Practical pulse synthesis via the discrete inverse scattering transform

This paper provides the practical details required to use the inverse scattering (IST) approach to design selective RF-pulses. As in the Shinnar-Le Roux (SLR) approach, we use a hard pulse approximation to actually design the pulse. Unlike SLR, the pulse is designed using the full inverse scattering data (the reflection coefficient and the bound states) rather than the flip angle profile. We explain how to approximate the reflection coefficient to obtain a pulse with a prescribed rephasing time. In contrast to the SLR approach, we retain direct control on the phase of the magnetization profile throughout the design process. We give explicit recursive algorithms for computing the hard pulse from the inverse scattering data. These algorithms are quite different from the SLR recursion, being essentially discretizations of the Marchenko equations. We call our approach the discrete inverse scattering transform or DIST. Overall, it is as fast as the SLR approach. When bound states are present, we use both the left and right Marchenko equations to improve the numerical stability of the algorithm. We compute a variety of examples and consider the effect of amplitude errors on the magnetization profile.     

Viscoelastic properties of confined molecular layers

We study the viscoelastic properties of a film of n layers of spherical molecules confined between two walls. We find that the dynamic response arises from two competing contributions: the effective stiffness of n + 1 springs in series and softening due to strain fluctuations. In particular, the latter are the origin of the oscillatory behavior of the stiffness and the damping coefficient. The dissipation is strongest at the minima of the stiffness; the inverse behavior may occur for a modulated relaxation time. As a corollary we show that confined molecular layers cannot be described as Maxwell fluids.     

Diffusion in stochastic sandpiles

We study diffusion of particles in large-scale simulations of one-dimensional stochastic sandpiles, in both the restricted and unrestricted versions. The results indicate that the diffusion constant scales in the same manner as the activity density, so that it represents an alternative definition of an order parameter. The critical behavior of the unrestricted sandpile is very similar to that of its restricted counterpart, including the fact that a data collapse of the order parameter as a function of the particle density is possible, but with a narrow scaling region. We also develop a series expansion, in inverse powers of the density, for the collective diffusion coefficient in a variant of the stochastic sandpile in which the toppling rate at a site with n particles is n(n-1), and compare the theoretical prediction with simulation results.     

Solution of a Generalized Inverse Spectral Problem for Weakly Resolved Spectra Using a Coefficient of Correlation

We consider in a new statement the inverse problem of the theory of vibrational spectra of molecules, in which a theoretical spectral curve directly gets closer to the experimental one. A coefficient of correlation between the curves is used as a criterion of the closeness of the curves and as a functional of the inverse problem. The procedure developed for solving the inverse problem makes it possible to dispense with the preliminary referencing of frequencies in an experimental spectrum and with its expansion into elementary absorption bands.     

The effect of scattering-medium parameters on signal magnitude under acousto-optic tomography

We have experimentally studied the influence of scattering anisotropy parameter g of a medium on the magnitude of signal S (visualization parameter) at an ultrasonic frequency that is registered upon acoustooptic tomography. Aqueous solutions of mixtures of cream and skimmed milk with different ratios between them were used as scattering media. The optical properties of media (absorption coefficient μ_a and reduced scattering coefficient μ′ _S ) have been measured on a spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer Lambda 950 UV-VIS-NIR) using the inverse adding-doubling technique. As a result of the investigation, we have found that there is a certain correlation between the value of the scattering anisotropy parameter g of aqueous solutions of investigated mixtures and the percentage of the mixture in the aqueous solution, which ensures the required small value of extinction coefficient μ of the scattering medium. An increase in signal S has been revealed with increasing anisotropy parameter g of the medium at a invariable value of extinction coefficient μ. We have concluded that, to solve an inverse problem on the acousto-optic tomography, it is necessary to take into account possible changes in the g factor in scattering media, including biological ones.     

Zero-lag synchronization in coupled time-delayed piecewise linear electronic circuits

We investigate and report an experimental confirmation of zero-lag synchronization (ZLS) in a system of three coupled time-delayed piecewise linear electronic circuits via dynamical relaying with different coupling configurations, namely mutual and subsystem coupling configurations. We have observed that when there is a feedback between the central unit (relay unit) and at least one of the outer units, ZLS occurs in the two outer units whereas the central and outer units exhibit inverse phase synchronization (IPS). We find that in the case of mutual coupling configuration ZLS occurs both in periodic and hyperchaotic regimes, while in the subsystem coupling configuration it occurs only in the hyperchaotic regime. Snapshots of the time evolution of outer circuits as observed from the oscilloscope confirm the occurrence of ZLS experimentally. The quality of ZLS is numerically verified by correlation coefficient and similarity function measures. Further, the transition to ZLS is verified from the changes in the largest Lyapunov exponents and the correlation coefficient as a function of the coupling strength. IPS is experimentally confirmed using time series plots and also can be visualized using the concept of localized sets which are also corroborated by numerical simulations. In addition, we have calculated the correlation of probability of recurrence to quantify the phase coherence. We have also analytically derived a sufficient condition for the stability of ZLS using the Krasovskii-Lyapunov theory.     

金属凝固过程界面换热系数的Tikhonov正则化辨识

金属凝固过程中,铸件与铸型间的界面换热系数是数值模拟所必需的边界条件之一.充分考虑非线性瞬态热传导过程测温数据的误差特点,根据Tikhonov正则化理论,构造合适的正则化泛函,利用Arcangeli准则和Morozov偏差原理确定正则参数,采用灵敏度系数和Newton-Raphson迭代法求解该泛函.具体的案例分析表明,该方法克服了热传导反问题的不适定性,能够保证辨识结果的稳定性和精度.与其他方法相比,随着测温误差的增大,该方法具有较高的辨识精度.     

近红外光谱逆回归降维定量分析模型

在近红外光谱定量分析中,由近红外光谱数据的高维特点引起的复共线性,是利用化学计量方法建模经常遇到的问题,可利用一种新的逆回归方法处理这一问题.该方法首先利用自变量X和因变量Y的相关性质降维,找到真正与回归函数有关的X的线性组合,再利用新找到的低维变量估计回归函数.文中以103个玉米样品为实验材料,随机选择其中70个玉米...     

Brownian motion in a fluid in elongational flow

Brownian motion of a spherical particle in stationary elongational flow is studied. We derive the Langevin equation together with the fluctuation-dissipation theorem for the particle from nonequilibrium fluctuating hydrodynamics to linear order in the elongation-rate-dependent inverse penetration depths. We then analyze how the velocity autocorrelation function as well as the mean square displacement are modified by the elongational flow. We find that for times small compared to the inverse elongation rate the behavior is similar to that found in the absence of the elongational flow. Upon approaching times comparable to the inverse elongation rate the behavior changes and one passes into a time domain where it becomes fundamentally different. In particular, we discuss the modification of thet ^–3/2 long-time tail of the velocity autocorrelation function and comment on the resulting contribution to the mean square displacement. The possibility of defining a diffusion coefficient in both time domains is discussed.     

Frequency integration for radiative transfer problems involving homogeneous non-gray gases: The inverse transmission function

It is shown that narrow-band frequency integration for radiative-transfer problems, involving homogeneous non-gray gases, can be accomplished by an integration with respect to the absorption coefficient. The kernel of the absorption-coefficient integral is a property of the gas and can be obtained directly from the absorption coefficient for a simple dependence of the absorption coefficient on frequency. It is shown that the kernel (called the ‘inverse transmission function’) can also be obtained as the inverse Laplace transform of the transmission function, without explicit knowledge of the absorption coefficient. The kernel has been obtained using the inverse transmission-function method for two statistical band models: the Goody model and the Malkmus model. The kernel for the Malkmus model offers a simple, accurate, straightforward method for narrow-band frequency integration.     

The “Cameo Principle” and the Origin of Scale-Free Graphs in Social Networks

We formulate a simple edge generation rule based on an inverse like mass action principle for random graphs over a structured vertex set. We show that under very weak assumptions on this structure one obtains a scale free distribution for the degree. We furthermore introduce and study a “my friends are your friends” local search principle which makes the clustering coefficient large.     

Rheology of steady-state draining foams

We developed the foam drainage rheology technique in order to perform rheological measurements of aqueous foams at a set liquid fraction epsilon and fixed bubble radius R without the usual difficulties associated with fluid drainage and bubble coarsening. The shear stress exhibits a power-law dependence on strain-rate, tau approximately gamma[over]n where n approximately 0.2. The stress exhibits an inverse dependence on liquid content, tau approximately (1+h'epsilon)(-1), where h'=theta(10) exhibits a diminishing logarithmic trend with gamma[over]. We propose a model based upon film shearing as the dominant source of viscous dissipation.     

The absorption coefficient measurement of underwater materials in a water tube by using the wide-band pulse method

The existing absorption coefficient measurement in a water tube is limited in low frequency due to the limitation of the pulse tube length.A wide-band pulse tube method based on the post-processing inverse filter is proposed.After obtaining the response of the entire system,the transducer is excited with wide-band,short-duration signals.Then,the received signals are processed with inverse filters and the "blurred" reflective signals of standard reflector and test sample are recovered respectively,finally,the reflection coefficient and absorption coefficient are calculated.Simulation work is implemented to verify the advantage of postprocessing inverse filter over pre-processing inverse filter in terms of low frequency measurement.To verify the proposed method,two different wide-band pulses in the separate frequency ranges are adopted to measure the same rubber material.The experimental results indicate that the wide-band pulse method and CW(Continuous Wave) pulse method have good agreement in both low frequency range and high frequency range.Wide-band pulse method is of high efficiency,and the low frequency reaches 350 Hz,which is able to extend the low frequency range.     

声学覆盖层吸声系数的多通道逆滤波测量

提出了一种利用最小二乘求逆计算的声学覆盖层吸声系数多通道逆滤波测量方法.该方法通过估计电路信道及水声信道的信道响应,利用最小二乘实现多通道逆滤波算法,通过多路逆信号的同步发射在声学覆盖层处实现高分辨率主瓣、低旁瓣和时域窄脉宽的入射波聚焦,从而提高声学覆盖层低频吸声系数的测量精度。仿真验证了该方法在混响抑制和空时聚焦中的效果.在压力水罐中进行了频率为0.8~5 kHz条件下的钢板试样反射系数和透射系数的测量实验,通过与理论计算值对比,验证了该测量方法的有效性。论文提出的方法适用于非自由场环境下声学覆盖层吸声系数的测量,尤其适用于低频条件下吸声系数的测量。      

Simultaneous estimation of the temperature and heat rate distributions within the combustion region by a new inverse radiation analysis

A new inverse radiation analysis is presented for estimating the heat rate and temperature distributions in the combustion region from the information of the temperature and heat flux profiles of wall elements in the system. The Monte Carlo method is employed to solve the radiative heat transfer equation. The inverse radiation problem is posed as a minimization problem of the least squares criterion, which is solved by the conjugate gradient method. The performance of the present technique of inverse analysis is evaluated and the effects of the errors of the absorption coefficient, emissivity and convective heat transfer coefficient on the inverse analysis are investigated. The results show that the present technique is robust and yields accurate estimation even with noisy measurement.     

各向异性介质辐射特性参数联合反演

本文基于BP神经网络方法结合蒙特卡洛和BEER定律辐射传输模拟方法建立了联合反演各向异性散射介质的辐射特性参数模型。首先采用半球透射率结合半球反射率反演模型反演了各向同性介质的吸收系数和散射系数,在此基础上增加准直透射率,建立了联合反演各向异性介质的吸收系数、散射系数和散射不对称因子三参数联合反演模型。反演结果表明该模型能准确反演出介质辐射特性参数,具有实用意义。此外,为了检验测量误差对模型的反演准确性的影响,分别在不同程度测量误差情况下进行反演,结果显示测量误差对散射不对称因子反演值影响较大。     

Density dependent exchange contribution to partial differential mu/ partial differential n and compressibility in graphene

We calculate partial differentialmu/ partial differentialn (where mu=chemical potential and n=electron density), which is associated with the compressibility, in graphene as a function of n, within the Hartree-Fock approximation. The exchange-driven Dirac-point logarithmic singularity in the quasiparticle velocity of intrinsic graphene disappears in the extrinsic case. The calculated renormalized partial differentialmu/ partial differentialn in extrinsic graphene on SiO2 has the same n;{-(1/2)} density dependence but is 20% larger than the inverse bare density of states, a relatively weak effect compared to the corresponding parabolic-band case. We predict that the renormalization effect can be enhanced to about 50% by changing the graphene substrate.     

A Polydisperse Sphere Model Describing the Propagation of Light in Biological Tissue

A polydisperse sphere model with the complex refractive index is employed to describe the propagation of light in biological tissue. The scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient and scattering phase function are calculated. At the same time, the inverse problem on retrieving the particles size distribution, imaginary part of the refractive index and number density of scatterers is investigated. The result shows that the retrieval scheme together with the Chahine algorithm is effective in dealing with such an inverse problem. It is also clarified that a group of parameters including the scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient and phase function are associated with another group including the refractive index, particle size distribution and number density of scatterers, which is a problem described in two different ways and the anisotropy factor is not an independent variable, but is determined by the phase function.     

Minimal supergravity scalar neutrino dark matter and inverse seesaw neutrino masses

We show that within the inverse seesaw mechanism for generating neutrino masses, minimal supergravity naturally provides the scalar neutrino as the lightest superparticle. We also demonstrate that such schemes naturally reconcile the small neutrino masses with the correct relic scalar neutrino dark matter abundance and accessible direct detection rates in nuclear recoil experiments. This way, inverse seesaw minimal supergravity offers a common solution to the generation of the neutrino mass and to the origin of dark matter.     

Measurement of the absorption coefficient for acoustical coating samples using multi-channel inverse filter

A method of measuring the absorption coefficient for acoustical coating samples by use of the multi-channel inverse filter based on the least square method was proposed.First,the responses of the circuit channels and the underwater acoustical channels are estimated,the retransmitted inverse signals for the multiple transducers can be estimated using the least square method,and the cost function constructed by the multi-channel inverse filtering theory can be solved.Then,by retransmitting the inverse signals,the incident signal at the position of the acoustical coating sample is focused with high resolution,low level of side lobes and a narrow pulse signal in temporal domain,which improves the measurement accuracy of the absorption coefficient for acoustical coating samples at low frequencies.The performance of the spatio-temporal focusing for the proposed method is demonstrated by simulations.The validity of the method is verified by experiments carried out in a cylindrical tank for a steel plate sample in the frequency range 0.8-5.0 kHz.The experimental results show that the proposed method is effective to the measurement of the absorption coefficient for acoustical coating samples in non-free field,and is especially applicable to low-frequency measurements.