Diorganotin(IV) complexes of 2,5‐dithiobiurea (H2dtbu). The crystal structures of Me2Sn(dtbu) and Ph2Sn(dtbu)

The diorganotin(IV) complexes, R₂Sn(dtbu) (R = Me 1 , n‐Bu 2 , Ph 3 , PhCH₂ 4 ; H₂dtbu = 2,5‐dithiobiurea), have been synthesized and characterized by IR, ¹H, and ¹¹⁹Sn NMR spectroscopy. The structures of 1 and 3 have been determined by X‐ray crystallography. Crystal structures show that both complexes 1 and 3 consist of molecules in which the bideprotonated ligand is N,S,S‐bonded, and the tin atom exhibits distorted pentacoordination with small differences between the methyl and phenyl derivatives in bond distances and bond angles. The unusual coordination mode of the dtbu²⁻ anion creates four‐ and five‐membered chelate rings. Moreover, the packing of complexes 1 and 3 are stabilized by the hydrogen bonding. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 17:93–98, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/hc.20173     

Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of New Lead(II) Thiosaccharinates. Molecular Structure of Bis(thiosaccharinato)tetrakis(pyridine)dilead(II) and Thiosaccharinato‐bis(1,10‐phenantroline)lead(II) Thiosaccharinate

Four new lead(II) thiosaccharinate complexes: [Pb(tsac)₂H₂O] (1) (tsac: thiosaccharinate anion), [Pb₂(tsac)₄(py)₄] (2) (py: pyridine), [Pb(tsac)(o‐phen)₂](tsac)·CH₃CN (3) (o‐phen: 1,10‐phenantroline), and [Pb(tsac)₂(bipy)] (4) (bipy: 2,2′‐bipyridine) were prepared. The infrared and electronic spectra as well as the thermal analysis of all the compounds were recorded and discussed. The thiosaccharinate anion acts in three different coordination forms, one of then reported for the first time. The crystal structures of complexes 2 and 3 have been determined by single crystal X‐ray diffractometry. In complex 2 , two monomeric moieties are joined together forming a symmetric bis‐μ‐sulphur bridged dimer by interaction of two lead(II) atoms through the exocyclic sulphur atoms of two thiosaccharinate ligands. The seven‐fold coordination sphere of each lead atom is completed by two pyridine nitrogen atoms and by another sulfur and two nitrogen atoms of the thiosaccharinate anions. In complex 3 , the lead(II) atom is coordinated by four nitrogen atoms of two 1,10‐phenantroline molecules and by the sulfur and nitrogen atoms of one thiosaccharinate ion. The second anion has an electrostatic interaction with the nucleus.     

Nickel(II) Complexes with a Hydroxyl Pendant‐Armed Macrocyclic Ligand: Synthesis,Characterization, and Crystal Structures

The reactions of different nickel(II) salts with a mixed‐donor macrocyclic ligand L (6,7,8,9,10,11,18,19‐octahydro‐5H, 17H‐dibenzo[f,o][1,5,9,13] dioxadiazacyclohexadecin‐18‐ol), potentially pentadentate N₂O₃ donor sets containing one pendant alcohol function have been investigated. The physical properties and the chemical structures of 1:1 (metal:ligand) NiLX₂ (X = Cl^?, Br^?, NO₃^?, ClO₄^?) complexes have been characterized by using IR, UV‐Vis spectroscopy and conductance measurements. The X‐ray determination have been employed to probe the nature of the respective complexes in solid state. The nickel atom in [NiL(NO₃)]NO₃·0.5H₂O complex is six‐coordinate with a distorted octahedral coordination in which the all N₂O₃ donor atoms are coordinated to the nickel atom. The coordination sphere is completed by a nitrate anion. In contrast to the above nickel complex, in [NiLCl₂] complex the pendant hydroxyl arm of macrocycle remains uncoordinated and ligand acts as tetradentate N₂O₂ donor atoms. The coordination sphere is completed by two chloride anions and the nickel atom is six‐coordinate with a distorted octahedral coordination.     

Synthesis,Crystal Structure and Photoluminescence Property of Zinc(II), Cadmium(II), and Lead(II) Complexes with Bidentate Ligand: 1‐(1‐Imidazolyl)‐4‐(imidazol‐1‐ylmethyl)benzene (IIMB)

Assembly of bidentate ligand 1‐(1‐imidazolyl)‐4‐(imidazol‐1‐ylmethyl)benzene (IIMB) with varied metal salts of Zn^II, Cd^II and Pb^II provide three new complexes, [Zn(IIMB)₂](ClO₄)₂·2H₂O ( 1 ), [Cd(IIMB)₂(SCN)₂] ( 2 ) and [Pb(IIMB)₂(SCN)](SCN) ( 3 ). Single crystal X‐ray diffraction studies revealed that complexes 1 and 2 display a similar one‐dimensional double stranded chain structure, while complex 3 is a slight distorted rhombohedral grid network with (4,4) topology. The results indicate that the coordination geometry of the metal ion and the counter anion have great impact on the structure of the complexes. In addition, the photoluminescence properties of ligand IIMB and complexes 1 – 3 were studied in the solid state at room temperature.     

Zinc(II) and Cadmium(II) Complexes of the 3‐(2‐Pyridyl)‐5,6‐diphenyl‐1,2,4‐triazine (PDPT) Ligand,Structural Studies of [Zn(PDPT)2Cl(ClO4)] and [Cd(PDPT)2(NO3)(ClO4)]

Two new mixed‐anion zinc(II) and cadmium(II) complexes of 3‐(2‐pyridyl)‐5,6‐diphenyl‐1,2,4‐triazine (PDPT) ligand, [Zn(PDPT)₂Cl(ClO₄)] and [Cd(PDPT)₂(NO₃)(ClO₄)], have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR‐ and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The single crystal X‐ray analyses show that the coordination number in these complexes is six with four N‐donor atoms from two “PDPT” ligand and two of the anionic ligands, ZnN₄ClO_perchlorate, CdN₄O_nitrateO_perchlorate. Self‐assembly of these compounds in the solid state via π–π‐stacking interactions is discussed.     

Synthesis,Characterization, and Photoluminescence Properties of Silver(I) Metal‐Organic Polymers with Nanochannels Based on 2‐Sulfoterephthalic Acid and Di(pyridin‐2‐yl)amine Ligands

Two new silver(I) 3D coordination polymers, namely [Ag₃(2‐stp)(dpa)]_n ( 1 ) and {[Ag₂(2‐stp)(H₂O)]?Hdpa}_n ( 2 ) (2‐NaH₂stp=sodium 2,5‐dicarboxysulfonate, dpa=di(pyridine‐2‐yl)amine) were synthesized. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR spectra, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. In complex 1 , three neighboring Ag ions are bridged by N‐ and O‐atom, forming a 3D coordination network. The molecular structure of 2 is cation? anion species, forming 3D host? guest supramolecular network with the [Hdpa]⁺ cations encapsulated in the nanochannels. The photoluminescence properties of the complexes were also investigated in the solid state at room temperature.     

Hexaaquacobalt(II) bis(hypophosphite) and hexaaquacobalt(II)/nickel(II) bis(hypophosphite)

The title compounds, hexa­aqua­cobalt(II) bis­(hypophosphite), [Co(H₂O)₆](H₂­PO₂)₂, and hexa­aqua­cobalt(II)/nickel(II) bis(hypophosphite), [Co_0.5Ni_0.5(H₂O)₆](H₂PO₂)₂, are shown to adopt the same structure as hexa­aqua­magnesium(II) bis­(hypophosphite). The packing of the Co(Ni) and P atoms is the same as in the structure of CaF₂. The Co^II(Ni^II) atoms have a pseudo‐face‐centred cubic cell, with a = b～ 10.3 Å, and the P atoms occupy the tetrahedral cavities. The central metal cation has a slightly distorted octahedral coordination sphere. The geometry of the hypophosphite anion in the structure is very close to ideal, with point symmetry mm2. Each O atom of the hypophosphite anion is hydrogen bonded to three water mol­ecules from different cation complexes, and each H atom of the hypophosphite anion is surrounded by three water mol­ecules from further different cation complexes.     

The X‐ray Single Crystal Structures of an Acid‐functionalized Bis(2‐picolyl)amine (bpa) Ligand with Palladium(II) and Zinc(II) Display Different Intermoleclar Interactions around the Common (H2O)2(anion)2 Motif

This work reports structural investigations on two metal complexes of the functionalized (p‐carboxylatobenzyl)‐bis(2‐picolyl)amine ligand 1 (HL). The complex {[HLPdCl]Cl × H₂O}₂ ( 2_Pd ) has a square‐planar coordination around the Pd ion. It forms discrete dimers by intermolecular hydrogen bonding involving the protonated ligand HL. The coordination around the Zn²⁺ ion in {[(H₂O)LZn]CF₃SO₃ × 2 H₂O}_∞ ( 3_Zn ) is best described as distorted trigonal‐bipyramidal. The N₃O₂ ligand sphere is composed of three nitrogen atoms from the bpa ligand, one water molecule, and a carboxylate oxygen atom from a neighbouring molecule, thus forming infinite chains along the crystallographic a axis. Further intermolecular interactions are based on the same (H₂O)₂(anion)₂ motif as for 2_Pd , but whereas the former forms discrete dimers, 3_Zn forms a more complicated two‐dimensional coordination polymer with additional intermolecular hydrogen bonds.     

Anion Effects on the Formation of Silver(I) Complexes with the Flexible Ligand 4,4′‐Bis(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐ylmethyl)biphenyl

The reaction of 4,4′‐bis(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐ylmethyl)biphenyl (btmb) with silver(I) salts of BF₄^–, NO₃^– and N₃^– led to the formation of four new silver(I) coordination polymers {[Ag(btmb)]BF₄}_n ( 1 ), {[Ag₂(btmb)₃](NO₃)₂(H₂O)₅}_n ( 2 ), [Ag₂(btmb)(N₃)₂]_n ( 3 ), and [Ag(btmb)(N₃)]_n ( 4 ). Their coordination number varies from 2 (in 1 ) to 3 (in 2 ), 4 (in 3 ), and 5 (in 4 ). Different from the single chain structure of 1 , complex 2 displays a 1D ladder‐like double chain framework, whereas complex 3 exhibits a 2D layered architecture. Complex 4 has the same anion as complex 3 but shows a different metal‐to‐ligand ratio and a 1D double‐zigzag chain structure. Both 3 and 4 have Ag ··· Ag argentophilic interactions. The ligand btmb adopts both cis or trans configuration in the studied complexes. A trans‐ or cis‐btmb ligand link silver ions with Ag ··· Ag distances of ≈?18 and 13 Å, respectively. BF₄^– and NO₃^– are non‐coordinating anions in 1 and 2 . N₃^– is the bridging anion in 3 (1,3‐bridging fashion) and 4 (1,1‐bridging fashion). These findings suggest that the coordination numbers around the Ag^I ion correlate to the coordination abilities of anions and the btmb to silver ratio. In addition, the influence of anions on thermal stability were also investigated. This work is a good example that nicely supports the less explored field of anion‐dependent structures of complexes with non‐pyridyl ligands.     

Platinum (II) N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes: Synthesis,characterization and cytotoxic properties

Platinum (II) complexes bearing N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands have been widely used in catalytic chemistry, but there are very few reports of biological properties of this type of complexes. A series of [PtCl₂(NHC)(PEt₃)] complexes were synthesized. The structures of all compounds were characterized by ¹H‐NMR, ¹³C‐NMR, IR and elemental analysis techniques, which supported the proposed structures. The single crystal structures of complexes 1a and 1e were determined. The title complexes show slightly distorted square‐planar coordination around the platinum (II) metal center. The cytotoxic properties of the platinum (II)–NHC complexes have been assessed in various human cancer lines, including cisplatin‐sensitive and resistant cells. IC₅₀ values of these four complexes were determined by the MTS‐based assay on three human cell lines—brain (SHSY5Y), colon (HTC116) and liver (HEP3B). These complexes have been highlighted cancer therapeutic agent with unique structures and functions.     

Three Lead(II) Complexes in One Coordination Polymer, [Pb(TpyCl)Cl][Pb(TpyCl)Cl2][PbCl3](CH3OH)

[Pb(TpyCl)Cl][Pb(TpyCl)Cl₂][PbCl₃](CH₃OH) ( 1 ), a new coordination polymer of divalent lead with the ligand 4′‐chloro‐2,2′:6′,2"‐terpyridine (TpyCl), was obtained as single crystals by the branched tube method. The crystal structure contains three complexes, the cationic [Pb(TpyCl)Cl]⁺, the neutral [Pb(TpyCl)Cl₂] and the anionic [PbCl₃]^–, which are connected through bridging chlorides and hydrogen bonds to a two‐dimensional coordination polymer. In all three complexes, the arrangement around the Pb²⁺ ion suggests the existence of a stereoactive lone pair.     

Anion‐Coordination‐Induced Turn‐On Fluorescence of an Oligourea‐Functionalized Tetraphenylethene in a Wide Concentration Range

A tetrakis(bisurea)‐decorated tetraphenylethene (TPE) ligand ( L² ) was designed, which, upon coordination with phosphate ions, displays fluorescence “turn‐on” over a wide concentration range, from dilute to concentrated solutions and to the solid state. The fluorescence enhancement can be attributed to the restriction of the intramolecular rotation of TPE by anion coordination. The crystal structure of the A₄L₂ (A=anion) complex of L² with monohydrogen phosphate provides direct evidence for the coordination mode of the anion. This “anion‐coordination‐induced emission” (ACIE) is another approach for fluorescence turn‐on in addition to aggregation‐induced emission (AIE).     

A pyrophosphate-responsive gadolinium(III) MRI contrast agent

This study shows that the relaxivity and optical properties of functionalised lanthanide‐DTPA‐bis‐amide complexes (lanthanide=Gd³⁺ and Eu³⁺, DTPA=diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) can be successfully modulated by addition of specific anions, without direct Ln³⁺/anion coordination. Zinc(II)‐dipicolylamine moieties, which are known to bind strongly to phosphates, were introduced in the amide “arms” of these ligands, and the interaction of the resulting Gd–Zn₂ complexes with a range of anions was screened by using indicator displacement assays (IDAs). Considerable selectivity for polyphosphorylated species (such as pyrophosphate and adenosine‐5′‐triphosphate (ATP)) over a range of other anions (including monophosphorylated anions) was apparent. In addition, we show that pyrophosphate modulates the relaxivity of the gadolinium(III) complex, this modulation being sufficiently large to be observed in imaging experiments. To establish the binding mode of the pyrophosphate and gain insight into the origin of the relaxometric modulation, a series of studies including UV/Vis and emission spectroscopy, luminescence lifetime measurements in H₂O and D₂O, ¹⁷O and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance dispersion (NMRD) studies were carried out.     

(Azido‐κN)bis­(di‐2‐pyridylamine)­copper(II) hexa­fluoro­phosphate and (azido‐κN)bis­(di‐2‐pyridylamine)­copper(II) chloride tetra­hydrate

The two new title complexes, [Cu(N₃)(dpyam)₂]PF₆ (dpyam is di‐2‐pyridylamine, C₁₀H₁₁N₃), (I), and [Cu(N₃)(dpyam)₂]Cl·4H₂O, (II), respectively, have been characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Both complexes display a distorted square‐pyramidal geometry. Each Cu atom is coordinated in the basal plane by three dpyam N atoms and one azide N atom in equatorial positions, and by another N atom from the dpyam group in the apical position. In complex (I), the one‐dimensional supra­molecular architecture is assembled via hydrogen‐bonding inter­actions between the amine N atom and terminal azide N atoms and the F atoms of the PF₆⁻ anion. For complex (II), hydrogen‐bonding inter­actions between the amine N atom, the Cl⁻ anion and water O atoms result in a two‐dimensional lattice.     

Synthesis,Properties and Crystal Structures of Mononuclear Copper(II) Complexes with Bis(2-Pyridylmethyl)Amino Acids

Tetradentate Schiff-base carboxylate-containing ligands, bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amino-3-propionic acid (Hpmpa) and bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amino-4-butyric acid (Hpmba), react with CuCl₂ to give rise to the mononuclear complexes [Cu(Hpmpa)Cl]Cl · 2H₂O (1) and [Cu(Hpmba)Cl₂]· H₂O (2). These complexes have been characterized by X-ray crystallography, spectroscopic and cyclic voltammetry. Crystal structure of (1) shows that the copper(II) ion has a distorted square-pyramidal geometry with the three nitrogen atoms of the Hpmpa ligand and one chloride anion occupying the basal plane and an oxygen atom from the carboxylate group coordinating the axial position. In (2), the coordination environment around the copper(II) ion reveals a distorted square-pyramids with three nitrogen atoms of the Hpmba ligand and one chloride anion that comprise the basal plane, whereas the apical position is filled by the chloride anion. Cyclic voltammetry of the complexes gives two one-electron waves corresponding to Cu^II/Cu^III and Cu^III/Cu^I processes. The electronic spectra and redox potentials of the complexes are influenced significantly by the N-pendant carboxylate groups.     

Observation of poly(ethylene glycol) clusters with the chlorine anion in the gas phase under electrospray conditions

It is demonstrated herein that poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) oligomers can form stable complexes with the chlorine anion in the gas phase as evidenced by results from electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) and molecular dynamics simulation. While the formation of crown‐ether‐like structures by acyclic polyethers in their complexes with alkali metal cations coordinated by the ether oxygen atoms has been extensively studied, the possibility of forming ‘inversed’ quasi‐cyclic structures able to bind a monoatomic anion has not been proved till now. We have observed the formation of stable gas‐phase complexes of oligomers of PEG‐400 with the Cl^? anion experimentally by ESI‐MS for the first time. It is suggested that a necessary precondition for obtaining the polyether‐chlorine anion clusters is the prevention of the formation of neutral ion pairs. Molecular dynamics simulation has demonstrated the wrapping of the Cl^? anion by the PEG chain, to stabilize the PEG_n?Cl^? clusters in the gas phase. The conformation of the polyether chain in such quasi‐cyclic or quasi‐helical complexes is ‘inversed’ compared with that in the complexes with cations: that is its hydrogen atoms are turned towards the central anion. Awareness of the possibility of the Cl^? anion being trapped in quasi‐cyclic PEG structures may be of practical importance when considering the intermolecular interactions of PEGs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Crystal Structure and IR Spectrum of Diaqua(o‐phenanthroline) bis(saccharinato)lead(II)

The crystal structure of [Pb(sac)₂ophen(H₂O)₂] (sac = saccharinate anion; ophen = 1,10‐phenanthroline) has been solved by single X‐ray diffractometry. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with Z = 4. The Pb^II atom presents the coordination number eight with unusual coordination of the ligand atoms between square‐antiprism and dodecahedron. The saccharinate anion acts as a bidentate ligand. The i. r. spectrum of the complex has been analyzed in detail and assigned on the basis of the structural peculiarities.     

Influences of steric bulkiness in hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate ligands on ethylene polymerization reaction

Manganese(II) complex catalysts with hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate ligands have been examined on their catalytic performance in ethylene polymerization and ethylene/1‐hexene copolymerization. The activities of [Mn(L6)(Cl)(NCMe)] ( 1 ) and [Mn(L10)(Cl)] ( 2 ) activated by Al(i‐Bu)₃/[Ph₃C][B(C₆F₅)₄] for ethylene polymerization go up to 326 and 11 kg mol (cat^?1) h^?1, respectively, (L6^? = hydrotris(3‐phenyl‐5‐methyl‐1‐pyrazolyl)borate anion, L10^? = hydrotris(3‐adamantyl‐5‐isopropyl‐1‐pyrazolyl)borate anion). In particular, for ethylene/1‐hexene copolymerization, complex 1 gives high‐molecular‐weight poly(ethylene‐co‐1‐hexene)s with the highest M_w of 439,000 in manganese olefin polymerization catalyst systems. Moreover, the 1‐hexene incorporation by complex 1 seems more efficient than that by [Mn(L3)(Cl)] ( 4 ) (L3^? = hydrotris(3‐tertiary butyl‐5‐isopropyl‐1‐pyrazolyl)borate anion). In this work, we demonstrated that the coordination geometry and coordination number are also important factors for ethylene polymerization reaction as well as steric hindrances and ligand frameworks in our manganese(II) catalysts. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5720–5727, 2009     

First Stabilization of 14‐Electron Rhodium(I) Complexes by Hemichelation

Hemichelation is emerging as a new mode of coordination where non‐covalent interactions crucially contribute to the cohesion of electron‐unsaturated organometallic complexes. This study discloses an unprecedented demonstration of this concept to a Group 9 metal, that is, Rh^I. The syntheses of new 14‐electron Rh^I complexes were achieved by choosing the anti‐[(η⁶:η⁶‐fluorenyl){Cr(CO)₃}₂] anion as the ambiphilic hemichelating ligand, which was treated with [{Rh(nbd)Cl}₂] (nbd=norbornadiene) and [{Rh(CO)₂Cl}₂]. The new T‐shaped Rh^I hemichelates were characterized by analytical and structural methods. Investigations using the methods of the DFT and electron‐density topology analysis (NCI region analysis, QTAIM theory) confirmed the closed‐shell, non‐covalent and attractive characters of the interaction between the Rh^I center and the proximal Cr(CO)₃ moiety. This study shows that, by appropriate tuning of the electronic properties of the ambiphilic ligand, truly coordination‐unsaturated Rh^I complexes can be synthesized in a manageable form.     

Synthesis,spectra, crystal structures and anticancer studies of 26‐membered macrocyclic dibutyltin(IV) dithiocarbamate complexes: Single‐source precursors for tin sulfide nanoparticles

Four new macrocyclic dinuclear dibutyltin(IV) dithiocarbamate complexes of the type [Bu₂Sn(dtc)]₂, where dtc = hexane‐1,6‐diylbis(4‐fluorobenzyldithiocarbamate) anion ( 1 ), hexane‐1,6‐diylbis(4‐chlorobenzyldithiocarbamate) anion ( 2 ), hexane‐1,6‐diylbis(furfuryldithiocarbamate) anion ( 3 ) and hexane‐1,6‐diylbis(pyrrole‐2‐ylmethyldithiocarbamate) anion ( 4 ), have been prepared. The dithiocarbamate ligands efficiently self‐assemble with Bu₂Sn(IV) to form bimetallic 26‐membered macrocycles. All the complexes have been characterized using elemental analysis, infrared and NMR (¹H and ¹³C) spectroscopies and X‐ray crystallography. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis of all the complexes confirms the formation of the dinuclear metallomacrocycles in which dithiocarbamate ligands are asymmetrically bound to the tin atoms. The coordination sphere around the tin atom in 1 – 4 can be described as a skew trapezoidal bipyramid. The dimensions of the cavity of the macrocycles of 1 – 4 are ca 8.0 × 9.0 Å². Complexes 1 – 4 were evaluated for their in vitro anticancer activity against MCF‐7 and HL‐60 cells. Complexes 1 and 2 are more active against MCF‐7 and HL‐60. Thermal decomposition of 1 and 4 yielded tin sulfides. They were characterized using powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and UV diffuse reflectance and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopies. PXRD studies reveal that the as‐prepared tin sulfides are composed of orthorhombic phase of SnS.