Heat convection and transport barriers in low-magnetic-shear rijnhuizen tokamak project plasmas

Layers of reduced electron heat transport ("transport barriers") have been observed in the Rijnhuizen Tokamak Project when the plasma is dominantly heated by electron cyclotron heating (ECH). Experiments into the properties of the transport barriers are reported. Modulation of the ECH power was used to probe electron heat transport in the barriers by means of propagating electron temperature perturbations. The observed propagation shows that transport inside the barriers is dominated by heat convection. This convection is inward, i.e., up the temperature gradient.     

Simulation of heat transfer processes in an unconventional furnace

Heat transfer simulation is of great significance for the heating equipments control. In this paper, a set of models is proposed to solve heat transfer problems in a furnace, including radiation and convection. The heat transfer models are integrated with a furnace model to simulate the heating process. The heating rate is increased due to enhanced heat transfer at the surfaces by changing furnace chamber geometry. A fixed grid enthalpy formulation is applied to model heat transfer for an oval geometry. The heating temperature was found to increase linearly with curvature of the interior.     

离轴X波段五腔高增益速调管放大器

利用辛普森算法求解螺线管线圈内磁场分布,证明了离轴磁场能用于电子束的聚束。利用2维粒子模拟程序建立了X波段五腔高增益速调管放大器模型,整管模拟得到了频率9.45GHz、输出功率300MW、增益50.3dB和效率37.5%的微波输出。依此设计了X波段五腔高增益速调管放大器的三维模型,并将其分别放置在线圈中心轴和离轴54mm的位置进行模拟,模拟结果证明工作在离轴状态的器件同样可以进行微波放大。最后,对一个螺线管线圈内放置七个器件的状态进行了三维模拟,其合成功率输出可达2GW。     

Experimental study of transient heat transfer characteristics of single-phase natural convection in multidimensional porous bed with volumetric heat generation

Natural convection in an internally heated porous bed of height and diameter of 450 mm and 500 mm, respectively, and superposed with the fluid layer has been experimentally investigated. The onset of natural convection in the bed is indicated by change in the rate of temperature rise within the bed. An empirical model based on local Nusselt number and local Rayleigh number has been developed. A comparison of the present model with the models in literature is made to draw out the differences between the local heat transfer of large multidimensional beds and the average heat transfer of small beds.     

Electron holography of biological samples

In this paper, we summarise the development of off-axis electron holography on biological samples starting in 1986 with the first results on ferritin from the group of Tonomura. In the middle of the 1990s strong interest was evoked, but then stagnation took place because the results obtained at that stage did not reach the contrast and the resolution achieved by conventional electron microscopy.

To date, there exist only a few (12) publications on electron holography of biological objects, thus this topic is quite small and concise. The reason for this could be that holography is mostly established in materials science by physicists. Therefore, applications for off-axis holography were powerfully pushed forward in the area of imaging, e.g. electric or magnetic micro- and nanofields. Unstained biological systems investigated by means of off-axis electron holography up to now are ferritin, tobacco mosaic virus, a bacterial flagellum, T5 bacteriophage virus, hexagonal packed intermediate layer of bacteria and the Semliki Forest virus. New results of the authors on collagen fibres and surface layer of bacteria, the so-called S-layer 2D crystal lattice are presented in this review. For the sake of completeness, we will shortly discuss in-line holography of biological samples and off-axis holography of materials related to biological systems, such as biomaterial composites or magnetotactic bacteria.     

电子回旋共振加热情形锯齿振荡的数值分析

采用磁重联模型与湍流模型,通过求解耦合了锯齿触发条件的一维输运方程,模拟了电子回旋共振加热(ECRH)情形下T-10托卡马克中锯齿振荡.其中之一是近轴的ECRH,另一个是远轴的ECRH,数值结果与实验的比较表明用湍流模型得到了较好的预测结果,相反,由于重联模型的一些基本缺陷,不可能由重联模型得到满意的结果. 关键词： 锯齿振荡 磁重联模型 湍流模型 电子回旋共振加热     

3D problem of heat and mass transfer at the ignition of a combustible liquid by a heated metal particle

A nonlinear nonstationary 3D problem of heat and mass transfer at gas phase ignition of a combustible liquid spread on the surface of a solid body by a metal particle heated to a high temperature is solved. This is done within the framework of a model taking into account the heat conduction and evaporation of the liquid, the diffusion and convection of the combustible vapors in the oxidizer medium, the crystallization of the ignition source, the kinetics of the processes of evaporation and ignition of liquids, the dependence of the thermophysical characteristics of the interacting substances on the temperature, and the moisture content of the oxidizer—air. The dependences of the ignition delay time of the liquid on the temperature and sizes of the heating source are established. Limiting values of the temperature and particle sizes at which the ignition conditions take place are determined. The influence of the air humidity on the inertia of the process being investigated is analyzed. A comparison of numerical values of typical parameters of the process under investigation for 2D and 3D models is performed.     

黑腔冷冻靶传热与自然对流的数值模拟研究

惯性约束聚变的设计要求在靶丸内形成均匀光滑的氘氚冰层, 靶丸周围的热环境对冰层的质量特别是低阶粗糙度有很大的影响. 本文对自主研发的黑腔冷冻靶实验装置中的热物理问题展开了数值模拟, 重点考察了黑腔冷冻靶的传热和流体力学特性. 通过参数分析得到了自然对流对靶丸温度均匀性产生影响的临界条件. 比较了黑腔不同布置朝向时的流场和温度分布, 结果显示黑腔水平布置时自然对流更加强烈, 造成的靶丸温度不均匀性也更大. 在此基础上, 讨论了消除自然对流影响的可能性, 结果发现仅当黑腔垂直布置时利用黑腔分区方法能够消除对流效应对靶丸温度不均匀性的影响而黑腔水平布置时不能消除. 研究结论对于实验中冷冻靶结构的设计、改进和实验的开展等具有指导意义.     

离轴非球面镜精磨阶段的三坐标检测技术

提出了使用三坐标测量机（CMM）对离轴非球面镜进行测量的方法。通过CMM对离轴非球面镜镜面进行自动测量,获得实际面形的三维坐标数据,并与理论离轴非球面镜模型进行分析比较,得到实际镜面的面形误差值和均方根值; 依据CMM的测量结果,完成了对离轴非球面镜精磨阶段的加工,解决了目前离轴非球面镜精磨阶段难于检测,以至于无法加工的问题。随着离轴非球面镜顺利进入抛光阶段,使用CMM实现了离轴非球面镜精磨检测与抛光检测的无缝对接。     

纳米流体对流换热机理分析

考虑在纳米流体中纳米颗粒做布朗运动引起的对流换热, 基于纳米颗粒在纳米流体中遵循分形分布, 本文得到纳米流体对流换热的机理模型. 本解析模型没有增加新的经验常数, 从该模型发现纳米流体池沸腾热流密度是温度、纳米颗粒的平均直径、 纳米颗粒的浓度、纳米颗粒的分形维数、沸腾表面活化穴的分形维数、基本液体的物理特性的函数. 对不同的纳米颗粒浓度和不同的纳米颗粒平均直径与不同的实验数据进行了比较, 模型预测的结果与实验结果相吻合. 所得的解析模型可以更深刻地揭示纳米流体对流换热的物理机理.     

Coupled radiation and natural convection: Different approaches of the slw model for a non-gray gas mixture

The coupling between non-gray radiation heat transfer and convection-conduction heat transfer is studied. The spectral line weighted sum of gray gases model (slw) is used to account for non-gray radiation properties. The aim of this work is to analyze the influence of the different approaches used when calculating the parameters of the slw model. Such strategies include the use of optimized model coefficients to reduce the number of operations, and the interpolation of the distribution function instead of the use of mathematical correlations. Non-gray calculations are also compared to gray solutions using the Planck mean absorption coefficient, which can be also calculated with the slw model. The radiative transfer equation (rte) is solved by means of the discrete ordinates method (dom). A natural convection driven cavity is chosen to couple radiation and conduction-convection energy transfer. Several cases, with a significant variation of the ratio between radiation to convection heat transfer, as well as the ratio between radiation to conduction heat transfer, are discussed.     

A model concerning the environmental factors that modify the nanocrystallization of current-annealed samples

A new mathematical model to explain the temperature distribution along the width of current-annealed samples is proposed. The model shows that the heat exchange conditions (radiation and free or forced convection) during annealing can dramatically change the crystallization of the sample. To demonstrate the theoretical results, three Vitroperm® samples were annealed and analyzed magnetically and crystallographically by means of transmission electron microscopy.     

混合长度理论的改进及其在变物性传热中的应用

根据边界层理论,对管内变物性湍流强制对流换热控制方程组进行简化;并通过考虑湍流输运中的密度脉动,对传统的混合长度湍流模型进行改进,使之能同时适用于常物性流动和变物性流动.基于该计算模型,对管内超临界压力水湍流对流换热特性进行了数值模拟.计算结果表明,本文的计算模型能正确地反映出超临界工况下的变物性对流换热特征,换热系数...     

基于蒙特卡罗方法的XHA600D医用电子直线加速器的入射电子束参数研究

使用蒙特卡罗方法研究入射电子束参数对XHA600D医用电子直线加速器产生的剂量分布的影响,并确定优化的入射电子束参数。根据厂商提供的XHA600D加速器治疗头的几何、材料参数,使用蒙特卡罗程序EGSnrc对不同的入射电子束参数进行模拟并记录其在水模体中产生的剂量分布,将模拟结果与测量结果进行比较。模拟的入射电子束参数包括平均能量、径向强度分布、角度展宽和能量展宽;实验测量数据包括4 cm×4 cm、10 cm×10 cm、30 cm×30 cm射野条件下的百分深度剂量与离轴剂量。结果表明当入射电子束的平均能量为6 MeV、径向强度的半高宽(Full Width at Half Maximum, FWHM)为0.25 cm、角度展宽为0.15°时,模拟结果和测量结果吻合非常好。这些参数可以作为建立适用于XHA600D加速器的TPS(Treatment Planning System)剂量计算模型的基础参数。     

Numerical simulation on dendritic growth of Al-Cu alloy under convection based on the cellular automaton lattice Boltzmann method

A numerical model is developed by coupling the cellular automaton (CA) method and the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) to simulate the dendritic growth of Al-Cu alloy in both two and three dimensions. An improved decentered square algorithm is proposed to overcome the artificial anisotropy induced by the CA cells and to realize simulation of dendritic growth with arbitrary orientations. Based on the established CA-LBM model, effects of forced convection and gravity-driven natural convection on dendritic growth are studied. The simulation results show that the blocking effect of dendrites on melt flow is advanced with a larger number of seeds. The competitive growth of the converging columnar dendrites is determined by the interaction between heat flow and forced convection. Gravity-driven natural convection leads to highly asymmetric growth of equiaxed dendrites. With sinking downwards of the heavy solute, chimney-like or mushroom-like solute plumes are formed in the melt in front of the columnar dendrites when they grow along the gravitational direction. More details on dendritic growth of Al-Cu alloy under convection are revealed by 3D simulations.     

Measurement of heat transfer coefficients by nuclear magnetic resonance

We demonstrate an experimental method for the measurement of heat transfer coefficient for a fluid system by magnetic resonance imaging. In this method, the temporal variation of thermally induced nuclear shielding is monitored and the average heat transfer coefficient is measured as a function of fluid velocity. We examine the cases of natural convection and forced convection at fluid velocity up to 0.8 m s(-1). These cases correspond to low dimensionless Biot (Bi) number where the heat transfer is limited by thermal convection. We demonstrate the NMR method for two simple geometries, a cylinder and a sphere, to experimentally determine the heat transfer coefficient (h) in two NMR imaging and spectroscopy systems through measuring three NMR parameters, the chemical shift, magnetization and spin self diffusion coefficient.     

前沿领域综述–多孔介质强制对流换热研究进展

多孔介质的强制对流换热主要涉及渗流、对流换热、热弥散和热辐射等方面的内容, 文中对这个几个方面的国内外研究进展和发展趋势进行了逐一综述. 同时对主要理论模型、实验研究和经验关联式进行了分类整理, 总结了它们的特点、适用范围和局限性, 并对主要研究成果进行了对比分析, 指出了将来进一步研究的方向和难点所在. 而且通过简化计算得到高温多孔介质冷却过程何时需要考虑辐射换热. 所有这些对多孔介质的理论研究和工程应用都具有指导性的意义. 关键词： 多孔介质 对流换热 渗流 热弥散     

Numerical simulation of experiments on turbulent natural convection of heat generating liquid in cylindrical pool

Available experimental data on heat transfer of a melt with volumetric heat generation are analyzed in order to use them for validating the computer codes that describe a core catcher. The problem for CFD simulation of the experiments on heat transfer by laminar and turbulent natural convection is described. Information that can be obtained from experiments for verifying the models of convective heat transfer in a melt is analyzed. The effect of variable viscosity on the integral heat flux is discussed. Calculation results are represented and compared with experimental data on temperature distribution and integral heat transfer. The calculations are in good agreement with the experiment. The results are numerically extrapolated to the range of Rayleigh numbers up to 7 · 10¹⁶. It is concluded that the CFD calculations with the κ-ɛ turbulence model can be used in problems concerned with analysis of melt convection in a core catcher.     

Two-dimensional visualization of growth and burst of the edge-localized filaments in KSTAR H-mode plasmas

The filamentary nature and dynamics of edge-localized modes (ELMs) in the KSTAR high-confinement mode plasmas have been visualized in 2D via electron cyclotron emission imaging. The ELM filaments rotating with a net poloidal velocity are observed to evolve in three distinctive stages: initial linear growth, interim quasisteady state, and final crash. The crash is initiated by a narrow fingerlike perturbation growing radially from a poloidally elongated filament. The filament bursts through this finger, leading to fast and collective heat convection from the edge region into the scrape-off layer, i.e., ELM crash.