From the Complete Yang Model to Snyder＇s Model,de Sitter Special Relativity and Their Duality

By means of the Dirac procedure, we re-examine Yang＇s quantized space-time model, its relation to Snyder＇s model, the dS special relativity and their UV IR duality. Starting from a dimensionless dS3-space in a （5＋1）- dimensional Mink-space a complete Yang model at both classical and quantum level can be presented and there really exists Snyder＇s model, the dS special relativity and the duality.     

Quantum Gauge General Relativity

Based on gauge principle, a new model on quantum gravity is proposed in the frame work of quantum gauge theory of gravity. The model has local gravitational gauge symmetry, and the field equation of the gravitational gauge field is just the famous Einstein‘s field equation. Because of this reason, this model is called quantum gauge general relativity, which is the consistent unification of quantum theory and general relativity. The model proposed in this paper is a perturbatively renormalizable quantum gravity, which is one of the most important advantage of the quantum gauge general relativity proposed in this paper. Another important advantage of the quantum gauge general relativity is that it can explain both classical tests of gravity and quantum effects of gravitational interactions, such as gravitational phase effects found in COW experiments and gravitational shielding effects found in Podkletnov experiments.     

Quantum Gauge General Relativity

Based on gauge principle, a new model on quantum gravity is proposed in the frame work of quantum gauge theory of gravity. The model has local gravitational gauge symmetry, and the field equation of the gravitational gauge field is just the famous Einstein‘s field equation. Because of this reason, this model is called quantum gauge general relativity, which is the consistent unification of quantum theory and general relativity. The model proposed in this paper is a perturbatively renormalizable quantum gravity, which is one of the most important advantage of the quantum gauge general relativity proposed in this paper. Another important advantage of the quantum gauge general relativity is that it can explain both classical tests of gravity and quantum effects of gravitational interactions, such as gravitational phase effects found in COW experiments and gravitational shielding effects found in Podkletnov experiments.     

BIG-BANG COSMOLOGY

<正>Revised September 2013 by K.A.Olive(University of Minnesota)and J.A.Peacock(University of Edinburgh).22.1.Introduction to Standard Big-Bang Model The observed expansion of the Universe[1-3]is a natural(almost inevitable)result of any homogeneous and isotropic cosmological model based on general relativity.However,by itself,the Hubble expansion does not provide sufficient evidence for what we generally refer to as the Big-Bang model of cosmology.While general relativity is in principle capable of describing the cosmology of any given distribution of matter,it is extremely fortunate that our Universe appears to be homogeneous and isotropic on large scales.Together,homogeneity and isotropy allow us to extend the Copernican Principle to the Cosmological Principle,stating that all spatial positions in the     

Vibration analysis of a new polymer quartz piezoelectric crystal sensor for detecting characteristic materials of volatility liquidVibration analysis of a new polymer quartz piezoelectric crystal sensor for detecting characteristic materials of volatility liquid

We present a new polymer quartz piezoelectric crystal sensor that takes a quartz piezoelectric crystal as the basal material and a nanometer nonmetallic polymer thin film as the surface coating based on the principle of quartz crystal microbalance （QCM）. The new sensor can be used to detect the characteristic materials of a volatile liquid. A mechanical model of the new sensor was built, whose structure was a thin circle plate composing of polytef/quartz piezoelectric/polytef. The mechanical model had a diameter of 8 mm and a thickness of 170 ~tm. The vibration state of the model was simulated by software ANSYS after the physical parameters and the boundary condition of the new sensor were set. According to the results of experiments, we set up a frequency range from 9.995850 MHz to 9.997225 MHz, 17 kinds of frequencies and modes of vibration were obtained within this range. We found a special frequency fsp of 9.996358 MHz. When the resonant frequency of the new sensor＇s mechanical model reached the special frequency, a special phenomenon occurred. In this case, the amplitude of the center point O on the mechanical model reached the maximum value. At the same time, the minimum absolute difference between the simulated frequency based on the ANSYS software and the experimental measured stable frequency was reached. The research showed that the design of the new polymer quartz piezoelectric crystal sensor perfectly conforms to the principle of QCM. A special frequency value fsp was found and subsequently became one of the most important parameters in the new sensor design.     

Flat limit of the de Sitter QFT in the rest frame vacuum

The problem of the flat limits of the scalar and spinor fields on the de Sitter expanding universe is considered in the traditional adiabatic vacuum and in the new rest frame vacuum we proposed recently,in which the frequencies are separated in the rest frames as in special relativity.It is shown that only in the rest frame vacuum can the Minkowskian flat limit be reached naturally fbr any momentum,whereas in the adiabatic vacuum,this limit remains undefined in rest frames in which the momentum vanishes.An important role is played by the phases of the fundamental solutions in the rest frame vacuum,which must be regularized to obtain the desired Minkowskian flat limits.This procedure fixes the phases of the scalar mode functions and Dirac spinors,resulting in their definitive expressions derived here.The physical consequenee is that,in the rest frame vacuum,the flat limits of the oneparticle operators are simply the corresponding operators of special relativity.     

Vibration analysis of a new polymer quartz piezoelectric crystal sensor for detecting characteristic materials of volatility liquid

We present a new polymer quartz piezoelectric crystal sensor that takes a quartz piezoelectric crystal as the basal material and a nanometer nonmetallic polymer thin film as the surface coating based on the principle of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The new sensor can be used to detect the characteristic materials of a volatile liquid. A mechanical model of the new sensor was built, whose structure was a thin circle plate composing of polytef/quartz piezoelectric/polytef. The mechanical model had a diameter of 8 mm and a thickness of 170 μ. The vibration state of the model was simulated by software ANSYS after the physical parameters and the boundary condition of the new sensor were set. According to the results of experiments, we set up a frequency range from 9.995850 MHz to 9.997225 MHz, 17 kinds of frequencies and modes of vibration were obtained within this range. We found a special frequency f_sp of 9.996358 MHz. When the resonant frequency of the new sensor’s mechanical model reached the special frequency, a special phenomenon occurred. In this case, the amplitude of the center point O on the mechanical model reached the maximum value. At the same time, the minimum absolute difference between the simulated frequency based on the ANSYS software and the experimental measured stable frequency was reached. The research showed that the design of the new polymer quartz piezoelectric crystal sensor perfectly conforms to the principle of QCM. A special frequency value f_sp was found and subsequently became one of the most important parameters in the new sensor design.     

Cellular Automation Model of Traffic Flow Based on the Car-Following Model

We propose a new cellular automation (CA) traffic model that is based on the car-following model. A class of driving strategies is used in the car-following model instead of the acceleration in the NaSch traffic model. In our model, some realistic driver behaviour and detailed vehicle characteristics have been taken into account, such as distance-headway and safe distance, etc. The simulation results show that our model can exhibit some traffic flow states that have been observed in the real traffic, and both of the maximum flux and the critical density are very close to the real measurement. Moreover, it is easy to extend our method to multi-lane traffic.     

Energy Conditions and Constraints on the Generalized Non-Local Gravity Model

We study and derive the energy conditions in generalized non-local gravity, which is the modified theory of general relativity obtained by adding a term m~(2 n-2)R□~(-n)nR to the Einstein-Hilbert action. Moreover, to obtain some insight on the meaning of the energy conditions, we illustrate the evolutions of four energy conditions with the model parameter ε for different n. By analysis we give the constraints on the model parameters ε.     

Modified Two-Scale Model for Low-Grazing-Angle Scattering from Two-Dimensional Sea Surface

A hybrid model for describing a fully developed two-dimensional sea surface is presented,which incorporates the sea spectrum into a fractal model,and an improved two-scale model is applied to calculate the scattering coefficient.In this model the slope distribution of the large-scale surface is obtained with a numerical method instead of being assumed,and the projecting and ray tracing methods are applied to obtain the shadow function for arbgitrary incident and scattering angles.Moreover the effect of curvature of the large-scale undulating surface on the scattered wave is taken into account.Hence the precision of the results is greatly increased at low-grazing angles.Finally the amplitude and fractal characteristics of the scattered wave are analysed,which are of great significance for distinguishing and detecting targets on the sea.     

Mechanisms of Avalanche Dynamics in a Stochastic Four-State Sandpile Model

We study the stochastic four-state sandpile model on the square lattice. The static and dynamical properties of the model are investigated and compared with the deterministic sandpile model of Bak, Tang, and Wiesenfeld [Phys. Rev. Lett. 59 (1987) 381]. The numerical results show that the stochastic model defines a new universality class with respect to the deterministic sandpile. We also find that the waves in an avalanche are uncorrelated in the stochastic model (in the BTW model, the waves in an avalanche are correlated). The physical origin of the critical behaviour of the stochastic model being different from that of the BTW model is ascribed to the ordering and deterministic property of the toppling law in the BTW model.     

Variations of the Speed of Light with Frequency and Implied Photon Mass

A general frequency-dependent dispersion relation of the speed of light in different mediums （vacuum, insulator, plasma） is deduced based on the Proca equations. Several recent astronomical observations of the pulsars are used to set the limits on the photon rest mass by this method and several upper bounds of larger than one order improvement than previous similar results are obtained. Considering the dispersion of the massive photon, the possible upper limits on the photon rest mass are also derived from the recently experimental results for testing the constancy of the speed of light in special relativity.     

Hidden Symmetries for Thermodynamics and Emergence of Relativity

Erik Verlinde recently proposed an idea about the thermodynamic origin of gravity. Though this is a beautiful idea, which may resolve many long standing problems in the theories of gravity, it also raises many other problems. In this article I will comment on some of the problems of Verlinde＇s proposal with special emphasis on the thermodynamical origin of the principle of relativity. It is found that there is a large group of hidden symmetries of thermodynamics, which contains the Poincare group of the spacetime for which space is emergent. This explains the thermodynamic origin of the principle of relativity.     

Effect of road structure on the capacity of a signalized road intersection

In this paper, we use the stochastic Nagel--Schreckenberg (NaSch) model to investigate the influence of a special right-turning lane connecting two main roads on the capacity of a signalized road intersection. It is found that the magnitude of right-turning traffic flow and the linking position of the special right-turning lane can greatly influence the capacity of the signalized road intersection. The relation between traffic flow and entering probability for different distances between the entrance (exit) of the special right-turning lane and the road intersection is simulated and analysed. The corresponding spatiotemporal pattern and phase diagram on different sections of the main road are given under the condition of close proximity to the signalized road intersection, stop-and-go traffic occur and obstruct the intersection. On the contrary, unchanged flux is maintained as the distance exceeds a critical values. All the studies indicate that setting a special right-turning lane by choosing a suitable location near a signalized road intersection can relieve the load of current traffic on the main road and maintain traffic flow.     

Model of Raman–Nath acousto-optic diffraction

In this Letter, we discuss Raman–Nath acousto-optic diffraction, and a new model of Raman–Nath acousto-optic diffraction is presented. The model is based on the individual and simultaneous occurrences of phase-grating diffraction and the Doppler effect and optical phase modulation and photon–phonon scattering. We find that the optical phase modulation can cause temporal and spatial fluctuations of the diffracted light power escaping from the acoustic field.     

The energy of Einstein-Maxwell dilation-axion black hole in the teleparallel geometry

The energy of the stationary axisymmetric Einstein-Maxwell dilation-axion （EMDA） black hole is studied in the context of the Hamiltonian formulation of the teleparallel equivalence of general relativity （TEGR）. The energy expression for the finite and arbitrary space-like two spheres is exactly computed by means of the integral form of the constraint equations of the formalism naturally without any restriction on the metric parameters. We also show that our results give the same values obtained by other methods for some special cases.     

Reduced Dirac equation and Lamb shift as off-mass-shell effect in quantum electrodynamics

Based on the accurate experimental data of energy-level differences in hydrogen-like atoms, especially the 1S--2S transitions of hydrogen and deuterium, the necessity of introducing a reduced Dirac equation with reduced mass as the substitution of original electron mass is stressed. Based on new cognition about the essence of special relativity, we provide a reasonable argument for the reduced Dirac equation to have two symmetries, the invariance under the (newly defined) space--time inversion and that under the pure space inversion, in a noninertial frame. By using the reduced Dirac equation and within the framework of quantum electrodynamics in covariant form, the Lamb shift can be evaluated (at one-loop level) as the radiative correction on a bound electron staying in an off-mass-shell state---a new approach eliminating the infrared divergence. Hence the whole calculation, though with limited accuracy, is simplified, getting rid of all divergences and free of ambiguity.     

Critical Behavior of the Gaussian Model with Periodic Interactions on Diamond—Type Hierarchical Lattices in External Magnetic Fields

The Gaussian spin model with periodic interactions on the diamond-type hierarchical lattices is constructed by generalizing that with uniform interactions on translationally invariant lattices according to a class of substitution sequences.The Gaussian distribution constants and imposed external magnetic fields are also periodic depending on the periodic characteristic of the interaction onds.The critical behaviors of this generalized Gaussian model in external magnetic fields are studied by the exact renormalization-group approach and spin rescaling method.The critical points and all the critical exponents are obtained.The critical behaviors are found to be determined by the Gaussian distribution constants and the fractal dimensions of the lattices.When all the Gaussian distribution constants are the same,the dependence of the critical exponents on the dimensions of the lattices is the same as that of the Gaussian model with uniform interactions on translationally invariant lattices.