琼脂糖凝胶电泳法分离金属性和半导体性单壁碳纳米管

琼脂糖凝胶电泳(AGE)是实现金属性单壁碳纳米管(m-SWCNTs)和半导体性单壁碳纳米管(s-SWCNTs)低成本、规模化分离的有效技术之一。本研究利用琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离单壁碳纳米管。通过紫外-可见-近红外吸收光谱和拉曼光谱对色谱带进行分段表征,发现电泳中迁移的最快的部分m-SWCNTs含量最高。考察了琼脂糖的浓度对SWCNTs中m-SWCNTs分离的影响。结果表明:高的琼脂糖浓度有利于m-SWC-NTs的富集,可以通过扩大电荷密度带来的迁移速率的差异来使SWCNTs中的m-SWCNTs得到更有效的分离。     

多糖凝胶的孔径和化学结构对单壁碳纳米管流动性和选择性分离的影响

基于凝胶柱色谱分离技术研究了单分散的单壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs)在不同化学结构多孔多糖凝胶中的流动特性以及对金属型(m-)/半导体型(s-)SWCNTs分离的影响.通过比较SWCNTs在一系列不同孔径的葡聚糖Sephacryl凝胶中的流动行为,发现减小孔径尺寸能够增强s-SWCNTs与凝胶之间的吸附作用力,使大直径的m-SWCNTs快速地流过凝胶颗粒,而选择性地保留了小直径的s-SWCNTs.进一步发现多糖凝胶化学结构比孔径尺寸在SWCNTs的m/s分离中起着更重要的作用.当基于葡聚糖结构的Sephacryl凝胶中的氨基结构被琼脂糖结构所取代时,如Superdex 200和Sepharose 2B凝胶会增强它们与SWCNTs之间的作用力,使SWCNTs的保留时间延长,降低了s-SWCNTs的选择性和纯度.此外,即使拥有与Sephacryl S100类似的孔径范围,当Sephacryl凝胶中的氨基被疏水环氧丙烷基团取代时,葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex G100与SWCNTs的作用力很弱,导致所有SWCNTs快速流动,无法实现SWCNTs的m/s分离.因而,我们认为凝胶孔径和化学结构共同影响并调控了SWCNTs的m/s分离的选择性、纯度以及分离效率.     

多糖凝胶的孔径和化学结构对单壁碳纳米管流动性和选择性分离的影响

基于凝胶柱色谱分离技术研究了单分散的单壁碳纳米管（SWCNTs）在不同化学结构多孔多糖凝胶中的流动特性以及对金属型（m-）/半导体型（s-）SWCNTs 分离的影响. 通过比较SWCNTs 在一系列不同孔径的葡聚糖Sephacryl 凝胶中的流动行为,发现减小孔径尺寸能够增强s-SWCNTs 与凝胶之间的吸附作用力,使大直径的m-SWCNTs 快速地流过凝胶颗粒,而选择性地保留了小直径的s-SWCNTs. 进一步发现多糖凝胶化学结构比孔径尺寸在SWCNTs 的m/s 分离中起着更重要的作用. 当基于葡聚糖结构的Sephacryl 凝胶中的氨基结构被琼脂糖结构所取代时,如Superdex 200 和Sepharose 2B凝胶会增强它们与SWCNTs 之间的作用力,使SWCNTs 的保留时间延长,降低了s-SWCNTs 的选择性和纯度. 此外,即使拥有与Sephacryl S100类似的孔径范围,当Sephacryl 凝胶中的氨基被疏水环氧丙烷基团取代时,葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex G100 与SWCNTs 的作用力很弱,导致所有SWCNTs 快速流动,无法实现SWCNTs 的m/s 分离. 因而,我们认为凝胶孔径和化学结构共同影响并调控了SWCNTs的m/s分离的选择性、纯度以及分离效率.     

超声分散对单壁碳纳米管分离的影响

利用凝胶柱色谱技术, 研究者们通过两步或多步淋洗的方法实现了不同导电属性或电子结构单壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs)的分离, 并提出其分离机制主要是由不同导电属性和电子结构的SWCNTs 与凝胶填料之间作用力的差异所导致的. 基于凝胶柱色谱分离技术, 本文重点考察了超声时间对单壁碳纳米管单分散以及金属型/半导体型SWCNTs 分离的影响. 在一定的低超声功率下, 适当增加超声时间有利于SWCNTs 在十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)溶液中的单分散. 紫外-可见-近红外(UV-Vis-NIR)吸收光谱、拉曼(Raman)光谱和荧光(PL)光谱表征结果表明, 2 h的超声条件是获得高纯度的金属型以及不同直径分布的半导体型SWCNTs 的最优条件. 我们认为不同超声时间对SWCNTs 分离的影响主要是改变了SWCNTs 的单分散性和长度, 调制了不同SWCNTs 与凝胶之间作用力的差异, 从而导致了不同SWCNTs分离结果.     

基于NMR技术的溶菌酶在琼脂糖凝胶中的动力学研究

运用脉冲梯度场测量自扩散系数及自旋自旋弛豫时间测量核磁共振技术对鸡蛋清溶菌酶(HEWL)在琼脂糖凝胶中的动力学进行了研究.试验结果表明,HEWL在琼脂糖凝胶中的自扩散系数及自旋自旋弛豫时间较其在纯乙酸钠溶液中变小,说明琼脂糖凝胶的三维网状结构使HEWL分子整体运动及局部运动都受到阻碍.并且随着琼脂糖浓度的增大,凝胶网孔尺寸不断减小,HEWL分子运动受限程度加剧,从而蛋白质分子可以较长时间内停留在高浓度区,分子间更容易互相碰撞,发生反应,晶核生长得以促进.同时琼脂糖凝胶较小流体力学网孔尺寸抑制聚晶或沉淀的出现,晶体质量获得提高.     

血红素蛋白质-琼脂糖膜修饰电极的表征和电催化特性

利用琼脂糖(agarose)水凝胶将肌红蛋白(Mb)、血红蛋白(Hb)、辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)和过氧化氢酶(Cat)4种血红素蛋白质固定在裂解石墨电极表面,形成稳定的血红素蛋白质-agarose膜修饰电极.用紫外-可见和红外光谱及原子力显微法对血红素蛋白质-琼脂糖膜修饰电极进行了表征.紫外-可见和红外光谱显示,在琼脂糖凝胶中,血红素蛋白质保持原始构象.溶液的pH(3.0～10.0)可逆地改变血红素蛋白质的构象,从而影响其光谱性质.原子力显微图象表明血红素蛋白质与agarose水凝胶之间存在较强的作用.研究了血红素蛋白质催化还原O2、H2O2的机理.稳定的血红素蛋白质-agarose修饰电极能运用于H2O2的定量测定.     

单壁碳纳米管在胆酸类表面活性剂中的分散及手性碳管(6,5)的双水相分离方法

选用牛磺脱氧胆酸钠和脱氧胆酸钠等6种胆酸类表面活性剂,考察其对单壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs)的分散能力.紫外-可见-近红外吸收光谱测试结果表明,在超声功率为225 W,超声时间1 h的分散条件下,胆酸类表面活性剂均能对SWCNTs均匀分散,均可作为SWCNTs的分散剂.在相同条件下,质量分数为2%的牛磺脱氧胆酸钠对SWCNTs的分散能力最强,脱氧胆酸钠对SWCNTs的分散能力最弱.此外,还采用聚乙二醇/葡聚糖双水相系统对SWCNTs分散液进行了萃取分离,获得了纯度较高的手性SWCNTs(6,5).所筛选的SWCNTs分散剂及采用的双水相分离方法为单一手性SWCNTs的分离提供了一定的技术参考.     

单一导电属性及手性单壁碳纳米管的分离技术

综述了基于生长后处理策略下单一导电属性及手性单壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs)分离技术的研究进展, 阐述了SWCNTs 的选择性分离原理, 并比较了不同分离技术在分离纯度、效率、成本以及可规模化等方面的优缺点, 为SWCNTs 分离技术的发展及应用提供了方向性指导.     

碳毡电极对镧、镝、镱的富集分离

本文提出用碳毡电极富集和分离稀土元素镧、镝、镱(10~(-4)—10~(-9)g/mL)。研究了富集效率、电场影响、洗脱效率、分离效率、饱和富集率和电极重现性。实验结果表明:碳毡电极对浓度为10~(-5)g/mL以下的镧、镝、镱水溶液富集效率为90.5％以上,当电场负于各元素还原电位时富集效率明显上升,反之下降。被富集元素的洗脱效率高于89.3％。对10~(-5)g/mL的上述三种元素混合液进行分离时镧、镝和镱三者的富集效率分别为3.7％、30.4％和56.4％。每克碳毡电极对镧、镝、镱的动态饱和富集车分别为0.953×10~(-3)、1.072×10~(-3)和1.089×10~9-3),静态饱和富集率分别为1.137××10~(-3)1.173×10~(-3)和1.196×10~(-3)。电极经处理后十次重复使用所测富集效率的贝塞耳标准差小于0.95％。     

凝胶色谱法分离聚合氯化铝中Al13形态的特性研究

采用缓慢滴碱法制备聚合氯化铝(PAC)溶液, 并采用Bio-Gel P-100型凝胶层析法将溶液中铝形态进行了分离. 采用常规的化学方法(Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法)和Al²⁷Al-NMR法对分离过程中收集的各级分进行了测定. 在分离过程中通过改变洗脱速度, 洗脱液离子强度和pH值等实验条件来研究影响分离的各因素. 实验结果表明, 在层析分离过程中除被分离物的分子尺寸之外, 分子电荷对分离也会产生相应的影响. 降低洗脱流速、提高洗脱液离子强度, 以及调节合适的pH值都能提高分离效率. 通过对实验条件的优化, 可以分离得到大量高纯Al₁₃形态(即 AlAl_b含量为100%的产品), 可占被分离PAC产品总量50%以上.     

A diameter-selective attack of metallic carbon nanotubes by nitronium ions

We have found a method for a diameter-selective removal of metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes (m-SWCNTs) from semiconducting (s-) ones by stirring or sonicating SWCNT powder in tetramethylene sulfone (TMS)/chloroform solution with nitronium hexafluoroantimonate (NO2SbF6: NHFA) and nitronium tetrafluoroborate (NO2BF4: NTFB). Positively charged nitronium ions (NO2+) were intercalated into nanotube bundles, where the intercalation was promoted also by the counterions. Nitronium ions selectively attacked the sidewall of the m-SWCNTs due to the abundant presence of electron density at the Fermi level, thus yielding stronger binding energy as compared to the counterpart s-SWCNTs. The s-SWCNTs were left on the filter after filtration, whereas the m-SWCNTs were disintegrated and drained away as amorphous carbons. The effectiveness of removing m-SWCNTs was confirmed by the resonant Raman spectra and absorption spectra.     

NaCl对琼脂糖凝胶电泳法分离单壁碳纳米管的影响

如何获得单一导电属性的单壁碳纳米管(SWCNT),使其在各领域得到更广泛的应用,引起了科研人员越来越多的关注.琼脂糖凝胶电泳(AGE)法以其简便,低成本,可规模化等优点在分离金属型(m-)和半导体型(s-)单壁碳纳米管的诸多分离方法中体现出独特的优势.本文利用紫外-可见-近红外(UV-Vis-NIR)吸收光谱分析手段,系统研究了NaCl的添加对AGE法分离SWCNT的影响.研究发现NaCl的添加对SWCNT的分离有一定的影响:当NaCl添加量低于70 mmol.L-1时,可以提高分离后体系中s-SWCNT的相对含量;当NaCl添加量高于70mmol.L-1时,随着添加量的增加,NaCl的加入开始抑制m-SWCNT和s-SWCNT的有效分离;当NaCl添加量达到160 mmol.L-1时体系分离效率明显降低.我们推测这种影响主要是由盐的添加改变了分散剂在m-SWCNT和s-SWCNT表面的吸附结构引起的.     

Selective removal of metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes with small diameters by using nitric and sulfuric acids

Coexistence of metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotubes has often been a bottleneck in many applications and much fundamental research. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were dissolved in HNO3/H2SO4 mixture to confirm differing reactivity between metallic (m) and semiconducting (s) SWCNTs. With HNO3/H2SO4 treatment, s-SWCNTs remained intact, while m-SWCNTs were completely removed for SWCNTs with small diameters less than 1.1 nm, which was confirmed by resonant Raman and optical absorption spectra. We also showed that nitronium ions (NO2+) dissolved in the HNO3/H2SO4 solution could preferably attack the m-SWCNTs, which was supported by our theoretical calculation. This clear selectivity can be explained by the preferential adsorption of positively charged NO2+ on m-SWCNTs due to more available electron densities at the Fermi level in the m-SWCNTs. We report for the first time a selective removal of small-diameter m-SWCNTs by using HNO3/H2SO4 solution, which presented a striking contrast to the diameter-selective removal of SWCNTs by oxidative etching reported previously.     

Bulk synthesis of large diameter semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes by oxygen-assisted floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition

Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs) with a mean diameter of 1.6 nm were synthesized on a large scale by using oxygen-assisted floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition. The oxygen introduced can selectively etch metallic SWCNTs in situ, while the sulfur growth promoter functions in promoting the growth of SWCNTs with a large diameter. The electronic properties of the SWCNTs were characterized by laser Raman spectroscopy, absorption spectroscopy, and field effect transistor measurements. It was found that the content of s-SWCNTs in the samples was highly sensitive to the amount of oxygen introduced. Under optimum synthesis conditions, enriched s-SWCNTs can be obtained in milligram quantities per batch.     

Sorting Semiconducting Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Water‐Soluble Polyfluorene Assisted Electrophoresis and Its Application in Field‐effect Transistors

We report a considerably promising method based on agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) to separate single‐walled carbon nanotubes by adding a water‐soluble polyfluorene (w‐PFO) as surfactant into the agarose gel. In this effective method, the AGE/w‐PFO gel network will trap more semiconducting single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with the assistance of w‐PFO, for the strong interaction between w‐PFO and semiconducting species. The optical absorbance, photoluminescence emission and resonant Raman scattering characterization were used to verify the separation effect. The purity of separated semiconducting species is as high as (98±1)%. The demonstrated field effect transistors give the on/off ratio and mobility about 27000 and 10.2 cm²·V^?1·s^?1, respectively.     

Hierarchical structure of carbon nanotube networks

The hierarchical structure of semidilute suspensions of single-walled carbon nanotubes in polymeric matrices, studied by the use of ultrasmall and small angle neutron scattering, indicates an aggregate size that is independent on both nanotube concentration and polymer matrix and a mesh within the floc that becomes slightly denser with increasing nanotube concentration. The number of clusters grows linearly with concentration of nanotubes. These structural parameters suggest that the interactions between the flocs dictate the concentration-dependent elastic strength scaling of the network, with the absolute values of the specific elastic strength being inversely related to the percolation threshold.     

接枝羧基对单壁碳纳米管弹性性质的影响

采用分子动力学方法对端口接枝不同数量羧基的扶手椅型和锯齿型单壁碳纳米管弹性模量进行了模拟研究. 结果表明, 扶手椅型(5, 5)、(10, 10)管和锯齿型(9, 0)、(18, 0)管在未接枝状态下杨氏模量分别为948、901GPa和804、860 GPa. 在接枝2-8个羧基情况下, 扶手椅型单壁碳纳米管拉伸杨氏模量基本不随接枝数量的增加而发生变化, 而锯齿型单壁碳纳米管则不同, 接枝状态下的弹性模量比未接枝状态小很多, 但随接枝数量的增加又呈略增趋势. 分别从接枝后碳纳米管变形电子密度等值线结构变化、键长变化和系统势能变化规律等方面, 对单壁碳纳米管弹性模量的接枝效应进行了分析.     

Electrophoretic analysis and purification of fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube fragments

Arc-synthesized single-walled carbon nanotubes have been purified through preparative electrophoresis in agarose gel and glass bead matrixes. Two major impurities were isolated: fluorescent carbon and short tubular carbon. Analysis of these two classes of impurities was done. The methods described may be readily extended to the separation of other water-soluble nanoparticles. The separated fluorescent carbon and short tubule carbon species promise to be interesting nanomaterials in their own right.