Spectral Energy Density in a Kerr Nonlinear Blackbody

In a Kerr nonlinear blackbody, bare photons with opposite wave vectors and helicities are bound into pairs and unpaired photons are transformed into a new kind of quasiparticle, the nonpolariton. The nonpolariton system constitutes free thermal radiation in the blackbody. The present paper investigates the spectral energy density of the thermal radiation. It is found that the spectral energy density of a Kerr nonlinear blackbody is larger than that of a normal blackbody.     

Spectral Energy Density in a Kerr Nonlinear Blackbody

In a Kerr nonlinear blackbody, bare photons with opposite wave vectors and helicities are bound into pairsand unpaired photons are transformed into a new kind of quasiparticle, the nonpolariton. The nonpolariton system constitutes free thermal radiation in the blackbody. The present paper investigates the spectral energy density of the thermal radiation. It is found that the spectral energy density of a Kerr nonlinear blackbody is larger than that of a normal blackbody.     

Quasiprobability distribution in a Kerr-nonlinear blackbody

In a Kerr-nonlinear blackbody, bare photons with opposite wave vectors and helicities are bound into pairs and unpaired photons are transformed into a new kind of quasiparticle, the nonpolariton. The nonpolariton system constitutes free thermal radiation in the blackbody. In this paper, the quasiprobability (Q function) distribution of thermal radiation is investigated. Non-classical effects of quadrature squeezing have been observed. The structure of nonpolaritons is unsteady and governed by the temperature. The phase space of the photon system is considered and found that in the transition from the normal to the squeezed thermal radiation state, the phase symmetry of the photon system is spontaneously broken.     

Statistical properties of thermal radiation in a Kerr nonlinear blackbody

We study the statistical properties of thermal radiation in a Kerr nonlinear blackbody in which bare photons with opposite wave vectors and helities are bound into pairs and unpaired photons are transformed into a different kind of quasiparticle, the nonpolariton. This paper investigates the statistical properties of the photon blackbody field by using the second-order correlation function, the phase space distribution function, the photon number distribution and the nonclassical depth. The numerical computation and a discussion of the results are present.     

Finite-size corrections to the radiation laws of a Kerr nonlinear blackbody

In a Kerr nonlinear blackbody (KNB), bare photons with opposite wave vectors and helicities are bound into pairs and unpaired photons are transformed into nonpolaritons. The nonpolariton system can constitute free thermal radiation in the blackbody. The present paper investigates the radiation of a KNB in a cavity of finite-size. For a given geometry, we obtain explicit expressions of the modified Planck and Stefan-Boltzmann blackbody radiation laws as a function of the temperature, size and shape of the cavity by using semiclassical techniques. Moreover, we discuss these corrections of a spherical KNB and the range of parameters (temperature and size of the cavity) in which these effects are accessible to experimental detection. Finally, we calculate the finite-size corrections (FSCs) under these conditions, and this work may lay the foundation for the experimental verification of a KNB.     

Difference between a photon's momentum and an atom's recoil

When an atom absorbs a photon from a laser beam that is not an infinite plane wave, the atom's recoil is less than variant Planck's k in the propagation direction. We show that the recoils in the transverse directions produce a lensing of the atomic wave functions, which leads to a frequency shift that is not discrete but varies linearly with the field amplitude and strongly depends on the atomic state detection. The same lensing effect is also important for microwave atomic clocks. The frequency shifts are of the order of the naive recoil shift for the transverse wave vector of the photons.     

Correlation of the energies of photons emitted in cascade transitions

New details of a well-known physical process—cascade transition—have been considered. The wave function of a system of two photons emitted in a cascade transition in the absence of a shift of the phase of the intermediate state was studied. The joint energy distribution density for two such photons is obtained by numerical calculation, and a correlation between their energies at certain probabilities of radiative transitions is ascertained. This phenomenon can be used to diagnose the plasma density.     

Study of Nonpolaritons in a Kerr Nonlinear Optical Resonator

We find that in a Kerr nonlinear optical resonator, the photon system possesses a new kind of quasiparticle, the nonpolariton. The existence of nonpolaritons should be testified by observing the energy density dependence of the velocity and squeezing of nonpolaritons. As we have investigated, the transition energy density of a Kerr nonlinear optical resonator is larger than that of a normal state.     

On the possibility of the realization of combustion and detonation waves in a system of nuclear isomers

The possible regimes of the propagation of a self-sustained fluorescence wave of long-lived nuclear isomers, which is initiated by transitions to the nearest short-lived level owing to the absorption of X-ray photons and inelastic collisions of electrons in a plasma, have been analyzed. It has been found that, when the energy exchange between the nuclear subsystem and plasma is due to absorption and emission of photons, the fluorescence wave can propagate in the fast (with a near-light velocity) deflagration regime induced by the radiative heat transfer mechanism. When the energy exchange between the subsystems is nonradiative, the (slower) detonation regime becomes significant. The implementation of each of the two regimes requires certain conditions on the characteristics of the system.     

On observing the absence of an atom

An atom is confined to a box in its ground state. An attempt is made to observe it in the left half of the box by scattering photons out of a photon wave packet passing through this half of the box. If no photons are scattered, the atom is missing. It is located on the right side of the box and its wave function is changed. The expectation value of the combined atom and photon energy is increased. For the other alternative, that the atom is found on the left side, the expectation value is decreased. By including both alternatives, it is shown that the mean energy is conserved.     

Modified radiation laws of a rectangular Kerr nonlinear blackbody

A Kerr nonlinear blackbody (KNB) is a new kind of blackbody in which bare photons with opposite wave vectors and helicities are bound into pairs and unpaired photons are transformed into nonpolaritons. In the present paper, we focus our investigation on the modified radiation laws, such as Planck and Stefan-Boltzmann radiation laws, of a rectangular KNB. Besides, the case of a KNB with no symmetry axes is also discussed. Finally, we make a numerical calculation of modified radiation laws of a cubic KNB under appropriate conditions, and we consider this work may lay the foundation for the experimental verification of the model of a KNB.     

Search for a Higgs boson decaying into two photons in the CMS detector

A search for a Higgs boson decaying into two photons in pp collisions at the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV is presented. The analysis is performed on a dataset corresponding to 1.66 fb^?1 of data recorded in 2011 by the CMS experiment. Limits are set on the cross-section of a Standard Model Higgs boson decaying into two photons, and on the cross-section of a fermiophobic Higgs boson decaying into two photons.     

Light interference and the absence of definite values of measured quantities a priori

The peculiarities of the behavior of photons in various experimental situations are considered. Variants of double-beam interference of a single photon and the possibility of forming a standing wave by this photon are analyzed; three-beam interference is also discussed. The effects observed in this case prove the absence of particular values of the measured quantities up to the moment of measurement; in the latter case, the number of photons in the field does not a priori have a certain value, in spite of the fact that the system is in the energy state. An experiment is also considered that proves the absence of a certain phase and the phase difference of photons in the Fock state, which makes it possible to treat different types of theories of hidden parameters, including nonlocal ones, more critically.     

The collective Lamb shift in nuclear γ-ray superradiance

The electromagnetic transitions of M?ssbauer nuclei provide almost ideal two-level systems to transfer quantum optical concepts into the regime of hard x-rays. If many identical atoms collectively interact with a resonant radiation field, one observes (quantum) optical properties that are strongly different from those of a single atom. The most prominent effect is the broadening of the resonance line known as collective enhancement, resulting from multiple scattering of real photons within the atomic ensemble. On the other hand, the exchange of virtual photons within the ensemble leads to a tiny energy shift of the resonance line, the collective Lamb shift, that remained experimentally elusive for a long time after its prediction. Here we illustrate how highly brilliant synchrotron radiation allows one to prepare superradiant states of excited M?ssbauer nuclei, an important condition for observation of the collective Lamb shift.     

螺旋光纤系统中非绝热条件几何相移

由于绝热条件几何相位量子逻辑门存在非绝热差错与退相干差错这一冲突，因此在拓扑量子计算中需要设计非绝热条件几何相门，以克服这一不足.证明螺旋光纤系统内光子有效哈密顿量恰好是一个Wang Matsumoto型哈密顿量，因此螺旋光纤系统能自动产生非绝热条件几何相移.同时还证明在螺旋光纤方案中，由极化光子与螺旋光纤相互作用哈密顿量所导致的动力学相位为零（这正是拓扑量子计算所要求的），以及在螺旋光纤系统中可以通过控制极化光子初始波矢，从而较容易获得条件初始态.总之，螺旋光纤系统方案能自动满足Wang与Matsumoto的核磁共振方案中为实现非绝热条件几何相移所提出的全部条件与要求. 关键词： 几何相位 螺旋光纤系统 Wang Matsumoto型哈密顿量 拓扑量子计算     

On Virtual Phonons,Photons, and Electrons

A macroscopic realization of the peculiar virtual particles is presented. The classical Helmholtz and the Schrödinger equations are differential equations of the same mathematical structure. The solutions with an imaginary wave number are called evanescent modes in the case of elastic and electromagnetic fields. In the case of non-relativistic quantum mechanical fields they are called tunneling solutions. The imaginary wave numbers point to strange consequences: The waves are non-local, they are not observable, and they are described as virtual particles. During the last two decades QED calculations of the solutions with an imaginary wave number have been experimentally confirmed for phonons, photons, and electrons. The experimental proofs of the predictions of non-relativistic quantum mechanics and the Wigner phase time approach for the elastic, electromagnetic and Schrödinger fields will be presented in this article. The results are zero time in the barrier and an interaction time (i.e. a phase shift) at the barrier interfaces. The measured tunneling time scales approximately inversely with the particle energy. Actually, the tunneling time is given only by the barrier boundary interaction time, as zero time is spent inside a barrier.     

Quantum routing of few photons using a nonlinear cavity coupled to two chiral waveguides

We investigate few-photon scattering properties in two one-dimensional waveguides chirally coupled to a nonlinear cavity. The quantum states of scattered few photons are solved analytically via a real-space approach, and the solution indicates the few-photon reflection and transmission properties. When inputting two photons of equal energy to resonate with the cavity, the propagation characteristics of the two photons will be interesting, which is different from the previous anti-bunching effects with a quantum emitter. More importantly, when the total energy of the two incident photons equals the energy of a nonlinear cavity accommodating two photons, influence of the bound state will become larger to result in disappearance of antibunching effect. However, the bound state has no effect on probability of routing to another waveguide.     

Red shift of spectral lines in the Sun's chromosphere

An unexplained center-to-limb variation (CLV) of solar wavelengths has been known for 75 years. A theory is described which not only explains this variation but also predicts its amplitude without the use of any adjustable parameter. The model considered is based on the fact that the momentum transfer of the solar photons to the electrons of the atoms of the solar atmosphere produces secondary radiation due to bremsstrahlung. The energy of this bremsstrahlung radiation is taken away from the energy of the initial photons and leads to a red shift. No ad hoc parameters are used, and all constants are either fundamental physical constants or well-known solar parameters. The model can explain the variation of the CLV as a function of its position on the disk and near the limb, and even the change in the lineshapes especially near the limb     

High-Energy Physics with Particles Carrying Non-Zero Orbital Angular Momentum

Thanks to progress in optics in the past two decades, it is possible to create photons carrying well-defined non-zero orbital angular momentum (OAM). Boosting these photons into high-energy range preserving their OAM seems feasible. Intermediate energy electrons with OAM have also been produced recently. One can, therefore, view OAM as a new degree of freedom in high-energy collisions and ask what novel insights it can bring. Here we discuss generic features of scattering processes involving twisted particles in the initial state. We show that they make it possible to perform a Fourier analysis of a plane wave cross section with respect to the azimuthal angles of the initial particles, and to probe the autocorrelation function of the amplitude, a quantity inaccessible in plane wave collisions.