苹果中多菌灵、噻菌灵和甲基托布津的高效液相色谱法分析

建立了同时检测苹果中多菌灵、噻菌灵和甲基托布津残留量的高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析方法.样品经乙酸乙酯提取,旋转蒸发仪浓缩,氮气吹干甲醇定容后,采用配有二极管阵列检测器(DAD)的HPLC测定,外标法定量.在添加不同浓度的标准品时,多菌灵、噻菌灵和甲基托布津的添加回收率分别为87.7%～118.7%、72.8%～80.3%、64.0%～66.8%.方法对多菌灵、噻菌灵和甲基托布津3种农药的检出限较低,分别为0.134、0.230和0.250mg/L,可以满足苹果汁中多菌灵、噻菌灵和甲基托布津的残留限量检测要求.检测果皮样品中的农药残留量,多菌灵的残留量为7.24×10-2mg/kg,噻菌灵和甲基托布津未检出,低于国标中规定的残留限量标准.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测奶中克拉维酸残留

采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)建立了克拉维酸在奶中的残留检测方法。2 g样品经乙醇沉淀蛋白质后,转入鸡心瓶中旋转蒸发浓缩至0.5 mL左右,用乙酸铵定容,净化后检测。流动相为乙腈和0.1%甲酸水,梯度洗脱,经Luna 5u C8色谱柱分离,采用电喷雾电离,多反应监测负离子模式对克拉维酸进行定量分析。采用基质匹配法对奶中克拉维酸的含量进行标准校正,在克拉维酸含量为10～400 μg/kg范围内呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数大于0.999;奶中加标样品的检出限(LOD,按信噪比(S/N)≥3计)为10 μg/kg,定量限(LOQ, S/N≥10)为20 μg/kg。在定量限、1/2最高残留限量、最高残留限量、2倍最高残留限量添加水平下,奶中克拉维酸的平均回收率为80.00%～91.25%,相对标准偏差为5.60%～8.77%。该方法可用于奶中克拉维酸残留的分析检测。     

冷冻脱脂-分散固相萃取/气相色谱-串联质谱法检测食用植物油中4种多环芳烃

针对食用植物油中欧盟限量4种多环芳烃,建立了冷冻脱脂-分散固相萃取/气相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。以苯并(a)芘-d12(BAP-d12)、屈-d12(CHR-d12)为内标,样品经乙腈-水涡旋提取,冷冻脱脂结合分散固相萃取净化,气相色谱-串联质谱多反应监测(MRM)模式检测。结果显示,4种多环芳烃质量浓度在1～50μg/L范围内线性良好,r>0.999,加标回收率为80.8%～103.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为7.4%～13%,方法检出限和定量限分别为0.10～0.15μg/kg和0.33～0.51μg/kg。该方法能够满足食用植物油中欧盟限量4种多环芳烃的检测。     

高效液相色谱测定牛奶中邻苯二甲酸酯的方法研究

建立了针对欧盟指令2007/19/EC中禁止与食品接触的6种邻苯二甲酸酯(BBP、DBP、DEHP、DNOP、DINP和DIDP)的RP-HPLC测定方法.样品用甲醇、正己烷.甲基叔丁基醚(ⅥV=1:1)提取,经冷冻去脂、液液萃取和硅胶固相萃取净化后,用ODS柱(250×4.6mm,5μm)分离,UV 224 nm检测.结果表明,BBP和DBP在0.05～80μg/mL、DEHP和DNOP在0.1～80μg/mL、DINP和DIDP在0.5～80μg/mL的质量浓度范围内,峰面积与质量浓度呈线性关系,相关系数(r2)均大于0.998.方法检测限分别为:BBP 0.15μg/g、DBP 0.1μg/g、DEHP和DNOP 0.2μg/g、DINP和DIDP 0.6μg/g;6种PAEs的添加量在最大残留限量值的0.2、1和2倍时,其平均回收率为80.7%～102.3%,相对标准偏差为1.7%～9.0%.所建立的方法经济、准确、可靠,满足欧盟指令中6种邻苯二甲酸酯限量的检测要求.     

顶空固相微萃取气相-质谱法测定纺织品中防虫蛀剂的残留

 采用顶空固相微萃取技术和气相 质谱联用技术对纺织品中的挥发性防虫蛀剂的残留进行了测定。该方法对挥发性二氯苯和萘的检测限量为 1μg/kg ,回收率为 83 6 %～ 115 2 % ,相对标准偏差为 8 1%～ 9 8%。     

QuEChERS/GC-MS法同时测定鱼、虾中的雌二醇与己烯雌酚残留

建立了QuEChERS/GC-MS法测定鱼、虾中雌二醇(ES)和己烯雌酚(DES)残留的分析方法。样品中依次加入无水硫酸镁和乙酸乙酯后均质提取,提取液以中性氧化铝分散剂净化,氮气吹干,经双(三甲基硅烷基)三氟乙酰胺(BSTFA)与甲基氯硅烷(TMCS)(体积比99∶1)的硅烷化试剂衍生后,在EI-SIM-MS模式下进行检测,内标法定量,雌二醇-D2与己烯雌酚-D8分别为雌二醇及己烯雌酚的定量内标。结果显示:DES和ES分别在1~500μg/L和1~250μg/L质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均不低于0.999 1。对草鱼、对虾进行3个水平的加标回收实验(1.5,2.5,5.0μg/kg),方法的平均回收率为86.1%~115%,相对标准偏差为0.43%~7.8%。DES和ES的检出限(LOD,S/N≥3)分别为0.3μg/kg和0.5μg/kg,低于欧盟食品中雌激素的最低执法限量(MRPL)(2~50μg/kg)以及美国食品中雌激素的残留限量(0.12~3μg/kg),方法满足欧盟对水产品中雌激素残留的限量要求。     

基于氧化铈纳米棒-聚乙烯醇气凝胶的模拟酶比色法检测水中氟离子

以聚乙烯醇气凝胶(PAA)为载体,水热法原位生长氧化铈(CeO₂)纳米棒,制备了CeO₂纳米棒-聚乙烯醇气凝胶模拟酶材料(CeO₂-PAAC)。PAA载体不仅提高了CeO₂纳米棒的分散性,同时也提高了材料的重复利用率。利用CeO₂-PAAC材料的氧化酶活性以及氟离子(F^-)对CeO₂纳米棒酶活性的增强作用构建了检测F^-的比色传感器。在优化的实验条件下,检测F^-的线性范围为80～4000μmol/L,检出限为63.7μmol/L (3σ),低于国际对V类地表水中F^-的限量标准。与文献报道的F^-检测方法相比,本方法的检测范围更宽。本方法具有良好的抗干扰能力和选择性,可用于环境水样中F^-的检测,加标回收率为97.1%～120.4%。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测牛奶中头孢洛宁残留

建立了牛奶中头孢洛宁残留检测的高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法。1 g牛奶经乙腈沉淀蛋白质后,上清液于37 ℃水浴下氮气吹干,用1 mL甲醇-0.1%甲酸水溶液（3：7,v/v）复溶,正己烷除脂净化后检测。流动相为乙腈和0.1%甲酸水溶液,梯度洗脱,经C₁₈色谱柱分离,采用多反应监测正离子模式对头孢洛宁进行定性定量分析。采用基质匹配法对牛奶中头孢洛宁的含量进行标准校正,在2~200 μg/L范围内,头孢洛宁质量浓度与其对应峰面积的线性关系良好,相关系数>0.999。牛奶中加标样品的检出限（按S/N≥3计）为0.5 μg/kg,定量限（S/N≥10计）为2 μg/kg。在定量限、1/2最高残留限量、最高残留限量、2倍最高残留限量添加水平下,牛奶中头孢洛宁的平均回收率为78.5%~86.2%,日内相对标准偏差为1.5%~6.2%,日间相对标准偏差为2.9%~5.6%。该方法可用于牛奶中头孢洛宁的残留检测。     

QuEChERS预处理结合HPLC-MS/MS同时检测茶叶中7种农药残留

本文建立了同时分析检测茶叶中啶虫脒、吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、多菌灵、克百威、灭多威和丁醚脲7种农药残留的QuEChERS前处理结合高效液相色谱-质谱联用(QuEChERS-HPLC-MS/MS)技术.优化了QuEChERS前处理的各种条件和HPLC-MS/MS分离检测条件.所建立的方法简单、快速,可用于同时分析检测茶叶中上述7种农药残留,效果良好.7种农药的国际纯粹与应用化学联合会(IUPAC)定量限为0.26~1.3 ng/m L,回收率为86%~101%,能够满足国内外茶叶标准对其限量指标的检测要求.     

荧光偏振免疫分析方法分析磺胺二甲基嘧啶

建立了检测磺胺二甲基嘧啶的荧光偏振免疫分析方法。合成了3种结构不同的荧光标记物,并用薄层色谱法提纯。研究了不同结构的荧光标记物对FPIA方法灵敏度的影响。该FPIA方法在缓冲液中的检出限为1.6μg/L,半数抑制量(IC50)为41μg/L,检测范围为5~458μg/L,可以达到食品中SMZ最低残留限量的要求。研究了FPIA的动力学过程及对其它16种磺胺类药物的交叉反应,结果显示,SMZ、磺胺甲基嘧啶和磺胺二甲基恶唑的交叉反应率分别为100%、8.7%和2.4%,其它磺胺类药物的交叉反应率均低于1%。     

国内光催化研究进展简述

分1975~1985, 1985~1995和1995~2012三个时期简要介绍了国内光催化研究进展, 主要侧重于光催化材料及其改性、应用和反应机理方面的研究进展, 并指出了当前光催化领域存在的一些重要问题和未来的发展趋势, 涉及到光解水、CO₂还原、环境净化和选择性有机合成等方面.     

青蒿素研究进展

青蒿素是目前治疗疟疾的特效药。本文对自青蒿素发现以来的最新研究进展进行了比较详尽的综述。内容包括: 青蒿素的发现及历史, 青蒿素的来源, 青蒿素的全合成,青蒿素的生物合成, 青蒿素衍生物以及植物组织培养生产青蒿素。     

Reactions in droplets in microfluidic channels

Fundamental and applied research in chemistry and biology benefits from opportunities provided by droplet-based microfluidic systems. These systems enable the miniaturization of reactions by compartmentalizing reactions in droplets of femoliter to microliter volumes. Compartmentalization in droplets provides rapid mixing of reagents, control of the timing of reactions on timescales from milliseconds to months, control of interfacial properties, and the ability to synthesize and transport solid reagents and products. Droplet-based microfluidics can help to enhance and accelerate chemical and biochemical screening, protein crystallization, enzymatic kinetics, and assays. Moreover, the control provided by droplets in microfluidic devices can lead to new scientific methods and insights.     

Interpretation of inorganic arsenic metabolism in humans in the light of observations made in vitro and in vivo in the rat

The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (As_i). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of As_i, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of As_i. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of As_i metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of As_i uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems.     

Recent Advances in Analytical Methodology for in vivo Electrochemistry in Mammals

Electrochemistry is one of the most advanced techniques for monitoring neurochemical activities in the living brain because electrochemical approaches bear the advantageous features of high spatial and temporal resolutions, which facilitate its tremendous potential in investigating the highly spatially heterogeneous brain system and the fast dynamics of neurochemical activities. On the other hand, since brain is the most complicated organ in the sense of its numerous kinds of neurochemical species, high selectivity is always required for any analytical methods that approach the brain. In this review, we will discuss various electrochemical methodologies to achieve selective detection of neurochemicals in mammalian brain and the strategies developed mainly by our group towards selective monitoring of both electrochemically active and inactive neurochemicals. At the end, we will discuss possible solutions towards brain mapping of neurochemical species and combination of neurochemical detection strategy with electrophysiology as the direction of future development of electroanalysis in living brain.     

乙基香兰素研究前景

报导了近几十年来国内外关于乙基香兰素的研究进展与动态,并简单介绍了本文作者在该方面所取得的研究成果,参考文献33篇。     

Gemini表面活性剂合成进展

系统总结了近百种Gemini表面活性剂的合成路线和方法,并且按照其结构特点分门别类地进行比较和归纳,对今后Gemini表面活性剂的合成发展方向提出了一些看法,这对促进此类新颖表面活性剂的工业化进程将具有指导意义。     

钙与人体及临床

钙是宏量元素，是人体中含量较高的元素之一，体内99％的钙构成骨骼和牙齿以及维持骨骼结构，1％的钙调节人体重要生理功能。钙的含量过高或过低都与许多疾病有关，只有保持一种平衡状态，才能使机体处于正常环境。     

Trends in education in analytical chemistry

Summary At the session of the WPAC of Fechem on education in analytical chemistry it was concluded that it is now essential to include chemometrics and basic knowledge of computers in all courses on analytical chemistry.

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Tendenzen in der analytisch-chemischen Ausbildung

Zusammenfassung Bei einer Tagung der WPAC über die Lehre auf dem Gebiet der analytischen Chemie wurde bei der Betrachtung neuer Aspekte festgestellt, daß vor allem Chemometrie und Grundkenntnisse in Computertechnik in die Ausbildung aufgenommen werden sollten.

     

AGET ATRP in the Presence of Air in Miniemulsion and in Bulk

Summary: The recently developed initiation system, activators generated by electron transfer (AGET), is used in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in the presence of a limited amount of air. Ascorbic acid and tin(II ) 2‐ethylhexanoate are used as reducing agents in miniemulsion and bulk, respectively. An excess of reducing agent consumes the oxygen present in the system and, therefore, provides a deoxygenated environment for ATRP. ATRP of butyl acrylate is successfully carried out in miniemulsion and in the presence of air. During polymerization the radical concentration remains constant. The polymerization reaches over 60% monomer conversion after 6 h, which results in polymers with a predetermined molecular weight = 14 000 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity ( = 1.23). AGET ATRP of styrene is also successful in bulk in the presence of air, as evidenced by linear semi‐logarithmic kinetics, which leads to polystyrene with an of 13 400 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity index ( = 1.14).

Appearance of miniemulsion before and after the reducing agent ascorbic acid was added (left); and GPC traces representing molecular weights during the AGET ATRP of BA in miniemulsion in the presence of air (right).