基于氧气A吸收带的baseline拟合距离反演算法

目标红外被动测距的实现同气体及其波段的选取密切相关。氧气A吸收带具有独特的谱线结构,对于火箭羽流或者高温辐射体的距离探测,氧气A吸收带是最佳的距离反演通道。利用该特点,详细研究了逐线积分算法(LBLRTM),并设计了氧气A带吸收系数及标准光谱计算软件;利用A吸收带吸收光谱带外数据,采用多项式拟合方法,实现基线(baseline)拟合,进而得到带平均透过率;在不同的距离条件下,将两种带平均透过率进行对比,误差在1.9%左右,拟合精度较高,该方法为后续距离的精确反演提供了理论依据。     

基于Elsasser模型的氧气A带红外目标被动测距

被动测距技术结构简单、隐身无源,尤其适用于现代军事目标的探测。发展了基于目标辐射和氧分子光谱吸收衰减特性的近距离单波段被动测距方法。根据Lambert-Beer定律,确定氧气A带透过率与被测目标距离的关系;分析吸收系数随环境参数变化的分布规律,得到被测目标辐射强度分布。根据带平均透过率和高温气体辐射窄带模型计算方法,建立了基于洛伦兹线型的Elsasser模型近距离被动测距数学模型。用实测数据计算透过率与理论模型进行拟合,最终获得被测目标的距离信息,考虑周围环境对氧分子吸收系数的影响,校正测距精度。搭建了测距实验平台,10w黑体做光源,采用分辨率为17 cm-1的光栅光谱仪,光谱输入端采用23 mm口径的望远镜以提高光接收效率,水平方向分别对200 m以内不同距离进行测试。实验结果表明,将测得数据经平滑处理后计算出透过率与相同条件下预测模型的预测值进行比较,精度小于2.18%。     

基于氧气A波段发射谱线临近空间大气温度的反演及分析

基于氧气A波段的临边辐射强度模拟数据对临近空间高度（60～110 km）的大气温度反演进行了研究及结果分析。首先, 基于正演模型分别模拟了无噪声和加入噪声情况下的临边辐射强度模拟值,基于这两种模拟数据分别进行了临近空间大气温度反演,并对氧气A波段中的所有谱线的反演结果进行了分析,确定了氧气A波段各谱线权函数变化规律可作为温度观测的判断依据。温度通过影响线强和自吸收两部分来影响辐射强度,且温度对它们的影响正好相反,权函数就是用来表示温度对辐射强度影响大小的函数,而反演结果的差距可从其权函数中得到规律。在无噪声情况下,当温度对自吸收的影响小于对线强的影响时,权函数未发生正负翻转,温度反演精度较高,平均反演偏差为4.1 K;当温度对自吸收的影响大于对线强的影响时（主要位于60～80 km高度）,权函数发生正负翻转,原因是自吸收降低了辐射强度对温度的灵敏度,此时温度的反演精度较差,平均反演偏差达到34.9 K。此外,在有噪声的情况下,强线比弱线的抗干扰能力更强,反演精度更高,在实际观测中也更适合用于温度的反演,所以线强的强弱也是谱线选择的另一个重要的依据。基于辐射弱线, 进一步通过人为提高信噪比来分析辐射强度对反演精度的影响,结果表明：辐射越强,信噪比越大,温度的反演精度越高,反之则越低。当气辉谱线线强达到10-26时, 也可以用于80 km以上的温度反演并获得较好的反演结果, 反演精度<5 K。     

仪器分辨率对氧气A带被动测距的影响分析

透过率的计算是红外目标被动测距技术的核心,其精度直接影响到被测距离的精度,而仪器分辨率又直接影响到光谱信号的精度。为了研究光谱仪器分辨率对带平均透过率的影响,选用氧气A带为研究对象,采用基线拟合方式计算被测目标的带平均透过率,利用随机Malkmus模型计算被测目标距离,从而获得仪器分辨率对被动测距的影响。为此,搭建了被动测距实验系统,通过对卤素灯光源在不同距离的光谱测量,验证仪器分辨率对带平均模式被动测距的影响。首先,介绍氧气A带透过率的计算方法,计算理论值;以卤素灯为光源,利用光谱仪分别测量相同距离不同分辨率的光谱曲线,计算实测大气透过率,分析光谱分辨率对单谱线的影响;然后,在分析比较透过率模型和实测透过率谱线的基础上,对透过率计算模型进行拟合、校正,验证光谱分辨率对带模型的影响。对于单条谱线,仪器的不同分辨率可测得的谱线区别较大,而对带平均谱线,相同波数点的光谱信号取平均,获得平均效应,使得被测谱线几乎没有变化;分辨率的模型选择需根据不同的应用场合、不同的精度要求选择合适的分辨率。实验结果表明：分辨率对单谱线的透过率影响较大,随着分辨率的降低,被捕获的光谱信息点取值越少,被测目标距离相关系数越小;分辨率对带平均透过率的计算影响较小,不同分辨率下测得的目标距离,几乎重合;而仪器分辨率越高则测量时间越长,当使用带平均透过率计算被测目标距离,在精度要求范围内,可以适当降低仪器分辨率,从而极大地提高测量速度,并达到测量实时性,同时降低系统搭建的成本。该结论可为透过率测量的应用提供依据。     

线吸收系数能谱效应解析法研究

 用数值模拟的方法研究了FTO客体材料的线吸收系数随着穿透材料深度的变化关系，并拟合出材料有效线吸收系数与厚度之间的函数表达式。研究结果表明，在闪光照相中X光能谱发生了硬化，并随着穿透材料深度的增加谱平均线吸收系数会随之减小。FTO客体中钨的平均有效线吸收系数0.838（4.53%）cm^-1，铜的平均有效线吸收系数0.297（4.96%）cm^-1，能谱效应对有效线吸收系数的影响小于5%。在图像重建中利用上述的线吸收系数能够反演出精度达5%的材料密度。     

3 016.49 cm-1波数下变气压、温度的甲烷吸收系数计算研究

红外甲烷传感器根据朗伯-比尔定律对甲烷的浓度进行检测,而吸收系数是朗伯-比尔定律中的重要参数,其受温度和压强的影响变化较大,其变化会导致浓度测量的误差,因而研究不同温度、气压下甲烷吸收系数的变化规律对设计高精度的红外甲烷传感器有重要意义。文献报道中,一般采用获得测量甲烷浓度受环境影响的实验数据,再加以数学处理的方法,对测量误差进行补偿和修正。该工作以分子光谱分析理论为基础,以3 016.49 cm-1波数的甲烷为研究对象,利用HITRAN数据库的甲烷数据,设计了Python程序调用HAPI函数,拟合计算出甲烷吸收系数随温度、气压的变化规律,并通过傅里叶红外光谱对甲烷吸收系数的变化规律进行实验验证。结果表明,在3 016.49 cm-1处,水分子（湿度的影响）对于甲烷吸收系数的影响很小,可以忽略不计;温度和气压对吸收系数有一定的影响,当气压为1.0 atm,温度在-10～50 ℃范围内升高时,甲烷吸收系数减小,吸收系数与温度的关系呈线性关系;当温度为273.15 K时,气压在0.6～1.2 atm升高时,甲烷收系数增加,吸收系数与气压关系呈线性关系。最后拟合出的吸收系数与温度、气压的公式,k(T, p)=53.65(±3.24)-0.114 6(±0.010 7)T+21.07(±0.95)p。实验中甲烷标准气体的浓度分别为1.01%,2.00%,3.51%和5.06%,通入直径为2.5 cm,长度为8 cm的短光程石英气体池中,通过改变气体的气压及温度,从傅里叶红外光谱仪获得甲烷的吸光度,由于受实验仪器分辨率的影响,如直接通过吸光度反演甲烷浓度其误差较大,采用吸收系数与吸光度的比值来判断吸收系数拟合的正确性。结果表明,浓度为定值,气压与温度变化时,吸收系数与吸光度之比基本为定值,从而证明了计算拟合出的甲烷吸收系数随温度压强变化的正确性。     

常压介质阻挡放电氧气大气谱带分析

观测了氧气常压介质阻挡放电过程产生的发射光谱,利用氧气大气谱带(b 1Σ＋_g→X 3Σ-_g)转动结构的拟合光谱与实验光谱的比较和氧原子发射谱线测量了等离子体的气体温度和电子温度; 通过分析氧气常见激发态(a 1Δ_g,b 1Σ＋_g和A 3Σ＋_g)的产生和猝灭途径,结合氧气激发、解离过程的动力学数据,探讨了在大气压介质阻挡放电条件下氧气大气谱带的产生原因。结果表明：在该实验条件下氧气常压介质阻挡放电时电子温度(11 800±400) K远高于气体温度(650±20) K,由于a 1Δ_g的辐射跃迁概率太小,且A 3Σ＋_g在高气压下很容易被猝灭,实验中没有观测到这两个激发态的辐射,而测到了具有清晰转动结构的氧气大气谱带。     

烟道气体SO2光谱辐射强度和吸收系数的研究

采用乘积近似法构建配分函数合理模型,计算了SO2分子的总配分函数.利用所得的配分函数、将常温下的无转动跃迁矩平方近似为一常数并应用于高温及Herman-Wallis因子系数,编制光谱程序,计算了烟道气体SO2分子三个主要跃迁带100-000、001-000和101-000不同温度段的光谱强度和吸收系数.结果表明,计算所得的配分函数和谱线强度与数据库相比,不管是常温296K还是高温3000K,都吻合较好,相对偏差都在3%以下,这说明构建的配分函数模型和编制的程序是可靠的,在此基础上,进一步计算了各跃迁带在不同温度的吸收系数.从模拟光谱图可看出,强度随着温度升高明显减小,谱带带心没变,峰值波数向两边偏移;吸收系数随着温度升高也减少,其中在3000K以下吸收峰位置增宽,到高达4000K以上基本不再变换,这为监测烟道气体环境污染提供实验和理论参考.     

目标自辐射与干扰目标反射光谱的氧气吸收特性分析

为分析不同目标反射太阳光谱的特性,研究被动测距中抑制干扰目标的方法,利用高光谱成像光谱仪作为测量设备,200 W卤钨灯作为模拟探测目标,玻璃板、光滑铝板、塑料板作为干扰目标,对模拟目标发射光谱和干扰目标反射太阳光谱进行了实验采集与分析。实验采集了晴朗天气条件下干扰目标反射光谱及卤钨灯目标辐射光谱的信息,并对其氧气吸收率进行了计算,综合分析了镜面反射干扰目标、漫反射目标及背景反射光与卤钨灯发射光光谱的氧气吸收率差异,结果表明：在455 m处,镜面反射目标和漫反射目标反射光的氧气吸收率是卤钨灯的2~3倍。因此,在一定距离下可以利用氧气吸收率的差异设置阈值来对目标进行判别,提高探测概率。     

目标自辐射与干扰目标反射光谱的氧气吸收特性分析

为分析不同目标反射太阳光谱的特性,研究被动测距中抑制干扰目标的方法,利用高光谱成像光谱仪作为测量设备,200 W卤钨灯作为模拟探测目标,玻璃板、光滑铝板、塑料板作为干扰目标,对模拟目标发射光谱和干扰目标反射太阳光谱进行了实验采集与分析。实验采集了晴朗天气条件下干扰目标反射光谱及卤钨灯目标辐射光谱的信息,并对其氧气吸收率进行了计算,综合分析了镜面反射干扰目标、漫反射目标及背景反射光与卤钨灯发射光光谱的氧气吸收率差异,结果表明:在455m处,镜面反射目标和漫反射目标反射光的氧气吸收率是卤钨灯的2~3倍。因此,在一定距离下可以利用氧气吸收率的差异设置阈值来对目标进行判别,提高探测概率。     

The effect of collisions with nitrogen on absorption by oxygen in the A-band using cavity ring-down spectroscopy.

This paper reports on the effect of collisions between nitrogen and oxygen on absorption in the A-band near 760?nm under atmospheric conditions relevant for satellite retrieval studies. We use pulsed laser cavity ring-down spectroscopy with a narrow bandwidth laser and use pressure scans to increase the accuracy of the measured oxygen extinction coefficients. We use the so-called Adjustable Branch Coupling model to describe line mixing in the magnetic allowed A-band dipole absorption and we retrieve the collision induced absorption spectrum due to N₂–O₂ collisions.     

Ground-based photon path measurements from solar absorption spectra of the O2 A-band

High-resolution solar absorption spectra obtained from Table Mountain Facility (TMF, 34.38°N, 117.68°W, 2286 m elevation) have been analyzed in the region of the O₂ A-band. The photon paths of direct sunlight in clear sky cases are retrieved from the O₂ absorption lines and compared with ray-tracing calculations based on the solar zenith angle and surface pressure. At a given zenith angle, the ratios of retrieved to geometrically derived photon paths are highly precise (0.2%), but they vary as the zenith angle changes. This is because current models of the spectral lineshape in this band do not properly account for the significant absorption that exists far from the centers of saturated lines. For example, use of a Voigt function with Lorentzian far wings results in an error in the retrieved photon path of as much as 5%, highly correlated with solar zenith angle. Adopting a super-Lorentz function reduces, but does not completely eliminate this problem. New lab measurements of the lineshape are required to make further progress.     

亚表面异质缺陷对功能梯度材料表面温度场的影响

基于双曲型热传导方程,采用镜像法和波函数展开法,求解了含亚表面异质圆柱缺陷的半无限功能梯度材料的表面温度场,给出了功能梯度材料中热波散射的一般解.分析了亚表面异质圆柱缺陷的几何参数(如埋藏深度)和热物理参数(如导热系数、热扩散长度、热扩散率及热弛豫时间等)对功能梯度材料表面温度场的影响.温度波由调制的超短脉冲激光在功能梯度材料表面激发,异质圆柱缺陷表面的边界条件为导热边界.研究结果可望为功能梯度材料的红外热波无损检测、导热反问题提供计算方法和参考数据.     

温度、湿度及压强对激光在水中衰减特性的影响

从实验上研究了不同大气环境(温度、湿度、气压)条件下532 nm激光在水中的衰减特性. 实验结果显示大气环境对激光的衰减系数有着重要的影响. 衰减系数随大气压强的增加而减小, 随温度的增加而增加, 最大衰减系数出现在最高水温和最低气压条件下. 当气压低并且温度高时, 衰减系数最大, 最大衰减系数值是最小衰减系数的三倍.在实验测量的基础上, 详细分析了大气环境影响激光衰减特性的物理机理, 研究结果对分析布里渊激光雷达海洋遥感探测具有重要意义.     

The physical parameterization of the top-of-atmosphere reflection function for a cloudy atmosphere—underlying surface system: the oxygen A-band case study

The paper is devoted to the physical parameterization of the top-of-atmosphere reflection function. The accuracy of the parameterization is checked against exact radiative transfer calculations in a cloudy atmosphere for various cloud-top-heights, cloud optical and geometrical thicknesses, solar illumination and surface reflection conditions. It was found that the error of approximation is smaller than 5% for most cases studied at the wavelength interval , which corresponds to the oxygen A-band. This band is routinely used in cloud-top-height retrievals. The model proposed can be used for cloud-top-height and cloud geometrical thickness retrievals. This allows to avoid a standard look-up-table retrieval scheme, involving complex numerical procedures.     

Trends in the spectral distribution of the absorption coefficient of complex organic molecules

General trends in formation of the observed vibrational spectra are analyzed by calculating spectral distributions of the absorption coefficient in the IR region for 45 molecules of different classes ignoring the electrooptical paramaters of particular bonds and structural groups. It is shown that for many molecules, only vibrations of peripheral X-H bonds make a prevailing contribution to the total integral absorption in a wide spectral range. The effect of increasing intensities of some bands is clearly observed for skeleton vibrations, when optical parameters of external X-H bonds are zero. V. I. Vernadski Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 19, Kosygin St., Moscow, 117975, Russia. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 65, No. 4, pp. 491–496, July–August, 1998.     

On the temperature variations of the integrated absorption intensity in the oxygen fundamental

The goal of this note is to comment on the unusual temperature variations of the integrated absorption intensity measured recently in the region of the oxygen fundamental. More accurate than previous ones and covering wider temperature interval, the observations by Baranov and Lafferty showed that the integrated intensity reaches its minimum at roughly 280 K and then increases steadily at elevated temperature. We suggest that this behaviour can be understood in terms of the flatness of intermolecular potential accompanied by the dominance of the absorption inducing collisions at extremely short distances corresponding to repulsive interaction.     

基于电压变化率的IGBT结温预测模型研究

基于半导体物理和IGBT基本结构,通过合理简化与理论推导,建立了电压变化率模型,对电压变化率的影响因素与温度特性进行了深入研究,得出电压变化率随电压或电流的增大,线性增大;随结温增大,线性减小.基于电压变化率模型,建立了IGBT电压变化率结温预测模型.仿真和实验结果验证了模型的正确性与准确性.对实现IGBT结温在线监测、提高IGBT模块及电力电子装置可靠性具有一定的理论意义和应用价值.     

Spectroscopic lineshape study of the self-perturbed oxygen A-band

This paper reports accurate line positions, intensities, self-broadening, -shift and -line mixing coefficients for 56 rotational transitions from multispectrum fits of low noise, high-resolution Fourier-transform spectra. The measured line intensities are within the statistical spread of the previous measurements available in the literature—thus contributing to the efforts to measure the oxygen A-band intensities with an accuracy better than 1%. We determined the integrated band strength and Einstein A coefficient. Using our spectrum calibration method we could clearly show for the first time that there is a meaningful statistical discrepancy in the frequency standards used in spectroscopic studies for the oxygen A-band. We were able to explain how this discrepancy leads to two different sets of shifts reported in the literature and demonstrate the need for precise frequency-type transition wavenumber measurements of the oxygen A-band transitions. We observed deviations from the conventional Voigt profile due to speed-dependent broadening and line mixing effects. Dicke narrowing was observed on a selected group of spectra recorded at pressures between 98 and 337 Torr. The Dicke narrowed lineshapes were best modeled using a Galatry profile implemented using a fixed value for the velocity-changing collision rate. The weak line mixing coefficients were determined from fits using the speed-dependent models. Exponential Power Gap (EPG) and Energy Corrected Sudden (ECS) scaling laws were used to calculate the self-broadening and self-line mixing coefficients.     

Line-mixing and collision induced absorption for O2–CO2 mixtures in the oxygen A-band region

The absorption by O₂–CO₂ mixtures in the region of the oxygen A-band near 760 nm has been measured in the laboratory at room temperature and for total pressures up to about 80 atm. As done in our previous studies for O₂–N₂ mixtures the contribution of the “allowed” A-band transitions have been calculated both accounting for line-mixing effects and disregarding this process. The differences between computed spectra and measured values enable extraction of the collision induced absorption (CIA) contribution, which, after removal of the O₂–O₂ contribution, provides, for the first time, the O₂–CO₂ CIA. It is shown that neglecting line-mixing overestimates absorption in the wings and underestimates absorption at the P and R branch peaks, and that the O₂–CO₂ CIA has an integrated intensity, in the A-band region, about 1.5 times larger than that of for pure O₂ and almost 10 times greater than for O₂–N₂.