Electrochemical behaviors of native and thermally denatured fish DNA in the presence of cytosine derivatives and porphyrin by cyclic voltammetry using boron-doped diamond electrode

The electrochemical behaviors of native and thermally denatured fish DNA was investigated using boron-doped diamond (BDD) film electrode by cyclic voltammetry. The BDD electrode afforded us to measure weak current less than muA for the DNA solution in 100 microl. The mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate solution (0.2 M) was used as a supporting electrolyte. Two oxidation peaks were observed at about +1.1 V and +1.3 V at pH 4.6 for thermally denatured fish DNA. This is due to the oxidation of guanine and adenine in the denatured fish DNA, respectively. In contrast, the native fish DNA showed ill-defined peaks at +1.1 V. Furthermore, the electrochemical behaviors of thermally denatured fish DNA were studied in the presence of cytosine, cytidine, cytidine-5-monophosphate, tetrakis(1-methypyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (H(2)(TMPyP)(4+)) and Ru(II)(TMPyP)(4+). The oxidation peak intensity at +1.1 V gradually decreased with the increase of the concentrations of the above compounds. Based on the above studies, electrochemical behaviors of the thermally denatured fish DNA at BDD electrode is discussed.     

Resonance Rayleigh scattering method for the recognition and determination of double-stranded DNA using amikacin

In weakly acidic buffer medium, the interaction of amikacin with calf thymus DNA, yeast RNA and denatured DNA has been investigated by using resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) technique. The result shows that calf thymus DNA is capable of enhancing the RRS intensity of the amikacin, while yeast RNA and denatured DNA have very little enhancement effect. Based on the characteristics, a sensitive assay for detecting double-stranded DNA in the presence of denatured DNA and yeast RNA has been developed. The enhancement of the RRS signal is directly proportional to the concentration of double-stranded DNA in the range 0.02-12.0 μg ml⁻¹ for calf thymus DNA and its detection limit (3σ) is 2.5 ng ml⁻¹. The method shows a wide linear range and high sensitivity, and almost no interference can be observed from RNA, denatured DNA, amino acid and most of the metal ions. The trace amounts of nucleic acid in synthetic samples and practical samples are determined with satisfactory results. Therefore, the proposed method is promising for as an effect means for recognition in vivo and determination in situ of double-stranded DNA.     

An investigation of complexes of some model tripeptides containing phenylalanine and tyrosine residues with DNA by Fourier1H NMR spectroscopy

Complexes of native and denatured DNA with model tripeptides containing phenylalanine or tyrosine residues flanked by lysine or arginine residues, respectively have been investigated by pulsed Fourier¹H NMR spectroscopy. The existence of shifts into the strong-field region of the signals of aromatic protons of the model tripeptides in the complexes both with native and with denatured DNA has been shown. Results have been obtained that indicate the possibility of the intercalation of the side chains of aromatic amino acid residues into the DNA double helix.     

Chemical synthesis of cross-link lesions found in nitrous acid treated DNA: a general method for the preparation of N2-substituted 2'-deoxyguanosines

Treatment of DNA with nitrous acid results in the formation of DNA-DNA cross-links. Two cross-link lesions have previously been isolated and their structures assigned based on spectroscopic data. The major lesion has been proposed to consist of two deoxyguanosine (dG) nucleosides sharing a common N2 atom (1), while the structure of the minor lesion has been proposed to consist of a common nitrogen atom linking C2 of a dG nucleoside to C6 of deoxyadenosine (2). The chemical synthesis of 1 and 2, utilizing a palladium-catalyzed coupling, is described herein. It is demonstrated that the spectroscopic properties of synthetic 1 are identical to that of lesion 1 obtained from nitrous acid cross-linked DNA, thus providing a proof of its structure. Comparison of the limited spectroscopic data available for lesion 2 originating from nitrous acid cross-linked DNA to synthetic 2 supports its structural assignment. The synthetic approach used for synthesis of 1 and 2 is shown to be a general method for the preparation of a variety of N2-substituted dG nucleosides in good yields.     

Electrolysis of Nitric Acid by Using a Glassy Carbon Fiber Column Electrode System

The electrochemical redox behavior of nitric acid was studied using a glassy carbon fiber column electrode system, and its reaction mechanism was suggested and confirmed in several ways. Electrochemical reactions in less than 2.0M nitric acid was not observed. However, in more than 2.0M nitric acid, the reduction of nitric acid to nitrous acid occurred and the reduction rate was slow so that the nitric acid solution had to be in contact with an electrode for a period of time long enough for an apparent reduction current of nitric acid to nitrous acid to be observed. The nitrous acid generated in more than 2.0M nitric acid was rapidly and easily reduced to nitric oxide by an autocatalytic reaction. Sulfamic acid was confirmed to be effective to destroy the nitrous acid. At least 0.05M sulfamic acid was necessary to scavenge the nitrous acid generated in 3.5M nitric acid.     

Ferrocenecarboxaldehyde labeled DNA probe for the study on DNA damage and protection

A ferrocenecarboxaldehyde (FCA) labeled DNA probe is used for the first time in the study of DNA damage and protection. The electrochemically active reagent FCA was labeled successfully on to a denatured calf-thymus DNA by 1-ethyl-3- (3-dimethyl-aminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC). The FCA labeled DNA probe was used to hybridize with the sample DNA sequence accumulated on the surface of a graphite electrode. The anodic peaks of the FCA bound to the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used for the detection of DNA damage and protection. Thiourea, sodium benzoic acid and isopropanol can decrease DNA damage by hydroxyl radicals, and their protection efficiencies are discussed.     

An investigation of complexes of some model tripeptides containing phenylalanine and tyrosine residues with DNA by Fourier1H NMR spectroscopy

Complexes of native and denatured DNA with model tripeptides containing phenylalanine or tyrosine residues flanked by lysine or arginine residues, respectively have been investigated by pulsed Fourier¹H NMR spectroscopy. The existence of shifts into the strong-field region of the signals of aromatic protons of the model tripeptides in the complexes both with native and with denatured DNA has been shown. Results have been obtained that indicate the possibility of the intercalation of the side chains of aromatic amino acid residues into the DNA double helix.All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of the Genetics and Breeding of Industrial Microorganisms, Moscow. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 751–755, November–December, 1986.     

Ferrocenecarboxaldehyde labeled DNA probe for the study on DNA damage and protection

A ferrocenecarboxaldehyde (FCA) labeled DNA probe is used for the first time in the study of DNA damage and protection. The electrochemically active reagent FCA was labeled successfully on to a denatured calf-thymus DNA by ¶1-ethyl-3- (3-dimethyl-aminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC). The FCA labeled DNA probe was used to hybridize with the sample DNA sequence accumulated on the surface of a graphite electrode. The anodic peaks of the FCA bound to the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used for the detection of DNA damage and protection. Thiourea, sodium benzoic acid and isopropanol can decrease DNA damage by hydroxyl radicals, and their protection efficiencies are discussed.     

Influence of prior complex formation on the photoaddition of chlorpromazine to calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid

Chlorpromazine (CPZ), 2-chloro-N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) phenothiazine, causes cutaneous photosensitivity in man. The photoaddition of CPZ to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) may be an important mechanism for the phototoxicity. We have investigated the complexes formed between CPZ and calf thymus DNA prior to irradiation, related their formation to the photoaddition of CPZ to DNA and initiated studies to identify the photoadducts. In the presence of high concentrations of double-stranded DNA, the CPZ absorption maximum shifted from 305 to 340 nm with an isosbestic point at 323 nm. The CPZ fluorescence at 460 nm was quenched a maximum of 90%. The excitation and emission spectra for the unquenchable fluorescence are the same as those for free CPZ. These results together with those from flow dichroism measurements indicated that CPZ formed two complexes with double-stranded DNA. One complex involves intercalations, is non-fluorescent and absorbs at 345 nm. The second complex absorbs at 310 nm, fluoresces at 460 nm and has the phenothiazine ring parallel to the DNA axis. Non-covalent binding of CPZ to heat-denatured DNA did not shift the CPZ absorption spectrum but quenched 65% of the CPZ fluorescence. One complex between CPZ and denatured DNA will account for these results. CPZ photolysis was inhibited compared with that of free CPZ by binding to double-stranded DNA (more than 98%) or denatured DNA (65%). CPZ photoadded ten times more efficiently to denatured DNA than to double-stranded DNA. These results indicate that CPZ photolysis and photoaddition are quenched in the intercalation complex. The photoaddition to double-stranded DNA does not result from intercalated CPZ because the action spectrum maximized at 310 nm rather than at 340 nm.     

Influence of urea on initiation and termination of reaction between nitric acid and formic acid

The influence of urea on initiation and termination of the reaction between nitric and formic acids was experimentally examined. The urea injection can terminate the denitration reaction in 2 to 10M salt-free nitric acid solutions and the simulated high level liquid wastes (HLLWs) with a nitric acid concentration of 2 to 6M. An excess of urea can interrupt the initiation of denitration in both simulated HLLW and salt-free nitric acid solutions. The initiation and termination of denitration are in relation with nitrous acid formation and decomposition. Urea reacts with nitrous acid easily in the denitrating solution and decomposes nitrous acid. As the urea concentration increases in the solution, the continuance of denitration become impossible because the decomposition rate of nitrous acid exceeds the generation rate. In addition, the nitrous acid concentration can not be high enough to initiate the denitration in the solution with an excess of urea because nitrous acid is decomposed by urea.     

PHOTOCHEMICAL ADDITION OF AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES TO DNA

Abstract— The quantum yields for photochemical addition of twenty of the amino acids commonly occurring in proteins to denatured calf thymus DNA have been determined in deoxygenated phosphate buffer at λ 254 nM and pH 7 using a fluorescamine assay technique. Fifteen were found to be reactive, with cysteine, lysine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine being the most reactive. Alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine and threonine were unreactive. Analogous quantum yields for a series of eighteen peptides of the form glycyl X (X being one of the commonly occurring amino acids) were also determined, along with the corresponding quantum yields for L-alanyl-L-alanine, L-alanyl-L-tryptophan, L-seryl-L-seryl-L-serine, L-threonyl-L-threonyl-L-threonine, and L-cystine- bis -glycine. All of the peptides were found to be reactive. The modified amino acids N^ε-methyllysine, N^ε, N^ε, N^ε-trimethyllysine and N^ε-acetyllysine, all occurring in minor amounts in the histone group of chromosomal proteins, were also found to be reactive as was N^α-acetyllysine. The quantum yields for photoaddition of a selected group of amino acids and peptides to denatured DNA and native DNA are compared. In some cases higher quantum yields for photoaddition to denatured DNA are observed while in other cases the reverse is true. The effect of oxygen on the quantum yields for photoaddition of selected peptides to DNA was examined. While for most systems studied the amount of reaction in aerated systems was less than in deoxygenated systems, in the case of glycyl-L-phenylalanine the reverse was true.     

PHOTOLYSIS OF IODODEOXYCYTIDINE IN DNA AND RELATED POLYNUCLEOTIDES: WAVELENGTH DEPENDENCE AND ENERGY TRANSFER*

Abstract— 5'-Iodocytosine (IC) containing denatured DNA and poly(C) were prepared and the photoinduced loss of iodine measured for irradiation at wavelengths between 240 and 313 nm. The following intrinsic quantum yields (Φ_INT) were obtained for irradiation at λ_ex > 300 nm where only IC absorbs: denatured DNA (0.01), poly(C) (0.013), apurinic acid (0.018) and IdCMP (0.026). These results suggest that geometrical or structural restraints in the polymer, which increase with the degree of base stacking, inhibit the loss of iodine from an excited IC residue. The variation in the photochemical cross section for iodine photolysis was measured as a function of the wavelength of irradiation and found to vary in a manner which indicates that absorption by noniodinated residues can lead to iodine photolysis. It is proposed that energy transfer from neighboring bases to an adjacent IC residue takes place, resulting in an action spectrum for iodine photolysis which reflects absorption of excitation energy by noniodinated as well as iodinated residues. The contribution due to energy transfer in denatured DNA was estimated to be from not more than a single base located on either side of an IC residue. The degree of transfer was slightly less in iodinated poly(C) and decreased 4-fold following depurination of the DNA. These results are consistent with a structurally dependent energy transfer process in which IC, because of its lower lying singlet state, can act as an energy trap.     

二甲胺与亚硝酸反应生成N,N-二甲基亚硝胺的理论研究

应用量子化学计算方法在CCSD/6-311＋G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-311＋G(d,p)水平上对二甲胺(DMA)与亚硝酸作用形成N,N-二甲基亚硝胺(NDMA)的反应机理进行了研究. 分别讨论了DMA与一分子亚硝酸直接反应的途径和两分子亚硝酸先反应生成活性中间体N₂O₃再与DMA作用的间接反应途径. 计算结果表明, DMA与亚硝酸间接反应的活化能比直接反应的低约55 kJ/mol, 由此可推断DMA与亚硝酸生成NDMA的反应是以两分子的亚硝酸先生成ONNO₂再亚硝化DMA为主要反应途径. 这一结论和NDMA的形成速率与亚硝酸的浓度的平方成正比的实验结果相一致.     

Mechanism study on the reactions between biphenyl and HNO_2 initiated by 355 nm irradiation in aqueous phase

The reactions taking place in the mixed solution of biphenyl and nitrous acid after it was exposed to UV irradiation were studied in this research work. The transient species were identified with the nanosec- ond transient spectroscopic technique, and the final products were ascertained by GC-MS analysis. It was shown that the OH radical, generated by the direct photolysis of nitrous acid, would attack biphe- nyl molecule to form Bp-OH adduct with a rate constant of 9.5×109 L·mol?1·s?1. The Bp-OH adduct could either react with H or be oxidized by nitrous acid to form nitrosobiphenol. The reactions between biphenyl and nitrous acid under UV irradiation in atmospheric aqueous phase were therefore sug- gested to be one promising source of nitrocompounds in the environment.     

Secondary structure of DNA is recognized by slightly cross-linked cationic hydrogel

Interaction of salmon sperm DNA (300-500 bp) and ultrahigh molecular mass DNA (166 kbp) from bacteriophage T4dC with linear poly(N-diallyl-N-dimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) and slightly cross-linked (#) PDADMAC (#PDADMAC) hydrogel in water has been studied by means of UV-spectroscopy, ultracentrifugation, atomic force, and fluorescence microscopy (FM). It is found that the linear polycation induced compaction of either native (double-stranded) or denatured (single-stranded) DNA by forming PDADMAC-DNA interpolyelectrolyte complexes (IPEC)s. At the same time, #PDADMAC hydrogel is able to distinguish between native and denatured DNA. Native DNA is adsorbed and captured in the hydrogel surface layer, while denatured DNA diffuses to the hydrogel interior until the whole hydrogel sample is transformed into the cross-linked IPEC. Both native and denatured DNA can be completely released from the hydrogel in appropriate conditions with no degradation by adding a low molecular salt. The data observed using conventional physicochemical methods with respect to DNA of a moderate molecular mass remarkably correlate with the pictures directly observed for ultrahigh molecular mass DNA in dynamics by using FM.     

Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of uranium, nitric acid and nitrous acid by least-squares method in PUREX process

Multi-wavelength linear regression spectrophotometry combined with method of least squares for simultaneous determination of uranium, nitric acid and nitrous acid in PUREX (Plutonium/URanium EXtraction) process was developed. The molar absorbance matrix was calibrated with absorbance data measured in the wavelength range of 350–500 nm for a series of standard solutions by linear least-squares regression. This method used information from the absorption spectra of U(VI)–nitrous acid–nitric acid solutions to determine U(VI), nitrous acid and nitric acid. In the range of 0.95–74.1 g/L U(VI), 5 × 10^?4–2 × 10^?3 mol/L nitrous acid and 3–5 mol/L aqueous nitric acid solution, the measuring precision for determination of U(VI), nitrous acid and nitric acid was 0.46, 4.09, and 0.68 % respectively. In the solution of 30 % TBP–kerosene, the measuring precision for determination of U(VI) and nitrous acid was 0.42 and 4.2 % respectively in the range of 0.95–74.1 g/L U(VI) and 5 × 10^?4–2×10^?3 mol/L nitrous acid. The spectrophotometric method can be valuable for monitoring and controlling of both species in PUREX process operation, thanks to its simplicity, efficiency and accuracy.     

核酸对邻菲啰啉的荧光猝灭及其分析应用

邻菲啰啉受到 ２３０ｎｍ及２６７ ｎｍ紫外光激发，在３６７ ｎｍ处产生一荧光峰。而天然和热变性鱼精子脱氧核糖核酸以及酵母核糖核酸的加入会猝灭邻菲啰琳的这一荧光发射。实验表明，该体系可在较宽的范围内灵敏地测定核酸。     

The molecular electrostatic potential of the B-DNA helix

The influence of a single and double helical DNA environment on the molecular electrostatic potentials at the C₈ and amino sites of guanine and adenine are studied. The results are employed in a tentative explanation of the variation in binding sites of N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene with DNA, following whether the nucleic acid is in a native or denatured state.     

Diels-alder reactions of 3-(2-nitrovinyl)indoles: Formation of carbazoles and bridged carbazoles

The Diels-Alder reactions of 1-substituted-3-(2-nitrovinyl)indoles 3 with quinones and acetylenes give aromatized 1:1 adducts (- nitrous acid) ( 1 ) or (- nitrous acid, -2 hydrogens) 2,5 . Likewise, dimerization (-2 nitrous acids) of 3 gives aromatized 2-(3-indolyl)carbazoles 4 . In contrast, 3 reacts with maleimides 6 to give 1:2 adducts (- nitrous acid or -2 hydrogens) 10 and 11 , respectively, along with smaller amounts of 1:1 adducts (- nitrous acid, -2 hydrogens; or -4 hydrogens) 12 and 13 , respectively. A mechanism for formation of the nitro products 11 and 13 is discussed. A 1:2 adduct (-2 hydrogens) 19 was also obtained from a Diels-Alder reaction between maleimide and the vinylindole produced in situ by condensing 1-methylindole with acetone. The stereochemisty of this 1:2 adduct has been determined by X-ray crystallography.     

Oxidation of benzyl alcohols by nitrous and nitric acids in strong sulfuric acid media

We have studied the oxidation of benzyl alcohols by nitrous and nitric acid in sulfuric acid media. The oxidation by nitrous acid is rapid and has an activation energy of 10.6 ± 0.8 kcal mol^?1. A Hammett plot of logk₂ vs. σ⁺ is linear with a ρ value of ?1.4. The oxidation by nitric acid in sulfuric acid media is autocatalytic. From the kinetic and product analyses, it is concluded that a common oxidant, the nitrosonium ion is involved when either nitrous or nitric acid is used. A mechanism is proposed which involves the abstraction of hydride from the alcohols as the rate determining step. It is demonstrated that the autoxidation of the alcohols is catalyzed by nitrous acid or nitric oxide.