction spectra showed only the ZnO (0 0 2) diffraction peak, which was slightly shifted toward lower angels, compared to pure ZnO, which is the result of incorporating nitrogen in the ZnO films. The amount of this shift was proportional to N concentration. In addition, annealed samples showed better crystallinity with lower shift due to dramatically reduction of N atoms during the annealing. The Hall effect measurements exhibited p-type behaviour on annealed ZnO:N thin films while the un-annealed samples showed n-type conductivity. Aging effect studies demonstrated that the N content of thin films decreased dramatically as time passed. The reduction of N concentration in annealed samples was lower than un-annealed ones after 6 months.     

Solvent effect on the heat of solution and partial molar volume of magnesium perchlorate

For magnesium perchlorate (MP), the solvent effect on the heat of solution and partial molar volumes (PMV) at 25 °C was studied. Since the complete dissociation of magnesium perchlorate is more difficult to achieve as compared with lithium perchlorate (LP), the concentration dependence of the values of the heat of solution and partial molar volume were noted. Only in highly polar solvents with large donor numbers (DN), such as water, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N‐dimethyl formamide, and formamide, the differential and integral values of the enthalpies of solution were the same in the range of concentrations studied. In all solvents studied, the values of the heat of solution of MP were highly exothermic and exceed that of LP by more than 30 kcal mol^?1. The values of the partial molar volume of MP were changed from 82.3 cm³ mol^?1 in formamide to ?2.4 cm³ mol^?1 in acetone, and correlate linearly with that of LP (R = 0.975). Taking into account the significant change in the properties of molecules in the solvate shell of cation Mg²⁺, the large increase in the reactivity of reactants, activated by such interaction with Mg²⁺ cation is expected. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

再入体缩比模型湍流等离子体电磁散射特性测量

介绍了在弹道靶上利用二级轻气炮发射再入体缩比模型开展湍流等离子体电磁散射特性模拟试验方法、湍流等离子体的雷达散射截面积(RCS)测量方法。给出了模型尾迹湍流等离子体的电磁散射特性测量典型试验结果,对获得的试验结果进行了分析,并与一阶畸变波Born方法计算结果进行了比较。结果表明：合理选择缩比模型发射速度和飞行环境压力,在弹道靶上能够模拟产生湍流等离子体;利用激光阴影成像技术获得的锥模型尾迹流场图像证实了尾迹转捩的出现及其湍流形成;在给定的试验条件下,锥模型及其绕流RCS测量值比其尾迹RCS测量值高3个数量级,比背景散射电平高0.5~2.5个数量级,且信号没有周期性,幅度脉动范围为1～15 dB,频率脉动范围0.4～40 kHz;锥模型湍流尾迹RCS的脉动可能是尾迹电子密度的脉动引起的;单站X波段雷达系统测量的锥模型尾迹亚密湍流等离子体的散射信号测量值与计算结果变化规律一致;弹道靶RCS测量技术可用于再入体缩比模型湍流等离子体电磁散射特性研究,为开展相关研究提供了一种有效的地面模拟实验研究途径。     

Rotation selectivity of random phase encoding in volume holograms

We present the study of angular selectivity for holographic multiplexing based on random phase encoding by a ground glass. The rotational selectivity of the volume hologram is calculated theoretically and coincides with the experimental measurement. By controlling the parameters including rotational center, effective numerical aperture of both volume hologram and the ground glass, we can obtain different rotational selectivity applied to random phase encoding in volume holographic storage.     

深度残差收缩网络的含噪微泄漏超声识别方法*

在利用声学信号进行泄漏检测时,复杂的背景噪声往往会淹没微弱的泄漏信号,导致误判率高。针对微小泄漏在含噪环境中识别困难的问题,提出了基于深度残差收缩网络（DRSN）的含噪微泄漏识别方法。在提出的方法中,添加不同强度高斯噪声,建立数据集,使用DRSN网络进行训练,验证DRSN对不同泄漏强度、不同噪声含量样本识别的有效性。实验结果表明：DRSN对于微弱泄漏可以达到较理想的识别率,即使在高度杂糅数据识别时仍能达到较理想的识别效果,而且噪声含量并不会对DRSN迭代次数产生明显的影响。将提出的方法与CNN识别方法对比,DRSN具有明显的优势。     

刃型位错形成对面心立方金属Cu体积的影响

使用分子动力学方法,采用嵌入原子势（EAM）,在0K下模拟了面心立方金属Cu单晶的刃型位错,研究了刃型位错产生对晶体体积的影响．模拟结果表明,无论使用推入还是抽出原子层的方法获得刃型位错,平衡状态时刃型位错的存在使晶体体积增大．     

Bibliometric analysis of core journals which publish articles of physical therapy on aging

Objective. Increase in population''s longevity has led to considerable efforts worldwide on physical therapy aging research. The aim of this study is to identify which are the main scientific journals, as well as the most productive authors, institutions and keywords related to the journals, that have published about physical therapy and aging. Methods. Original articles published from 1990 to 2014 were retrieved from the bibliographic database Science Citation Index Expanded of Web of Science Core Collection. After standardization of the bibliographic information, a series of bibliometric indicators was obtained regarding authors, institutions, citation and keywords of the core journals using bibliometric software. The PAJEK network analysis program was used for graphic representation. Results. A total of 2,237 original articles are included in this analysis. The number of identified journals is 573, with an average growth of publishing journals throughout the studied period of 9.41%. Bradford''s distribution shows 12 core journals, out of which 41.67% have published constantly all throughout the 25-year period, being the most productive one Physical Therapy. Fritz, Julie M is the most productive author, and University of Sydney the most productive institution. The keyword exercise is used in an outstanding way. Conclusions. The productivity trends provided an indication of the greater scientific interest of physical therapy in aging as a line of research. Collectively, the data indicated that physical therapy-specific journals are being consolidated but non-specific are still a significant research source, and that a fundamental element of their research includes exercise and movement.     

Extraction of weak crack signals based on sparse code shrinkage combined with wavelet packet filtering

Early crack signals in critical infrastructure components of major equipment are hardly to be extracted due to its low signal noise ratio (SNR). A de-noising method combined wavelet packet (WP) technology with sparse code shrinkage (SCS) is proposed in this study. Firstly, WP reconstruction technology is used to reserve the crack signal with a specified frequency range. That is, the signal is decomposed by Meyer wavelet into five layers, and the signal with the frequency range from 187.5 kHz to 609.375 kHz is reserved. Then SCS method removes noise within the specified frequency range. Namely, the probability density function (PDF) of the signal independent coefficients is estimated via the generalized Gaussian model (GGM) in the independent component analysis (ICA) space. The nonlinear de-noising is finished by utilizing maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate. The results obtained by the combined method are compared with those generated by the SCS method and the WP de-noising method. It demonstrates that the combined method is the best one among the three methods in extracting weak signals. Its output SNR is −2.38 dB and the correlation coefficient (CC) is 0.54 when the input SNR is −20 dB. They are higher than those obtained by the SCS method (SNR −4.46 dB and CC 0.51). The WP method is the worst (SNR −3.54 dB and CC −0.003). Therefore, the combined method is quite suitable for weak signal extraction.