Generation, transport, and deposition of tungsten-oxide aerosols at 1000 °C in flowing air/steam mixtures

Experiments were conducted to measure the rates of oxidation and vaporization of tungsten in flowing air, steam, and air/steam mixtures in laminar flow. Also measured were the downstream transport of tungsten-oxide condensation aerosols and their region of deposition, including plateout in the superheated flow tube, rainout in the condenser, and ambient discharge that was collected on an array of sub-micron aerosol filters. The nominal conditions of the tests, with the exception of the first two tests, were tungsten temperatures of 1000 °C, gas mixture temperatures of 200 °C, and boundary temperatures of 150–200 °C. It was observed that the tungsten oxidation rates were greatest in all air and least in all steam, and generally decreased non-linearly as the steam mole fraction increased. The tungsten oxidation rates in all air were more than five times greater than the tungsten oxidation rates in all steam. The tungsten vaporization rate was zero in all air, and increased with increasing steam mole fraction. The vaporization rate became maximum at a steam mole fraction of 0.85 and decreased thereafter as the steam mole fraction was increased to unity. The tungsten-oxide was transported downstream as condensation aerosols, initially flowing upwards from the tungsten rod through an 18-in. long, 1-in. OD quartz tube, around a 90° bend with a 3.5-in. radius, and laterally through a 24-in. horizontal run. The entire length of the quartz glass flow path was heated by electrical resistance clamshell heaters whose temperatures were individually controlled and monitored. The tungsten-oxide plateout in the quartz tube was collected, nearly all of which was deposited at the end of the heated zone near the entrance to the steam condenser that was cold. The tungsten-oxide that rained out in the condenser as the steam condensed was collected with the condensate and weighed after being dried. The aerosol smoke that escaped the condenser was collected on the sub-micron filter assemblies. There was no aerosol generation for the case of all air, so the plateout, condensate, and smoke were all zero. For the case of all steam, there was very little plateout in the superheated regions; almost all of the aerosol was collected in the condensate from the condenser and there was no smoke discharge into the filters. For the experiments with intermediate air/steam fractions, there was some aerosol plateout, considerable aerosol in the condensate, and aerosol smoke discharged from the condenser with the escaping air.     

Comparison of multicomponent fuel droplet vaporization experiments in forced convection with the Sirignano model

The vaporization of multicomponent fuel droplets was studied experimentally in a heated flow and the results were compared to the model proposed by Abramzon and Sirignano. The droplet was suspended on a permanent holder which was set up in a thermal wind-tunnel. This wind-tunnel was fitted with a video recording system and an infra-red camera. The period during which the droplet was suspended on the holder before the opening of the hot air flow damper was recorded. This first sequence corresponds to the droplet vaporization in natural convection, whose initial experiment conditions, especially diameter, temperature, composition of the droplet, are well known. Then the damper was turn on, and the sequence of forced convection begun. The initial diameter of the droplet was recorded by the video system. The other initial conditions of this second sequence cannot be determined experimentally. The distribution of temperature in the droplet and the surface temperature, the mass fraction distribution in the droplet and the surface mass fraction were unknown. These unknown parameters were determined by coupling our experiment with a model using “the film concept” in natural convection. Experimental results were compared with the calculations and found satisfactory, in natural convection as well as in forced convection initiated by this method. The method was tested in the case of a fuel mixture droplets (heptane–decane) for different initial concentrations and variable durations of the sequence in natural convection.     

Effect of nanoparticle concentration on zeta-potential measurement results and reproducibility

The effect of nanoparticle concentration on zeta-potential measurement results at dilute concentrations was evaluated.The values of the zeta-potential for four different types of nanoparticles,Ludox(silica),multi-walled carbon nanotubes(bamboo-shaped and hollow nanotubes)and gold,at various concentrations,were obtained using a laser Doppler electrophoresis instrument.The size of the nanoparticles on dilution was measured using dynamic light scattering(DLS).The results show that there is a concentration range within which the zeta-potential,and particle size,are not affected by nanoparticle concentration.The lower concentration limit for the system to produce consistent results was dependent on the nature of the sample under study and ranged between 10-2 and 10 4wt%.Below this concentration,there was an apparent shift in zeta-potential values to less negative values,which was accompanied by an increase in the particle size.The shift in zeta-potential was attributed to an increase in contribution of the signal from extraneous particulate matter.The increase in particle size was attributed to the nature of the homodyne optical configuration of the instrument.The aim of this study was to elucidate the range in nanopatticle concentration that allows for accurate and reliable measurement of the zeta-potential and DLS data.     

Experimental study on the magnetic convection in a vertical cylinder

The flow of paramagnetic fluid inside a cylinder placed in a bore of a superconducting magnet was studied experimentally. Single-phase closed thermosyphon configuration was employed. The lower side wall of the cylindrical enclosure was heated while the upper side wall was cooled with the thin adiabatic interface in between. The experiment was carried out with an aqueous solution of glycerol. The magnetic susceptibility of the working fluid was increased by adding Gd(NO₃)₃ × 6H₂O and was measured by a magnetic susceptibility balance. The encapsulated liquid crystal slurry (KWN-2025, Japan Capsular Product Inc.) dispersed in the working fluid was illuminated in the middle height horizontal cross-section of the enclosure to visualize the temperature field. The color images of flow mode were taken by a digital camera. The average heat transfer rates were also measured. Depending on the Rayleigh number, different spoke patterns were observed. The number of angular structures (spokes) increased with increase not only in the Rayleigh number but also in the strength of magnetic field. The heated fluid was repelled by the magnetic field, while the cooled fluid was attracted. The magnetic field enhanced the heat transfer rate.     

圆柱尾流的绝对不稳定性

在水槽和低湍流度水洞中进行亚临界雷诺数圆柱尾流稳定性实验来流速度由零缓慢增长到一定值后保持不变,稳定足够长时间后,在流向某站位处给流场一个有限幅值的脉冲扰动,测量扰动前后相当长时间内下游尾流速度信号的变化情况当雷诺数处于高亚临界值时,未受扰动的尾流速度脉动很小,处于定常状态,但对近尾流进行脉冲扰动后,能够激发出不衰减的旋涡脱落发现扰动位置限制在圆柱后一定范围内才能有效,再往下游则扰动随时间衰减．说明圆柱近尾流中存在一个绝对不稳定区,在该区域内的扰动将在当地放大,经过复杂的演化,最后形成不衰减的旋涡脱落.     

45~#碳钢微动磨损时表面层的微结构特征

研究了45~#碳钢在空气中于室温下微动磨损时表面层的微结构特征,通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对微动磨损表面及其横断面和磨屑的观察发现,15~#碳钢微动磨损时表面层系由三个特征区组成。讨论了片状氧化物磨屑形成的机理。     

EPF算法在惯导非线性初始对准中的应用

介绍了作为粒子滤波理论基础的递推贝叶斯估计的基本概念,说明了重要性函数对于粒子滤波器的设计是至关重要的。随后,给出了一种将EKF算法作为重要性函数的EPF算法,并提出将其用于静基座条件下的惯导系统非线性初始对准,通过计算机仿真对比了EPF和EKF的估计效果。仿真结果表明,EPF算法较传统的EKF算法对准时间更快,对准精度更高。     

Zr-4合金在Na2SO4溶液中的微动腐蚀磨损特性

采用微动摩擦磨损试验机进行了Zr-4合金／Al2O3摩擦副在空气、纯水和Na2SO4溶液3种介质中的微动腐蚀磨损试验,采用三坐标表面粗糙度仪测量磨损体积损失,利用脉冲电位评价微动磨损所产生的新生面与磨损表面的关系．结果表明：新生面的面积小于磨痕面积而大于实际接触面积;在Na2SO4溶液中摩擦副的磨损量比窄气和纯水中高10倍,但摩擦系数比空气和纯水中小;纯水中Zr-4合金的磨损量等于电位为-2000mV时Na2SO4溶液中的磨损量;在腐蚀环境中磨损量随电位的增高而增大,Zr-4合金的微动腐蚀磨损机制为电化学作用引起的腐蚀磨损．     

超音速来流中爆轰波衍射和二次起爆过程研究

预爆管技术被广泛地应用在爆轰波发动机的起爆过程中,但是在超音速来流中基于预爆管技术起始爆轰波的研究并未被广泛地开展。基于此,本文中数值研究了横向超音速来流对半自由空间内爆轰波的衍射和自发二次起爆、及管道内的衍射和壁面反射二次起爆两种现象的影响。数值模拟的控制方程为二维欧拉方程,空间上使用五阶WENO格式进行数值离散,采用带有诱导步的两步链分支化学反应模型。所模拟的爆轰波具有规则的胞格结构,对应于用惰性气体高度稀释过的可爆混合物中形成的爆轰波。结果表明:在半自由空间内,在本文所模拟的几何尺寸下,爆轰波并未成功发生二次起爆现象,但是爆轰波的自持传播距离随着横向超音速来流强度的增强而增加。在核心的三角形流动区域外,波面诱导产生了更多的横波结构;在管道内,横向的超音速来流在逆流侧对出口气流产生了压缩作用,能有效提高波面压力,因此反射后的激波压力也比较高。在同样的几何尺寸下,爆轰波在静止和超音速(Ma=2.0)气流中分别出现了二次起爆失败和成功两种现象,这是由于在超音速来流中化学反应面的褶皱诱导产生了横波结构,横波与管壁以及其他横波之间的碰撞提高了前导激波的强度,并最终促进了爆轰波在超声速流主管道内的成功起始。     

高压脉冲放电技术在金属裂纹止裂中的应用

如何产生高强度脉冲电流是应用电磁热效应遏制金属裂纹研究的一个关键问题。本文介绍了高压脉冲放电装置的工作原理;从理论上分析了充电电压、回路参数与放电电流幅值、放电周期之间的关系。在此基础上,自主设计、开发了一套高压脉冲放电装置。采用它对金属模具钢中裂纹进行了脉冲放电止裂实验。放电时裂纹尖端熔化形成堆焊和高压应力区,使裂纹尖端钝化,达到了止裂的目的。由于脉冲放电快速加热和冷却,在裂纹尖端处实现了冲击淬火,得到了超细化的隐晶马氏体和细粒碳化物等微观组织,提高了裂纹尖端处的硬度、强韧性和耐磨性,试验结果验证了该装置的有效性,本文的成果为采用电磁热效应对金属模具裂纹止裂提供了实验技术基础。     

粒子法中压力振荡的机理研究

移动粒子半隐式法(moving particle semi-implicit method, MPS)是一种适用于不可压缩流体的无网格方法, MPS方法常应用于自由表面大变形问题.MPS 方法提出至今一直存在着严重的压力振荡问题. 本研究针对MPS 方法中存在的压力振荡现象, 首先将实际的物理问题简化为一维模型, 并从粒子之间相互位置关系的角度说明了MPS 方法中压力波动产生的原因.在采用MPS方法进行模拟时, 加入了粒子碰撞模型, 通过对碰撞系数的选择从而控制粒子之间的相互位置关系.并且对经典的溃坝问题进行了模拟, 结果表明随着碰撞系数的增加, 粒子数密度偏差的波动幅度都会减小, 从而压力振荡的幅度得到了有效的抑制.并且对比了两种不同核函数对压力振荡的影响, 结果表明: 采用高斯核函数时, 压力振荡的幅度更小, 这是因为采用高斯核函数时, 相同的粒子位置波动幅度将会得到较小的粒子数密度偏差的波动.由于在模拟过程中粒子运动的随机性, 这将导致粒子数密度偏差产生随机的波动, 从而产生压力振荡, 因此粒子法中的压力振荡很难彻底消除.      

形成不同拉压允许应力Michell桁架的有限元方法

提出了形成具有不同拉压允许应力材料的Michell桁架的有限元方法。采用正交异性材料模型,以结点位置杆件的密度和方向作为设计变量,由结点位置的值插值得到有限单元内部的材料性质,材料在设计域内连续分布,这样避免了单元之间材料性质的突变,因此从根本上避免了单元铰接、棋盘格现象以及单元依赖性等数值计算不稳定性问题。提出了一种基于优化准则法的迭代算法,用以形成不同拉压允许应力材料的Michell桁架。由有限元分析得到结点位置处的主应力方向作为杆件方向,根据主应力方向的应变和材料拉压允许应力调整杆件密度。最后由结点位置的杆件方向形成Michell桁架中连续分布杆件。     

化学跑合剂对跑合效果的影响

在ＢＪ５２Ａ胶合试验机、ＪＰ－ＢＤ１５００型接触疲劳试验机和ＣＬ－１００齿轮试验机上考察了化学跑合剂的作用，并就其机理进行了探讨。结果表明：采用化学跑合剂跑合后，表面粗糙度明显降低；表面接触面积增大，可以实现１次满载快速跑合；与采用含磨料的跑合方法比较，化学跑合剂可以明显提高表面接触精度，减少裂纹源的发生和发展，使表面承载能力明显提高。当齿轮加工精度较低或高速、重载齿轮的硬齿面精加工存在困难时，可     

金属成型过程接触分析的有限元法

以往通常将加工好的成型构件实物进行疲劳试验，以检验构件设计的合理性。这种实物试验方法在构件设计阶段，显得费时费力，成本很高，并且带有一定的盲目性。本文用大变形条件下的弹塑性有限元接触法模拟了某钢管构件的挤压成型过程，在算得残余应力的基础上，进一步分析了构件服役时在交变载荷作用下的应力，研究构件的最危险点及其应力谱。在算得危险点残余应力以及应力谱的基础上，再结合材料Goodman疲劳极限线图，对成型加工构件服役后的疲劳强度进行校核，有效提高产品的安全可靠度。该方法为成型加工构件的抗疲劳断裂设计提供了方便快捷的手段，降低了成型加工构件设计阶段及产品研发阶段的成本。     

Enhancement of heat transfer in compact heat exchanger by different type of rib with holographic interferometry

An experimental study was carried out to investigate enhancement of heat transfer in compact heat exchanger by keeping pressure drop constant in a given range. Two different test matrices, cylindrical and triangular, used to find the optimum ribs were compared with a smooth channel. The investigation was performed with both laminar and turbulent forced flow for Reynolds numbers from 250 to 7000. The geometric parameters, in order to satisfied manufacturer demands, were fixed at p/e=6.67 and the wall temperature was held constant at 50°C. The technique of holographic interferometry was used to determine the temperature distribution in the test duct. Velocity distribution was measured using laser doppler anemometer techniques. For comparison the technique of global measurement was also used. The results revealed that cylindrical ribs are optimum heat transfer for conversion of pressure drop. An 8% experimental error was found in global measurement compared to holographic interferometry.     

钢轨短波长波浪形磨损的安定性分析

针对轮-轨滚动接触的短波长波浪形磨损现象,采用有限元法分析了三维实体模型的接触状态,通过计算分析了高频力作用下接触表面的塑性变形过程.结果表明:在一定的运动条件下,由于重复滚压作用,接触表面发生硬化并达到安定极限状态,生成有规律的短波长变形;钢轨表面塑性变形受枕木间距的影响;就具有随动硬化特性的钢轨材料而言,当摩擦系数μ<0.3时,屈服现象发生在材料表层下方;随着摩擦系数的增大,接触表面的切向力增大,安定极限的临界接触压力Po降低,屈服点移向接触表面,材料失效加快.     

一种考虑剪切作用的各向异性超弹性本构模型

基于纤维增强复合材料连续介质力学理论,提出了一种轮胎帘线/橡胶复合材料的各向异性超弹性本构模型. 应变能被分解为分别代表橡胶、帘线、帘线/橡胶之间的角剪切和正剪切应变能4个部分. 给出了模型参数的简单确定方法,通过拟合文献中的实验数据,得到了本构模型参数,并用该模型预测了其他变形条件下的力学行为,得到了和实验数据较一致的结果,验证了该模型的有效性,为整体轮胎的有限元分析打下了基础.     

MoS_2-Au共溅膜的结构与性能之研究

作者利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD),俄歇电子能谱仪(AES)和X—射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)等对MoS_2-Au共溅膜的形貌和结构进行了观察与分析,并就这种膜的厚度对耐磨寿命的影响及其抗湿性与MoS_2溅射膜的作了比较,认为共溅膜的柱状聚集体结构是其具有良好性能的原因。溅射时氩气压强对MoS_2-Au膜结构和性能影响的研究结果表明,不同氩气压强下得到的MoS_2之结晶度不同,因而共溅膜的摩擦学性能也不相同。作者还就膜与底材的结合强度同耐磨寿命的关系,以及底材表面缺陷对膜结构的影响进行了讨论。     

氢气定容燃烧的实验研究

利用定容燃烧弹和高速数据采集系统对氢气定容燃烧进行实验研究,得出氢气定容燃烧压力变化过程、燃烧爆压及爆炸常数的变化规律。研究结果表明:中心点火定容燃烧的压力变化过程为:从开始的火花跳火干扰到平稳的等压燃烧,再到压力的慢速和快速增加,在燃烧的中后期会出现压力振荡;在非燃烧极限工况下,随着燃空当量比的增加燃烧爆压先增加后减小,随着初始压力的升高燃烧爆压几乎线性增加,随着温度的增加燃烧爆压和最大燃烧爆压都减小;随着燃空当量比的增加爆炸常数先增加后减小,在燃空当量比小于4.0的工况,燃烧爆炸常数随初始压力的升高而增加,而燃空当量比大于4.0的工况随着初始压力的升高而下降;在燃空当量比小于2.5时,燃烧爆炸常数随温度升高而减小,在燃空当量比大于2.5时,则正好相反。     

非线性方程的保辛近似算法

保守体系的微分方程可用Hamilton体系的方法描述,其特点是保辛。两个辛矩阵之和不能保辛,两个辛矩阵的乘积仍是辛矩阵。最常用的小参数摄动法用的是加法,因此对辛矩阵不能保辛。从保辛的角度,要用正则变换。本文针对非线性微分方程,运用自变量坐标变换,对原系统进行变换。由此推导出变换后系统的变分原理。引入Hamilton对偶变量,通过数学变换,得到变系数非线性方程。针对该方程,本文提出了保辛摄动算法。通过数值算例,对不同步长下,保辛摄动法、多尺度摄动法、龙格库塔法和精确解的结果做了比较。数值例题表明,对于非线性方程,本文提出的保辛摄动算法有良好的精度。在步长增大的情况下,保辛摄动保持了良好的稳定性。