Geometric Invariant Theory in a Model-Independent Analysis of Spontaneous Symmetry and Supersymmetry Breaking

Functions which are covariant or invariant under the transformations of a reductive linear algebraic group can be advantageously expressed in terms of functions defined in the orbit space of the group, i.e. as functions of a finite set of basic invariant polynomials. This fact and the tools of geometric invariant theory can be exploited in many physical contexts where the study of covariant or invariant functions is important, for instance in the determination of patterns of spontaneous symmetry and/or supersymmetry breaking in possibly supersymmetric quantum field theories of elementary particles, in the analysis of phase spaces and structural phase transitions in solid state physics (Landau's theory), in covariant bifurcation theory, in crystal field theory and in most areas of solid state theory where use is made of symmetry adapted functions. We shall present some elements of geometric invariant theory and illustrate some of the possible applications in the study of spontaneous symmetry and supersymmetry breaking.     

On the use of the rotation minimizing frame for variational systems with Euclidean symmetry

We study variational systems for space curves, for which the Lagrangian or action principle has a Euclidean symmetry, using the Rotation Minimizing frame, also known as the Normal, Parallel, or Bishop frame. Such systems have previously been studied using the Frenet–Serret frame. However, the Rotation Minimizing frame has many advantages, and can be used to study a wider class of examples. We achieve our results by extending the powerful symbolic invariant calculus for Lie group–based moving frames, to the Rotation Minimizing frame case. To date, the invariant calculus has been developed for frames defined by algebraic equations. By contrast, the Rotation Minimizing frame is defined by a differential equation. In this paper, we derive the recurrence formulae for the symbolic invariant differentiation of the symbolic invariants. We then derive the syzygy operator needed to obtain Noether's conservation laws as well as the Euler–Lagrange equations directly in terms of the invariants, for variational problems with a Euclidean symmetry. We show how to use the six Noether laws to ease the integration problem for the minimizing curve, once the Euler–Lagrange equations have been solved for the generating differential invariants. Our applications include variational problems used in the study of strands of proteins, nucleid acids, and polymers.     

Non-Amenability and Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking – The Hyperbolic Spin-Chain –

The hyperbolic spin chain is used to elucidate the notion of spontaneous symmetry breaking for a non-amenable internal symmetry group, here SO(1, 2). The noncompact symmetry is shown to be spontaneously broken – something which would be forbidden for a compact group by the Mermin-Wagner theorem. Expectation functionals are defined through the L → ∞ limit of a chain of length L; the functional measure is found to have its weight mostly on configurations boosted by an amount increasing at least powerlike with L. This entails that despite the non-amenability a certain subclass of noninvariant functions is averaged to an SO(1, 2) invariant result. Outside this class symmetry breaking is generic. Performing an Osterwalder-Schrader reconstruction based on the infinite volume averages one finds that the reconstructed quantum theory is different from the original one. The reconstructed Hilbert space is nonseparable and contains a separable subspace of ground states of the reconstructed transfer operator on which SO(1, 2) acts in a continuous, unitary, and irreducible way. Communicated by Joel Feldman submitted 17/12/04, accepted 20/04/05     

On boundary value problems for some conformally invariant differential operators

We study boundary value problems for some differential operators on Euclidean space and the Heisenberg group which are invariant under the conformal group of a Euclidean subspace, respectively, Heisenberg subgroup. These operators are shown to be self-adjoint in certain Sobolev type spaces and the related boundary value problems are proven to have unique solutions in these spaces. We further find the corresponding Poisson transforms explicitly in terms of their integral kernels and show that they are isometric between Sobolev spaces and extend to bounded operators between certain L^p-spaces.

The conformal invariance of the differential operators allows us to apply unitary representation theory of reductive Lie groups, in particular recently developed methods for restriction problems.     

Affine-Invariant Distances, Envelopes and Symmetry Sets

Affine invariant symmetry sets of planar curves are introduced and studied in this paper. Two different approaches are investigated. The first one is based on affine invariant distances, and defines the symmetry set as the closure of the locus of points on (at least) two affine normals and affine-equidistant from the corresponding points on the curve. The second approach is based on affine bitangent conics. In this case the symmetry set is defined as the closure of the locus of centers of conics with (at least) 3-point contact with the curve at two or more distinct points on the curve. This is equivalent to conic and curve having, at those points, the same affine tangent, or the same Euclidean tangent and curvature. Although the two analogous definitions for the classical Euclidean symmetry set are equivalent, this is not the case for the affine group. We present a number of properties of both affine symmetry sets, showing their similarities with and differences from the Euclidean case. We conclude the paper with a discussion of possible extensions to higher dimensions and other transformation groups, as well as to invariant Voronoi diagrams.     

Orbital Equations for Extremal Problems Under Various Invariance Assumptions

This work establishes a localization result for the solutions to a class of extremal problems involving invariant sets and invariant functions. The concept of invariance is relative to a special collection of linear endomorphisms on some Euclidean space.     

On the geometry of the space of oriented lines of Euclidean space

We prove that the space of all oriented lines of the n-dimensional Euclidean space admits a pseudo-Riemannian metric which is invariant by the induced transitive action of a connected closed subgroup of the group of Euclidean motions, exactly when n=3 or n=7 (as usual, we consider Riemannian metrics as a particular case of pseudo-Riemannian ones). Up to equivalence, there are two such metrics for each dimension, and they are of split type and complete. Besides, we prove that the given metrics are Kähler or nearly Kähler if n=3 or n=7, respectively.     

On Moving Frames and Noether’s Conservation Laws

Noether’s Theorem yields conservation laws for a Lagrangian with a variational symmetry group. The explicit formulae for the laws are well known and the symmetry group is known to act on the linear space generated by the conservation laws. The aim of this paper is to explain the mathematical structure of both the Euler‐Lagrange system and the set of conservation laws, in terms of the differential invariants of the group action and a moving frame. For the examples, we demonstrate, knowledge of this structure allows the Euler‐Lagrange equations to be integrated with relative ease. Our methods take advantage of recent advances in the theory of moving frames by Fels and Olver, and in the symbolic invariant calculus by Hubert. The results here generalize those appearing in Kogan and Olver [ 1 ] and in Mansfield [ 2 ]. In particular, we show results for high‐dimensional problems and classify those for the three inequivalent SL(2) actions in the plane.     

Optimal Mutual Location of Compact Sets in Spaces Endowed with Euclidean Invariant Gromov–Hausdorif Metric

Non–empty compact subsets of the Euclidean space located optimally (i.e., the Hausdorff distance between them cannot be decreased) are studied. It is shown that if one of them is a single point, then it is located at the Chebyshev center of the other one. Many other particular cases are considered too. As an application, it is proved that each three–point metric space cari be isometrically embedded into the orbit space of the group of proper motions acting on the compact subsets of the Euclidean space. In addition, it is proved that for each pair of optimally located compact subsets all intermediate compact sets in the sense of Hausdorff metric are also intermediate in the sense of Euclidean Gromov–Hausdorff metric.     

Generic properties in Euclidean kinematics

The motion of a rigid body in a Euclidean space E ⁿ is represented by a path in the Euclidean isometry group E(n). A normal form for elements of the Lie algebra of this group leads to a stratification of the algebra which is shown to be Whitney regular. Translating this along invariant vector fields give rise to a stratification of the jet bundles J ^k (R, E(n)) for k=1, 2 and, hence, via the transversality theorem, to generic properties of rigid body motions. The relation of these to the classical centrodes and axodes of motions is described, together with applications to planar 4-bar mechanisms and the dynamics of a rigid body.     

Lie group symmetries and Riemann function of Klein–Gordon–Fock equation with central symmetry

In the present paper Lie symmetry group method is applied to find new exact invariant solutions for Klein–Gordon–Fock equation with central symmetry. The found invariant solutions are important for testing finite-difference computational schemes of various boundary value problems of Klein–Gordon–Fock equation with central symmetry. The classical admitted symmetries of the equation are found. The infinitesimal symmetries of the equation are used to find the Riemann function constructively.     

Anisotropic tensor spaces and functions,the mean values of tensor quantities and the limiting criteria

The concept of an anisotropic vector space with a tensor basis which is invariant under a symmetry transformations of a three-dimensional Euclidean vector space is introduced using the example of symmetric second- and fourth-rank Euclidean tensors. In addition to the traditional operation of summation, the operation of multiplication in a fixed tensor basis is introduced for the elements of this space, that is, the axioms of a ring with an identity element and zero divisors, which enable one to carry out algebraic and functional operations. The possibilities of the proposed mathematical procedure are illustrated using examples of anisotropic tensor functions of a tensor argument, by the general solution of the classical problem of calculating the mean value of the tensor of the moduli of elasticity of a single-phase grain-oriented polycrystalline material and the construction of the strength surfaces of anisotropic composite materials.     

Wavelets with Crystal Symmetry Shifts

A generalization of multi-dimensional wavelet theory is introduced in which the usual lattice of translational shifts is replaced by a discrete subgroup of the group of affine, area preserving, transformations of Euclidean space. The dilation matrix must now be compatible with the group of shifts. An existence theorem for a multiwavelet in the presence of a multiresolution analysis is established and examples are given to illustrate the theory with two dimensional crystal symmetry groups as shifts.     

(2+1)-维破裂孤子方程的群叶状方法和显式解

利用等变活动标架理论,研究(2+1)-维破裂孤子方程的群叶状方法和显式解.原方程的对称群的无穷维部分被用来产生整个解空间的叶状结构,于是分解系统就继承了对称群的有限维部分.求解的过程完全符号化和算法化.利用群叶状方法,破裂孤子方程的一些显式精确解被得到,这些解关于无穷维对称子群封闭.     

Geometric Modular Action and Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking

We study spontaneous symmetry breaking for field algebras on Minkowski space in the presence of a condition of geometric modular action (CGMA) proposed earlier as a selection criterion for vacuum states on general space-times. We show that any internal symmetry group must commute with the representation of the Poincaré group (whose existence is assured by the CGMA) and each translation-invariant vector is also Poincaré invariant. The subspace of these vectors can be centrally decomposed into pure invariant states and the CGMA holds in the resulting sectors. As positivity of the energy is not assumed, similar results may be expected to hold for other space-times.Communicated by Klaus FredenhagenDedicated to the memory of Siegfried Schliedersubmitted 25/05/04, accepted 29/10/04     

Determination of rotation vectors from multi-point data and practical applications

The present work aims to present a different set of parameters for Euclidean motions which have a definite physical interpretation. The orientation here is obtained via vector-parameters which are elements of a Lie group with a nice and clear composition law. The method is quite convenient for describing of rigid body and manipulators motions such as scene and image processing and recognition. (© 2010 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

An operational calculus for the euclidean motion group with applications in robotics and polymer science

In this article we develop analytical and computational tools arising from harmonic analysis on the motion group of three-dimensional Euclidean space. We demonstrate these tools in the context of applications in robotics and polymer science. To this end, we review the theory of unitary representations of the motion group of three dimensional Euclidean space. The matrix elements of the irreducible unitary representations are calculated and the Fourier transform of functions on the motion group is defined. New symmetry and operational properties of the Fourier transform are derived. A technique for the solution of convolution equations arising in robotics is presented and the corresponding regularized problem is solved explicity for particular functions. A partial differential equation from polymer science is shown to be solvable using the operational properties of the Euclidean-group Fourier transform.     

A元不变量及其复合

在一个变换群下有许多的变换不变量,同时也有任意元的不变量或称为A元不变量,本文提出基于A元不变量,使所有的A元不变量都可以则基本A元不变量复合而成,证明A元基本不变量是存在的;给同一个充分必要条件,用于判定不变量的基本性,还对欧氏空间中各种常见变换群下的基本不变量进行稳定。     

Solving Optimal Control Problems by Exploiting Inherent Dynamical Systems Structures

Computing globally efficient solutions is a major challenge in optimal control of nonlinear dynamical systems. This work proposes a method combining local optimization and motion planning techniques based on exploiting inherent dynamical systems structures, such as symmetries and invariant manifolds. Prior to the optimal control, the dynamical system is analyzed for structural properties that can be used to compute pieces of trajectories that are stored in a motion planning library. In the context of mechanical systems, these motion planning candidates, termed primitives, are given by relative equilibria induced by symmetries and motions on stable or unstable manifolds of e.g. fixed points in the natural dynamics. The existence of controlled relative equilibria is studied through Lagrangian mechanics and symmetry reduction techniques. The proposed framework can be used to solve boundary value problems by performing a search in the space of sequences of motion primitives connected using optimized maneuvers. The optimal sequence can be used as an admissible initial guess for a post-optimization. The approach is illustrated by two numerical examples, the single and the double spherical pendula, which demonstrates its benefit compared to standard local optimization techniques.     

Affine Invariant Detection: Edge Maps, Anisotropic Diffusion, and Active Contours

In this paper we undertake a systematic investigation of affine invariant object detection and image denoising. Edge detection is first presented from the point of view of the affine invariant scale-space obtained by curvature based motion of the image level-sets. In this case, affine invariant maps are derived as a weighted difference of images at different scales. We then introduce the affine gradient as an affine invariant differential function of lowest possible order with qualitative behavior similar to the Euclidean gradient magnitude. These edge detectors are the basis for the extension of the affine invariant scale-space to a complete affine flow for image denoising and simplification, and to define affine invariant active contours for object detection and edge integration. The active contours are obtained as a gradient flow in a conformally Euclidean space defined by the image on which the object is to be detected. That is, we show that objects can be segmented in an affine invariant manner by computing a path of minimal weighted affine distance, the weight being given by functions of the affine edge detectors. The gradient path is computed via an algorithm which allows to simultaneously detect any number of objects independently of the initial curve topology. Based on the same theory of affine invariant gradient flows we show that the affine geometric heat flow is minimizing, in an affine invariant form, the area enclosed by the curve.