不同几何参数的Bi-2223带材在外磁场中的耦合时间常数分析

随着高温超导技术的发展,超导材料的损耗成为制约其大规模应用的一个重要因素。目前已开展了许多关于Bi-2223带材交流损耗的研究。在应用过程中,外场下的交流损耗是影响超导电力设备运行的极为重要的部分。利用交流磁化率测量装置,测量出Bi-2223带材在平行场和垂直场下的交流磁化率,然后通过计算得到Bi-2223带材在平行场和垂直场下的交流损耗。分析了在平行和垂直外场下,Bi-2223带的耦合损耗时间常数与宽厚比的关系,以及不同宽厚比带材的交流损耗和频率之间的关系。研究发现平行场下,耦合损耗时间常数随宽厚比的增加而增加。而在垂直场下耦合损耗时间常数随宽厚比的增加而减小。     

磁性基底YBCO带材在DC外场下的交流损耗特性

随着载流能力的不断提高和生产成本的逐渐降低,高温超导YBCO带材在未来高温超导电力装置中具有广泛的应用前景。对磁性基底YBCO带材在平行和垂直DC外场下的交流损耗进行了测量,并研究了磁性基底的磁饱和和磁记忆特性对其交流损耗的影响。实验结果表明,平行外场和垂直外场分别大于240Gs和450Gs时,带材的交流损耗降至最低。除此之外,实验还发现,撤掉垂直外场后,带材在较小的载流范围内,仍能保持较低的交流损耗。     

圆筒形高温超导体的交流损耗研究

针对高温超导电缆、限流器等电力设备中常应用的圆筒形高温超导体进行交流损耗特性研究.本文对单根Bi-2223带材以及由十根该带材制作的十边形高温超导体样品的交流损耗特性进行实验测量,并应用有限元软件研究单根带材、理想圆筒形高温超导体和十边形高温超导体的二维有限元计算模型,基于有限元的数值模型对交流损耗进行仿真计算,最后将数值计算结果、实验测量结果以及基于mono-block模型的理论计算值进行比较并详细的分析讨论,结果表明,圆筒形高温超导体的交流损耗最少.     

高温超导体指数损耗的有限元数值分析及相关问题讨论

本文从高温超导体的非线性E～J指数关系式出发,分析了热致磁通蠕动模型下其等效电导率的特性,讨论如何建立针对这种非线性电导率的有限元计算模型,然后分别给出计算交流磁化损耗和传输损耗的二维数值仿真模型,模型针对银基Bi-2223带材,施加相应的边界条件可以计算不同物理条件下的交流损耗.分析此数值模型所得到的带材横截面中电流密度分布特点以及交流损耗热功率的值,并与利用相关解析式得到的结果作对比,证明此二维模型完全适用于分析多种复杂物理条件下超导体的交流损耗问题.     

YBCO带材交流损耗的数值仿真与分析

在有限元软件COMSOL Multiphysics中构造出了YBCO带材的数值仿真模型,并重点对YBCO带材的交流损耗进了数值模拟.模型中以单根无限长YBCO带材为计算对象,以H-formulation作为求解方法,并将带材的非线性特性(E~J特性)和各向异性特性(B~J特性)作为模型的理论基础加载到模型中.之后利用仿真模型计算出不同幅值的交变电流激励下带材的交流损耗.同时,文章对YBCO带材的交流损耗进行了相同激励条件下的测试实验和基于Norris公式的理论计算,并将三者进行对比,结果显示三组数组基本吻合,证明所构建的仿真模型在计算带材交流损耗方面的可行性.     

金属封装内冷型高温复合超导体电磁特性的有限元分析

基于工程化高温超导带材的内冷型复合超导体电磁特性受磁场各向异性影响较大,采用有限元方法分析了内冷型复合超导体的电磁特性。利用COMSOL Multiphysics建立了基于商品化高温超导带材的金属封装内冷型高温复合导体的有限元计算模型,并对其进行电磁仿真分析,得到了内冷型复合超导体的磁场分布,应用高温超导材料在磁场下的Jc-B曲线关系,获得内冷型复合导体在77K液氮温区下临界电流受磁场影响的变化规律。采用电场强度与电流密度进行面积分的方法,计算得到了不同频率、不同通流下内冷型复合导体的交流损耗情况,计算表明,相同频率下交流损耗随激励电流的增大而增大,相同激励电流条件下交流损耗与通流频率成正比关系。     

拉伸应变对YBCO涂层导体传输特性的影响

本文通过实验研究了拉伸应变对YBCO涂层导体的临界电流(Ic)、n值和交流损耗的影响(零场,77K),实验结果表明,随着拉伸应变的增大,YBCO涂层导体Ic的变化分为三个阶段,开始缓慢上升,然后缓慢下降,最后快速下降,Ic的上升表明带材中存在残余压缩应变,Ic的衰减是由于应变导致弱连接区域的钉扎势与晶界间临界电流密度同时减小引起的;而n值随应变增加基本上没有变化,说明沿导体长度方向的Ic分布没有变化.由于临界电流密度沿样品宽度方向分布不均匀,实验所得的交流损耗结果与采用Norris模型计算所得的结果不一致,同时,当应变超过不可逆应变、电流接近Ic时,交流损耗快速增加.     

多芯Bi-2223/Ag带材交流损耗的特性研究

Bi-2223/Ag是一种很有前景的高温超导带材,交流损耗是高温超导在大规模电力应用方面的瓶颈,如何降低Bi-2223/Ag中的交流损耗是人们一直关注的问题。带材超导部分的横截面形状对交流损耗有很大的影响,前人曾通过双轴轧制等工艺制造矩形截面的带材,以降低其交流损耗;另有人在单芯带材中得到了环状结构,从中发现可降低交流损耗。本论文尝试利用抽换芯工艺制造多芯环状截面的Bi-2223/Ag高温超导带材,以期降低带材的交流损耗。论文中,通过解析方法计算了临界态模型下,临界电流密度在径向上分布不均匀的超导体的交流损耗特性,并得到结论:带材的外围临界电流密度越高,交流损耗性能越好。     

外场因素对高温超导堆叠带材交流损耗的影响

REBCO高温超导带材在传输电流时会产生交流损耗,从而影响超导设备的稳定运行。基于麦克斯韦方程组,结合超导体的非线性E-J关系,使用H方法推导求解超导体交流损耗的数值计算公式,利用COMSOL Multiphysics有限元仿真软件建立二维轴对称模型并进行计算。结果表明,在通入交变电流后,超导带材由于抗磁性会出现部分零磁通区域,随着传输电流幅值、磁通蠕变系数、频率及环境温度的增大,磁通穿透深度逐渐增大,零磁通区域逐渐减小,传输电流主要分布于带材两端。增大传输电流幅值、磁通蠕变系数以及环境温度中任一变量,交流损耗随之增大,而交流损耗随频率的增大而减小。合理选取超导带材参数可有效降低交流损耗,保障超导设备安全运行。     

高温超导带材的临界电流各向异性的实验研究

高温超导带材的临界电流在77K不同磁场大小和方向上相差很大, 表现出强烈的各向异性.我们对此进行了仔细的实验研究,得到了磁场与超导带带面任何夹角情况下临界电流非常简单的解析经验表达式:只要得到在平行场和垂直场下临界电流的变化特性就可以计算出任何磁场与超导带面夹角下的临界电流,计算结果与实验结果吻合得很好,对高温超导带材的应用研究具有重要的实际意义.     

Measuring transport current loss of BSCCO/Ag tapes exposed to external AC magnetic field

BSCCO/Ag tape superconductors are developed for electrical power applications at liquid nitrogen temperatures. In these applications, e.g., superconducting transformers and power cables, an AC transport current and an AC magnetic field are present at the same time. A set-up to measure the influence of external AC magnetic field on the transport current loss, i.e., the voltage drop across a sample supplied with an AC transport current, has been developed. The magnetic field can be applied both parallel and perpendicular to the broad side of the tape conductor. An increase of the transport current loss due to the external AC magnetic field is observed. When a DC external magnetic field is applied the increase of the self-field loss can be described well by the decrease of the critical current due to the magnetic field. In the case of an AC external magnetic field this is only a minor effect. For magnetic field amplitudes higher than a certain threshold value the transport current loss is described reasonably well by the self-field loss and a dynamic resistance contribution calculated from the DC voltage–current relation in AC magnetic field.     

Estimation of Jc(B) dependence from self-field alternating current (AC) losses measured on Bi-2223/Ag tapes

Transport AC losses measured in self-field conditions on multifilamentary Bi-2223 tapes are often found to be lower than those calculated within the framework of the critical state model for a bulk wire with elliptical cross section, though generally higher than predicted for a strip. This effect is sometimes ascribed to the non-ideal geometry of the tapes, which does not exactly reproduce either shape. Here we propose an alternative explanation assuming that the critical current density of superconducting material depends on magnetic field. In practice, we analyzed the AC loss curve and deduced different I_c values for the individual data points, using the standard Norris equation for elliptical conductor. This gives the relation between ‘calculated' I_c and the self-field associated to AC transport current, which can be regarded as an alternative way to qualify the dependence of J_c on magnetic field. Important is that this procedure covers the range of fields below the self-field at I_c where the measurement in background DC field can not be used to determine J_c(B).     

Finite element analysis of AC loss in non-twisted Bi-2223 tape carrying AC transport current and/or exposed to DC or AC external magnetic field

AC losses in Bi-2223 superconducting tapes carrying AC transport current and/or exposed to DC or AC magnetic field are calculated with a numerical model based on the finite element method. Superconducting property is given by the E–J characteristic represented by a power law using equivalent conductivity. First, transport loss and magnetization loss are calculated numerically and compared with measured values. The calculated losses almost agree with the measured losses. Frequency dependencies of calculated and measured transport losses are compared with each other. Next, the influence of DC external magnetic field on the transport loss is studied. DC external magnetic field reduces n that is an exponent in the power law connecting resistivity and current density. The numerically calculated transport loss increases with increasing DC magnetic field. Finally, the total loss of superconducting tape carrying AC transport current in AC magnetic field is calculated. In the perpendicular magnetic field, the calculated total loss is lager than the sum of the transport loss and the magnetization loss, while they almost agree with each other in the parallel magnetic field.     

Self-field AC losses of textured Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ thin rods

Self-field AC losses of polycrystalline Bi-2212 thin rods textured by a Laser Floating Zone (LFZ) melting technique have been measured at 77 K. With the optimal processing parameters, these rods, of 1.6–2 mm diameter and 10 cm length, have a transport critical current density of 3 kA/cm² in the self-field which decreases to about 1.5 kA/cm² in fields of 0.02 T applied perpendicular to the rod axis. The self-field AC losses have been measured in DC magnetic fields up to 0.03 T. The measurements in zero field show that for a large current range the losses are dominated by hysteresis losses as described by the Critical State Model for a cylinder. For the measurements in DC fields the losses show an increasingly resistive-like dependence with current, while the hysteretic component expected from the CSM becomes less important. Measurements at different frequencies also indicated that the loss per cycle in fields is strongly frequency dependent.     

Numerical calculation of current density distributions in high temperature superconducting tapes with finite thickness in self field and external field

The current density distribution of high temperature superconducting (HTS) tapes is modeled for the combined case of an alternating self and applied magnetic field. This numerical analysis is based on the two-dimensional Poisson equation for the vector potential. A one-dimensional current (z-direction) and a one-dimensional applied field (y-direction) are assumed. The vector potential is rewritten into an equation of motion for the current density J(x,y,t). The model covers the finite thickness of the conductor and an n-power E–J relation. The magnetic field dependence of J_c is also included in this E–J relation. A time-dependent two-dimensional current distribution that is influenced by the aspect ratio of the conductor and the material properties in E=f(J,B) is calculated numerically. The numerical results are compared with the experimental results for the AC loss of a tape driven by a transport current. Finally, a total AC loss factor is given for two cases in magnetic field direction, perpendicular and parallel to the conductor broad side.     

外场下机械振动对高温超导带材交流损耗的影响

高温超导带材在磁场中传输交变电流时,将受到电磁力的作用而产生机械振动,振动对带材的交流损耗将产生影响.本文讨论了振动情况下交流损耗的测量方法,在平行于带面的直流磁场下,测量了Bi-2223/Ag高温超导带材在不同振动情况下的交流损耗.结果显示:当传输电流频率偏离样品的共振频率时,振动对带材的交流损耗影响不大;只有当电流频率在共振频率附近时,样品产生剧烈振动,交流损耗才有明显的增加;另外,带材振动时的交流损耗随频率变化曲线的斜率比不振动时略有增加.     

Experimental study on AC losses in Ag sheathed PbBi2223 tapes with twist filaments

Experimental measurements of AC losses were carried out on Ag sheathed PbBi2223 tapes with twisted and untwisted filaments. Losses were measured at 77 K as function of frequency and magnetic field parallel and perpendicular to the tape surface, using appropriate pick-up loops. Both the first and third harmonics of the signal were measured, in order to distinguish between the hysteresis loss and other types of loss. The effect of filaments uncoupling by twisting was clearly identified. For a tape with a twist pitch of 10 mm and I_c=40 A (20 kA cm⁻²) operating at 43 Hz, the filaments are uncoupled in fields less than 40 mT, which is greater than the full penetration field for both the filaments and the tape. Hence, a reduction in the hysteretic loss of the superconducting core is realised at power frequency between 10 and 40 mT. Results form the self-field loss measurement implies the uncoupling of twisted filaments at relative low transport current (I<0.5I_c)     

交变磁场下超导薄圆筒的交流损耗研究

通过数值模拟方法研究了超导薄圆筒在交变磁场下的交流损耗特性.这种超导体的几何模型为一个通有与外加磁场同相位的交流电且厚度可忽略的圆筒.基于Bean临界态模型,通过数值方法得到了交流损耗Q,与实验结果符合得很好.此值模拟方法仅适用于超导薄圆筒,对涂层超导体具有一定的应用价值.     

A simple electromagnetic method of cyclic loss measurement for superconducting wires in a combined alternating transverse magnetic field and transport current

We measured cyclic losses in a superconducting wire, carrying alternating transport current, simultaneously exposed to an alternating transverse magnetic field. Samples of Bi-2223 Ag-sheathed tapes have configuration of a double-layer non-inductive coil, which itself is a pickup coil to measure the AC losses. Potential taps were attached to both terminals of the sample coil. The external field was applied along the axis of the sample coil. In this procedure, we can estimate an averaged Poynting's vector on a cylindrical surface between the two layers by means of signals from a pair of the potential taps and from pickup coils for the external magnetic field and the transport current. We can also measure a magnetization and an extended transport-current components of AC losses in addition to a total cyclic loss for a combined alternating external field and transport current. Obtained results are compared with numerical predictions of the critical state model taking into account the magnetic field dependence of critical current density.     

Bi-2223复合导体直流磁场下自场损耗热稳定性分析

对于一种Bi-2223的复合导体,利用ANSYS软件,我们分析了在直流磁场下励磁过程中,自场损耗对复合导体热稳定性的影响;然后假定Bi-2223超导带内不同的损耗值,通过计算,确定了达到超导带分流温度的最小损耗值。