航空重力仪稳定平台机电联合建模仿真

航空重力仪是一款对地球重力进行测量的精密仪器,为了使重力仪在工作状态下隔离飞机飞行过程中的各种扰动,始终保持竖直稳定状态,设计了一款高精度航空重力仪惯性稳定平台。同时为了缩短稳定平台设计周期,并保证所设计的稳定平台系统结构方面的性能能够满足设计指标的要求,对所设计的高精度航空重力仪惯性稳定平台进行机电联合建模仿真,建立了基于Adams和Simulink的机电联合仿真模型,对机电联合仿真模型进行了时域和频域仿真分析,得到稳定平台时域与频域的基本性能指标,并把仿真结果和实际测试结果进行了对比。结果表明:在开环的条件下,时域与频域仿真结果和实际测试结果基本一致,俯仰轴幅频匹配度在83%,相频匹配度在79.2%,横滚轴幅频匹配度在92.9%,相频匹配度在86.1%,2个轴的时域匹配基本类似,验证了仿真模型的正确性和有效性。该模型可对稳定平台的伺服性能进行预测,为平台的实际测试与调试打下基础。     

纳米接触行为的三维多尺度数值模拟

应用分子动力学与有限元耦合的桥域多尺度算法,模拟三维刚性球形压头与光滑基体表面的纳米尺度接触行为,并与全原子分子模拟结果比较.考察在一定载荷下的系统弛豫行为、两种模型桥接区位移和应力的连续性、法向力和接触面积随压头位移变化等,结果表明:一定外载荷下,桥域多尺度算法能较快达到平衡状态,且压头的振荡幅度更小,系统初始温度为0 K时该算法的相对误差最小.在准静态加载过程中,该算法能够将原子区的位移、应力等连续的过渡到连续介质区,具有较好的耦合效果;法向力-压头位移和接触半径-压头位移曲线几乎与分子模拟结果重合,表明算法具有较高的计算精度.     

Photothermoacoustic oscillations in a solid-piezoelectric layered structure

Photothermoacoustic oscillations in a thin plane-layered structure consisting of an isotropic solid and a piezoelectric crystal of class 6mm (or piezoelectric ceramics) are studied theoretically and experimentally. Expressions for the potential difference across an arbitrary layer of the piezoelectric transducer are derived. For the case of a two-layer transducer, the amplitude-frequency and phase-frequency dependences of the signal are analyzed. It is shown that, from these experimental dependences, one can determine certain elastic and thermal parameters of a solid. An experiment is performed with samples of Cu, Zn, and TsTS-19 piezoceramics in the frequency range within 9–1000 Hz. The experimental data are used to determine the values of the reduced Young’s modulus and the thermal diffusivity of the materials under study.     

Numerical simulations of the flow field ahead of an accelerating flame in an obstructed channel

The development of the unburned gas flow field ahead of a flame front in an obstructed channel was investigated using large eddy simulation (LES). The standard Smagorinsky–Lilly and dynamic Smagorinsky–Lilly subgrid models were used in these simulations. The geometry is essentially two-dimensional. The fence-type obstacles were placed on the top and bottom surfaces of a square cross-section channel, equally spaced along the channel length at the channel height. The laminar rollup of a vortex downstream of each obstacle, transition to turbulence, and growth of a recirculation zone between consecutive obstacles were observed in the simulations. By restricting the simulations to the early stages of the flame acceleration and by varying the domain width and domain length, the three-dimensionality of the vortex rollup process was investigated. It was found that initially the rollup process was two-dimensional and unaffected by the domain length and width. As the recirculation zone grew to fill the streamwise gap between obstacles, the length and width of the computational domain started to affect the simulation results. Three-dimensional flow structures formed within the shear layer, which was generated near the obstacle tips, and the core flow was affected by large-scale turbulence. The simulation predictions were compared to experimental schlieren images of the convection of helium tracer. The development of recirculation zones resulted in the formation of contraction and expansion regions near the obstacles, which significantly affected the centerline gas velocity. Oscillations in the centerline unburned gas velocity were found to be the dominate cause for the experimentally observed early flame-tip velocity oscillations. At later simulation times, regular oscillations in the unburned streamwise gas velocity were not observed, which is contrary to the experimental evidence. This suggests that fluctuations in the burning rate might be the source of the late flame-tip velocity oscillations. The effect of the obstacle blockage ratio (BR) on the development of the unburned gas flow field was also investigated by varying the obstacle height. Simulation predictions show favorable agreement with the experimental results and indicate that turbulence production increases with increasing obstacle BR.     

X-ray topography analysis of bulk acoustic wave resonators

X-ray topography is first used to totally examine the fundamental modes of acoustic oscillations in the bulk-acoustic-wave (BAW) resonator on the base of an AT-cut quartz crystal at the first and third harmonics. As is evident from the experiments, the anharmonic longitudinal oscillations of the resonator can be visualized, just as the fundamental transverse acoustic oscillations can be. The amplitude-frequency response (AFR) is related to the frequency dependence of diffracted x-ray intensity.     

不同插值算法的光场重聚焦分析

光场数据重聚焦包括空间域重聚焦和频域重聚焦两种方法,在重聚焦过程中均需要进行插值计算,重聚焦精度与插值精度密切相关,而插值算法的复杂度会影响计算效率。在实际大量图像处理中,在重聚焦效果满足精度要求的前提下选择计算效率最高的方法,其中,插值精度对频域影响远大于空间域。介绍了空间域重聚焦和频域重聚焦的原理,以及传统3种插值方法和sinc函数插值法,分别用不同的插值方法对这两种重聚焦方法进行实验,比较其重聚焦效果并计算其效率。实验结果表明,在实际应用中为了满足计算效率的需求,在满足精度要求情况下,空间域重聚焦采用线性插值法最佳,频域采用采样半径为2像素的sinc插值最佳。对同一幅影像多次重聚焦时,频域方法优于空间域方法。     

Advanced computational method for studying molecular vibrations and spectra for symmetrical systems with many degrees of freedom,and its application to fullerene

A computational method for studying molecular vibrations and spectra for symmetrical systems with many degrees of freedom was developed. The algorithm allows overcoming difficulties on the automation of calculus related to the symmetry determination of such oscillations in complex systems with many degrees of freedom. One can find symmetrized displacements and, consequently, obtain and classify normal oscillations and their frequencies. The problem is therefore reduced to the determination of eigenvectors by common numerical methods, and the algorithm simplifies the procedure of symmetry determination for normal oscillations. The proposed method was applied to studying molecular vibrations and spectra of the fullerene molecule C₆₀, and the comparison of theoretical results with experimental data is drawn. The computational method can be further extended to other problems of group theory in physics with applications in clusters and nanostructured materials.     

Using the Pole Models of Signals for Estimation of the Impulse Responses of Ultra-Wideband Systems

To estimate the impulse responses of ultra-wideband systems, we propose an approach based on the approximation of signals in the time domain by exponentially damping oscillations whose appearance times are determined by a distribution density. We present mathematical tools for estimating parameters of the proposed model. The developed approach is tested using experimental data on propagation of electromagnetic pulses in coaxial cables and scattering of pulses by metal objects.     

提高基于机器视觉的心率测量精度的方法

基于摄像头(可见光)的心率测量方法,能够以非接触的方式检测受试者心率,无论在临床应用还是在家庭健康监护中都有着极大的应用前景。但是,CMOS摄像头的行扫描方式采集图像以及计算机系统的图像采集时钟抖动都会影响此类心率测量的精度,从而引入相位误差和系统随机误差。本文针对这两大主要误差进行研究分析,提出了消除相位误差的基于傅里叶变换的幅频叠加算法、消除图像采集系统时钟抖动误差的基于时间标定的三次样条插值重构方法。幅频叠加算法只在幅频域对信号进行处理,能够忽略信号的相位影响,从而消除相位误差。时间标定的三次样条重构算法能够重构图像的均匀采集,从而消除系统时钟抖动引起的随机误差。同时,通过理论推导论证了两种算法的可行性,进而利用LED模拟实验和实际心率测量实验验证该算法在提高信号检测精密度中的特性。在模拟实验中,对每帧图像的200行作幅频叠加运算,能够使信号幅值相对提升4.58%;基于时间标定的三次样条重构算法能使检测的信号频率的均方根误差缩小30%以上;在实际心率检测中,幅频叠加算法可使心率幅值相对提升达33.5%,基于时间标定的三次样条重构算法可使心率准确度提升40%左右。因此,模拟实验和实际心率测量实验均验证了提出的算法在提高系统检测精度上的有效性,提高了基于机器视觉心率测量的抗干扰能力。这两种算法不仅能够提高基于机器视觉的心率检测精度,而且能够适用于基于机器视觉对一定频率信号的检测,在机器视觉检测中具有广泛的意义。     

On the mono-exponential fitting of phosphorescence decays

Several methods for mono-exponential fitting of decay curves are presented and compared among each other in terms of precision, accuracy and computational time. Simulated noisy data sets are generated and evaluated in order to determine the main contributors to a loss in performance. The influence of the temporal discretization of the decay curve on the precision of the fitting methods is discussed. Correlations between the background offset and the decay time are analyzed. Variations of the signal-to-noise ratio are shown, allowing for evaluation of systematic errors and precision in the presence of noise. Finally, the algorithms are applied to experimental data, and the computational efforts for the different algorithms are compared. The results of this latter investigation confirm the conclusions drawn from the simulated data and the following conclusions are drawn: The frequently applied method of performing a linear regression to the logarithm of a background-corrected decay showed systematic errors in the presence of noise. Best results in terms of precision and accuracy were obtained by a nonlinear least-squares approximation and a method denoted as the linear regression of the sum. Additionally, this latter method required the lowest computational time and is finally recommended for determining decay times from experimental data.     

The effect of varying the amplitude-frequency response on the masked speech-reception threshold of sentences for hearing-impaired listeners

In an evaluation of frequency-dependent automatic gain-control systems in hearing aids, the effect of varying the amplitude-frequency response on the speech-reception threshold (SRT) for sentences in noise is studied for 20 hearing-impaired listeners. The noise has a spectrum identical to the long-term average spectrum of the sentences. Speech and noise are shaped by the same amplitude-frequency response; their spectra are varied relative to the bisector of the individual's dynamic range. In four experimental conditions, the effect of a steady-state amplitude-frequency response is studied. Steepening the negative spectral slope of speech and noise appears to cause an increase of masked SRT, possibly due to increased effect of upward spread of masking. The effect of a single transition of the amplitude-frequency response between 10 and -10 dB/oct halfway through the sentence seems to be related to the effect for the fixed -10-dB/oct condition. Two transition times are tested. For a transition time of 0.25 s, the SRT is only a little higher than for 1 s. The results suggest that the amplitude-frequency response may be varied in time without having a detrimental effect on the masked SRT of sentences for hearing-impaired listeners as long as strongly negatively sloping spectra are avoided.     

Interaction of a moving domain wall with surface magnetoelastic waves in yttrium orthoferrite

The amplitude-frequency characteristics of magnetoelastic surface waves excited by moving domain walls in a lamellar yttrium orthoferrite samples are discovered and measured. The results of analysis of the effect of magnetoelastic surface waves on the dynamics of domain walls in this orthoferrite are considered. The nonlinear interaction between magnetoelastic surface waves accompanying a moving domain wall is analyzed.     

Fourier spectral and wavelet solvers for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with volume-penalization: Convergence of a dipole–wall collision

In this study, we use volume-penalization to mimic the presence of obstacles in a flow or a domain with no-slip boundaries. This allows in principle the use of fast Fourier spectral methods and coherent vortex simulation techniques (based on wavelet decomposition of the flow variables) to compute turbulent wall-bounded flow or flows around solid obstacles by simply adding one term in the equation. Convergence checks are reported using a recently revived, and unexpectedly difficult dipole–wall collision as a benchmark computation. Several quantities, like the vorticity isolines, truncation error, kinetic energy and enstrophy are inspected for a collision of a dipole with a no-slip wall and compared with available benchmark data obtained with a standard Chebyshev pseudospectral method. We quantify the possible deteriorating effects of the Gibbs phenomenon present in the Fourier based schemes due to continuity restrictions of the penalized Navier–Stokes equations on the wall. It is found that Gibbs oscillations have a negligible effect on the flow evolution allowing higher-order recovery of the accuracy on a Fourier basis by means of postprocessing. An advantage of coherent vortex simulations, on the other hand, is that the degrees of freedom of the flow computation can strongly be reduced. In this study, we quantify the possible reduction of degrees of freedom while keeping the accuracy. For an optimal convergence scenario the penalization parameter has to scale with the number of Fourier and wavelet modes. In addition, an implicit treatment of the Darcy drag term in the penalized Navier–Stokes equations is beneficial since this allows one to set the time step independent from the penalization parameter without additional computational or memory requirements.     

Electric impedance and amplitude-frequency response of a one-dimensional ultrasonic liquid-filled resonator with flat piezoelectric plates

The impedance method is used to determine the electric impedance of a resonator. The amplitude-frequency response of a one-dimensional liquid-filled ultrasonic resonator is calculated by directly solving the wave equations and piezoelectric effect equations under the corresponding boundary conditions. An analysis of the amplitude-frequency response shows that the simple analytical expression obtained from the aforementioned solution is in good agreement with experimental data. An anomalous variation of the electric current in the radiating piezoelectric plate versus the excitation frequency is theoretically revealed near the high-Q resonance peaks. This effect is confirmed experimentally. It gives rise to errors in the measured absorption coefficient and multiply broadens the resonance peaks when the measurements are performed near the resonance frequencies of the piezoelectric plates.     

Application of new numerical algorithm for solving the Navier—Stokes equations for modelling the work of a viscometer of the physical pendulum type

A model is proposed, which describes the work of the viscometer sensor of the physical pendulum type. The model enables the obtaining of data on fluid viscosity directly from the measurement of the settling frequency of sensor oscillations or the amplitude of these oscillations. To describe the sensor operation a numerical computational algorithm is developed. This method enables the solution of a wide class of three-dimensional laminar fluid flow problems involving moving solids of arbitrary geometry. The results of testing the proposed numerical technique are presented.     

一种定征固体板表面性质的兰姆波方法

基于Ritec-SNAP系统建立了兰姆波实验系统，分析了用兰姆波幅频特性定征固体板表面性质的可行性。实验结果表明，用高阶、多模兰姆波的幅频特性可准确定征固体板表面性质的变化。     

Implicit spectrally-accurate method for moving boundary problems using immersed boundary conditions concept

A fully implicit, spectral algorithm for the analysis of moving boundary problem is described. The algorithm is based on the concept of immersed boundary conditions (IBC), i.e., the computational domain is fixed while the time dependent physical domain is submerged inside the computational domain, and is described in the context of the diffusion-type problems. The physical conditions along the edges of the physical domain are treated as internal constraints. The method eliminates the need for adaptive grid generation that follows evolution of the physical domain and provides sharp resolution of the location of the boundary. Various tests confirm the spectral accuracy in space and the first- and second-order accuracy in time. The computational cost advantage of the IBC method as compared with the more traditional algorithm based on the mapping concept is demonstrated.     

Two transparent boundary conditions for the electromagnetic scattering from two-dimensional overfilled cavities

We consider electromagnetic scattering from two-dimensional (2D) overfilled cavities embedded in an infinite ground plane. The unbounded computational domain is truncated to a bounded one by using a transparent boundary condition (TBC) proposed on a semi-ellipse. For overfilled rectangular cavities with homogeneous media, another TBC is introduced on the cavity apertures, which produces a smaller computational domain. The existence and uniqueness of the solutions of the variational formulations for the transverse magnetic and transverse electric polarizations are established. In the exterior domain, the 2D scattering problem is solved in the elliptic coordinate system using the Mathieu functions. In the interior domain, the problem is solved by a finite element method. Numerical experiments show the efficiency and accuracy of the new boundary conditions.     

Chaotic dynamics of interacting domain walls in uniaxial ferromagnetic films

The nonlinear dynamics of a periodic system of interacting domain walls in a thin ferromagnetic uniaxial film with transverse anisotropy is examined. The interaction between the domain walls takes place through the magnetostatic demagnifying fields of the domains. The equations of motion derived for such a system of walls are solved numerically by a 4–5th-order Runge-Kutta scheme, while the uniformity of the distributions of the phase trajectory, the form of the Poincaré cross section, and the spectral density of the vibrations serve as indicators of the type of oscillations. All the known types of oscillations are observed in a computer simulation of this nonlinear system: periodic, quasiperiodic, and chaotic. The computational results have a universal character for uniaxial, highly-anisotropic ferromagnetic films having a strip domain structure, since the results can be easily scaled for materials with different magnetic characteristics. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 39, 2036–2039 (November 1997)     

Simple formulas for the oscillating component of the electrical conductivity of layered chargeordered crystals

In the present paper, oscillations of the longitudinal component of the electrical conductivity of layered crystals are examined in electric and quantizing magnetic fields perpendicular to the layers. It is demonstrated that frequencies and amplitudes of longitudinal conductivity oscillations can be determined with sufficient accuracy through the chemical potential of the electron gas and effective width of the miniband caused by the charge ordering. In addition, based on an analysis of formulas for the transverse conductivity, it is established that the applicability limits for the transverse conductivity in the semiclassical approximation (for the magnetic field induction) in the field perpendicular to the layers are much wider than for the longitudinal conductivity. An immediate reason for this is the zero longitudinal velocity of current carriers in the extreme cross sections, which leads to the field dependence of the amplitudes of longitudinal conductivity oscillations stronger than of transverse ones. Calculated results are used to interpret experimental data obtained for the β-(ET)2IBr2 synthetic metals. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 5, pp. 34–43, May, 2006.