Shock-wave studies of anomalous compressibility of glassy carbon

The physico-mechanical properties of amorphous glassy carbon are investigated under shock compression up to 10 GPa. Experiments are carried out on the continuous recording of the mass velocity of compression pulses propagating in glassy carbon samples with initial densities of 1.502(5) g/cm³ and 1.55(2) g/cm³. It is shown that, in both cases, a compression wave in glassy carbon contains a leading precursor with amplitude of 0.135(5) GPa. It is established that, in the range of pressures up to 2 GPa, a shock discontinuity in glassy carbon is transformed into a broadened compression wave, and shock waves are formed in the release wave, which generally means the anomalous compressibility of the material in both the compression and release waves. It is shown that, at pressure higher than 3 GPa, anomalous behavior turns into normal behavior, accompanied by the formation of a shock compression wave. In the investigated area of pressure, possible structural changes in glassy carbon under shock compression have a reversible character. A physico-mechanical model of glassy carbon is proposed that involves the equation of state and a constitutive relation for Poisson’s ratio and allows the numerical simulation of physico-mechanical and thermophysical properties of glassy carbon of different densities in the region of its anomalous compressibility.     

Study on the Reinforcing Effect of Milled Carbon Fibers in a Natural Rubber Based Composite

Milled carbon fibers (MCF) have been tested at 2, 4, and 6 phr in a standard natural rubber compound with 45 phr of N375 carbon black. A dramatic increase in the low elongation moduli was observed even with only 2 phr of MCF. The presence of MCF confers anisotropic properties to the rubber compounds that can be measured by an anisotropic factor σ, defined as the ratio between the modulus parallel to the MCF prevalent direction over the modulus orthogonal to the MCF prevalent direction. It has been shown that the presence of MCF is able to reduce the mechanical hysteresis and also the compression set of the natural rubber compound. However, the tear strength properties are affected negatively. The present study demonstrates the feasibility and the advantages derived by the utilization of the carbon fibers as extra reinforcing filler in rubber compounds.     

Interphase formation and fiber matrix adhesion in carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin: influence of carbon fiber surface chemistry

The chemistry and morphology of the carbon fiber surface are important parameters which govern the properties of the interfacial region and the adhesion between carbon fibers and polymeric matrix in carbon fiber reinforced polymers. In the presented paper the surface chemistry of the fibers is varied while the surface morphology is left unchanged. We analyze chemical functionality and morphology of carbon fiber surfaces showing different degrees of activation, together with the adhesion of these fibers to an epoxy matrix and the width of the interfacial region between fiber and matrix. An increase of the oxygen and nitrogen concentration of the fiber surface, in particular in form of carboxyl functional groups, results in a significant increase of interfacial shear strength. Also the width of the interphase, as determined by scanning force microscopy in nanomechanical mode, depends on the activation degree of the carbon fibers. However, no direct correlation between interphase width, surface chemistry and fiber matrix adhesion is found, suggesting no direct influence of interphase width on adhesion properties.     

单模光纤中基于交叉相位调制的压缩脉冲对产生

基于波长位于反常色散区强泵浦脉冲的交叉相位调制,通过对波长位于正常色散区的弱脉冲在单模光纤中的传输进行数值模拟,得出了一种压缩脉冲的新方法.计算结果表明,在零色散波长位于弱脉冲波长和泵浦脉冲波长中间附近的情况下,交叉相位调制(XPM)与群速度色散(GVD)的共同作用能使弱脉冲演化成比其初始宽度窄得多的脉冲对.同时我们还发现,泵浦脉冲的相对于信号脉冲初始峰值功率愈高,初始相对宽度越小,所得弱脉冲的压缩比和压缩后脉冲峰值功率愈高,压缩到最窄时所需光纤长度越短.最后对基于这一压缩的物理机制作了详尽的分析.     

色散位移光纤反常色散区平坦超宽超连续谱的产生

采用一种在色散位移光纤反常色散区产生平坦超宽超连续谱的方法。利用数值计算对色散位移光纤反常色散区高阶孤子压缩效应产生超连续谱展开了全面、深入的研究。结果表明,在色散位移光纤的反常色散区色散斜率(三阶色散)对超连续谱的形成起着决定性的作用;进一步研究表明,抽运脉冲的峰值功率及脉宽对超连续谱的谱宽和平坦度都有着重要影响,而高阶非线性效应对超连续谱产生没有显著影响。综合考虑以上因素,超续谱的谱宽和平坦度可以获得最大的优化。     

Non-linear elastic behavior of light fibrous materials

Light fibrous materials composed of elastic fibers display a non-linear elastic behavior, where the non-linearity is due to the increase in the number of contacts between fibers under compression. Testing glass wool under compression up to 95% shows such a strongly non-linear behavior. A model is proposed to account for the divergence of the compressive stress as the strain approaches a threshold compression , with . Quantitative analysis of the experimental data on glass wool is fully consistent with this result. Received 2 February 1999     

Viscoelasticity and plasticity mechanisms of human dentin

Theoretical models of viscoelastic behavior and plastic deformation mechanisms of human dentin are considered. Using the linear viscoelasticity theory in which creep and relaxation kernels have the form of fraction-exponential functions, numerical values of instantaneous and long-time Young’s moduli and other characteristics of dentin viscoelasticity under uniaxial compression are found. As dentin plastic deformation mechanisms, mutual collagen fiber sliding in the region of contact of their side surfaces, separation of these fibers from each other, and irreversible tension of some collagen fibers, are proposed. It is shown that the second mechanism activation requires a smaller stress than that for activating others. The models of plastic zones at the mode I crack tip, which correspond to these mechanisms, are studied. It is shown that the plastic zone size can increase from a few hundreds of nanometers to hundreds of micrometers with increasing applied stress.     

A Comparative Study on the Reinforcing Effect of Aramide and PET Short Fibers in a Natural Rubber-Based Composite

Four types of chopped fibers have been studied as reinforcement additives in a standard natural rubber based, carbon black filled formulation. The fibers studied were aramide (2 types) and polyester (2 types). The chopped fibers were added on top of the carbon black filled rubber compound at 2, 4, and 8 phr levels. The extra reinforcing effect in the modulus, especially at low elongation, the increase in hardness, the anisotropic properties, and the stiffening effects have been studied together with the evaluation of the mechanical hysteresis in strain and in compression. The permanent set of the resulting rubber compounds have been evaluated as well. The best compromise in performances and price was found for a certain type of polyester fiber.     

新型全光纤高能量飞秒光脉冲源的数值模拟

数值模拟了自相似脉冲的产生与压缩,得到一种产生高能量飞秒光脉冲的新方法.结果表明:利用掺铒光纤对光脉冲进行自相似传输,可得到含线性频率啁啾的高能量自相似光脉冲;自相似光脉冲经过空芯光子带隙光纤的一级线性压缩和高非线性光纤的二级非线性压缩,可获得高峰值功率的飞秒光脉冲;压缩过程中存在最佳光纤长度;喇曼自频移和自陡效应对脉冲压缩产生不利影响.     

单模光纤中基于暗孤子交叉相位调制的亮脉冲压缩

对单模光纤正群速色散区中基于暗孤子交叉相位调制的亮脉冲压缩进行了定量计算和详细分析，结果表明，亮脉冲的压缩程度与昱孤子相对于亮脉冲的初始峰值功率有关，初始相对峰值功率愈高，亮脉冲的压缩比和压后的峰值功率愈高，同时所需的光纤长度愈短，对于给定的初始条件，光纤长度存在一最佳值，在最佳长度处，压缩后的亮脉冲峰值功率最高，宽度最窄。     

用RAMAN光谱研究碳纤维皮芯结构随热处理温度的演变规律

用Raman光谱研究碳纤维经不同温度热处理后其皮芯结构的演变规律。结果发现：随着热处理温度的提高,碳纤维表面和内部的Raman光谱具有相似的变化趋势。同时,表征碳纤维表面和内部石墨化程度的R_s与 R_c值均越来越小,且R_s值减小得更快,说明碳纤维的石墨化程度越来越高,并且表面的石墨化程度提高的更快,这是因为碳纤维表面和内部的碳有着不同的石墨化物性。前者接近于软碳,易于石墨化;后者接 近于硬碳,难于石墨化,可能是树脂碳。文章提出并采用皮芯结构因子R_sc(＝R_s/R_c)来表征了碳纤维的皮芯结构程度。当R_sc等于1时,碳纤维是完全均质的。随着热处理温度的升 高,碳纤维的R_sc趋向于零,说明其皮芯结构越来越严重。碳纤维的皮芯结构加重是最终导致其抗拉强度不断降低的原因之一。     

Interfacial mechanical properties of carbon nanotube-deposited carbon fiber epoxy matrix hierarchical composites

Functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes were successfully deposited on carbon fibers using four different techniques including dip coating, hand layup, spray up and electrophoretic deposition (EPD). A uniform coating of nanotubes was achieved from EPD in comparison to other coating techniques. Later nanotube-coated fibers by EPD were introduced in epoxy resin to investigate interfacial mechanical properties of the developed hierarchical composites by vacuum bagging technique. The increases in flexural and interlaminar shear properties up to 15% and 18% were observed in composites containing nanotube-coated carbon fibers than composites with virgin carbon fibers, respectively. Microscopic observation revealed the proper impregnation of multiscale reinforcements, i.e., carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes, in resin along with the modification of fiber/matrix interface due to the presence of nanotubes at interface. Finally, the mechanisms for improved mechanical properties were identified along with the presentation of a schematic model for better understanding of the improved performance of hierarchical composite after depositing uniformly dispersed nanotubes on carbon fibers.     

Carbon nanotubes produced by tunneling of cobalt nanoparticles in carbon fibers

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been produced by the tunneling of cobalt nanoparticles in carbon fibers that are derived from electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers. During annealing, the PAN fibers transform to a composite of cobalt nanodroplets and carbon fibers. Driven by the high chemical potential of wrinkled graphene platelets and amorphous carbon with respect to graphite, the cobalt nanodroplets are to tunnel in the carbon fibers. When cobalt nanodroplets have an elongated shape, carbon atoms dissolved in the droplets precipitate preferentially and completely at their lateral sides, producing perfect CNTs that form bulk structures.     

Mid-IR soliton compression in silicon optical fibers and fiber tapers

Numerical simulations are used to investigate soliton compression in silicon core optical fibers at 2.3 μm in the mid-infrared waveguide regime. Compression in both standard silicon fibers and fiber tapers is compared to establish the relative compression ratios for a range of input pulse conditions. The results show that tapered fibers can be used to obtain higher levels of compression for moderate soliton orders and thus lower input powers.     

C/C复合材料的光谱发射率研究

采用模压成型法制备了不同类型的C/C复合材料,测试了其法向光谱发射率的变化.结果表明,短切碳纤维增强的C/C复合材料,其法向光谱发射率在整个2 500～13 000 nm的测试波段内普遍要高于碳布增强复合材料样品.短切碳纤维结构的相对松散,单位体积内物质的粒子数相对较少,这增加了电磁波的穿透深度,从而使得样品的法向光谱发射率较高,热辐射特性较好.纤维预制体和C/C复合材料样品的法向光谱发射率测试对比可知,两种不同碳材料的微结构差异使得树脂碳的法向光谱发射率优于纤维碳.利用Raman光谱对不同碳物质进行物相分析表明,树脂碳以sp3和sp2杂化态碳原子的混合结构使其内部产生的局域振动模式较多,这也是样品法向光谱发射率较高,热辐射特性较好的原因.     

色散缓变光纤中飞秒高阶孤子脉冲的增强压缩

提出了一种利用孤子绝热放大效应与高阶孤子脉冲压缩效应相结合来压缩飞秒高阶孤子的新方法.通过数值模拟方法证明,采用三阶色散为负的色散缓变光纤压缩高阶孤子,可利用喇曼散射效应与负三阶色散的相互作用,消除正三阶色散对光脉冲压缩产生的不利影响,增加压缩比,提高压缩后光脉冲的质量.研究表明,在色散缓变参量一定的情况下,孤子阶数越高,所需最佳光纤长度越短、光脉冲的压缩比越大;对于相同功率的孤子光脉冲,光脉冲的压缩比随着色散缓变参量的增大而增大;无论是孤子脉冲还是高斯脉冲都适合于色散缓变光纤中的高阶孤子脉冲压缩.     

Effects of carbon fibers on the transcrystalline interphase in poly(phenylene sulfide) of different molecular weights

Composite films of different molecular weight poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) and three types of carbon fibers (Pitch, PAN, and Rayon-based fibers) have been studied by optical microscopy and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. Transcrystallization of growing spherulites on carbon fibers is found under all thermal conditions of growth on Rayon and Pitch-based carbon fibers for all types of matrices. For composite films with PAN carbon fibers transcrystallization of growing spherulites is not uniform and sometimes is not found at all. Existence of b axial orientation of twisted lamellae for transcrystalline zone of PPS is demonstrated by X-ray diffraction technique and compared with orientation of the stretched sample. The new induction time quantitative approach is applied to the transcrystalline growth of PPS spherulites on the surface of carbon fibers. The interfacial free energy difference for fiber/crystallite and heterogeneities/ crystallite systems in the melt that is defined from growth and nucleation studies are calculated and compared. The relative tendency for a polymer to crystallize at the fiber surface rather than in the bulk is demonstrated.     

多叶应力区扭转光纤的耦合模理论

从线性极化模的耦合模理论出发,分析了双叶应力区扭转光纤,即扭转保偏光纤,和四叶应力区扭转光纤.推导应力引起的在光纤芯区各向异性的介质张量表达式;利用该表达式得到线性极化模在有转角时的多叶应力区光纤中传输的耦合模方程;从而推得多叶应力区扭转光纤中的超本地模,由超本地模的相位常数来确定该光纤的双折射.在双叶、四叶应力区理想对称的条件下,前者可以得到较高的椭圆双折射,而后者则无任何双折射.同样的结论可推广到8叶或16叶的扭转光纤,都无任何双折射.     

色散缓变光纤中超短光脉冲的绝热压缩

报道了色散缓变光纤中超短光脉冲压缩效应的实验结果。采用两段长度分别为100m和500m的色散缓变光纤，成功地将分布反馈激光器输出的4.4ps光脉冲压缩到1.1ps和830fs，脉冲压缩比分别为4.0和5.3。研究还发现，色散沿纵向变化较慢的光纤有利于脉冲的进一步压缩，理论分析与实验结果一致。     

压缩系数可控的光脉冲压缩器

提出了一种压缩系数可控的光脉冲压缩器.该脉冲压缩器主体包括梳状色散分布光纤（CDPF）和喇曼放大器两部分.梳状色散分布光纤由多段色散位移光纤和单模光纤拼接而成,具有喇曼增益介质的功能.对一给定的光脉冲序列,可以通过控制泵浦功率实现脉冲压缩器的压缩率可调.通过对非线性薛定锷方程的数值模拟,这一光脉冲压缩器的性能得到了验证.当光脉冲在CDPF中传输时,脉冲得到压缩并且被放大.对喇曼泵浦功率来改变可以得到不同的输出脉宽.通过优化CDPF的结构,得到了喇曼泵浦功率和压缩系数之间很好的线性关系.